7th Grade. Climate and Weather. Slide 1 / 161 Slide 2 / 161. Slide 3 / 161. Slide 4 / 161. Slide 6 / 161. Slide 5 / 161. Global Climate Change

Transcription

1 Slide 1 / 161 Slide 2 / 161 7th Grade Global Climate Change Slide 3 / 161 Global Climate Change Slide 4 / 161 Climate and Weather The Greenhouse Effect Global Climate Change Anthropogenic Causes Natural Causes Impacts of Climate Change Climate Science Reducing Climate Change Mitigation Strategies Adaptation Strategies Click on the topic to go to that section Climate and Weather Return to Table of Contents Slide 5 / 161 Weather How did you decide how to dress for school today? Would need a jacket or could you wear shorts? Did you need to bring an umbrella? Slide 6 / 161 Weather The atmospheric condition at any given time or place is called weather. You might have watched the weather report on the news or checked your smartphone to help you make these decisions. The weather can change hour to hour and day to day.

2 Slide 7 / 161 Weather Weather also changes season to season in many places on Earth. Slide 8 / 161 Weather Brainstorm some terms that you associate with weather. Slide 9 / 161 Slide 10 / 161 Did you come up with some of these terms? Weather Terms sunshine cloud cover rain sleet hail snow windy freezing rain thunder blizzard humidity heat wave fog Climate Climate refers to the long term average weather conditions of a specific location. For example, Hawaii has a warm and humid climate year round. However, one day the weather might be overcast and rainy, while the next it is sunny and only partly cloudy. Slide 11 / 161 Slide 12 / 161 Climate versus Weather Though weather is an expression of climate, they are not the same. Compare and contrast the weather and climate of your city. Write your thoughts below. 1 You walk to the bus stop and it suddenly gets really windy and overcast. This is an example of climate. Click here to watch a video on the differences between climate and weather.

3 Slide 12 () / You walk to the bus stop and it suddenly gets really windy and overcast. This is an example of climate. Slide 13 / Suppose that this summer was much hotter than last summer. Is this a sign that the climate is changing? Yes No Slide 13 () / Suppose that this summer was much hotter than last summer. Is this a sign that the climate is changing? Yes No No This is too short a time period to make the claim that climate is changing. Slide 14 / Suppose that every winter for the past three decades has been warmer than usual. Is this a sign that the climate is changing? Yes No Slide 14 () / Suppose that every winter for the past three decades has been warmer than usual. Is this a sign that the climate is changing? Slide 15 / Climate is the long term average of weather conditions. This average is usually taken over. Yes No Yes Because the observation is being made over a long time period. A a couple of days B several months C at least 20 years D at least one year

4 Slide 15 () / Climate is the long term average of weather conditions. This average is usually taken over. A a couple of days Slide 16 / 161 Climate Graphs Activity In your group, answer the questions about the following climate graph on your paper. The data on the graph is over a 30 year time period from B several months C at least 20 years D at least one year C daily extreme highs average image from esrl.noaa.gov daily extreme lows Slide 17 / 161 Slide 18 / 161 Global Climate System To understand whether or not the climate is changing, we must first understand what causes our global climate. The Greenhouse Effect The global climate system arises from the interaction of sunlight with Earth's atmosphere, land, oceans, ice caps and other parts of Earth. Return to Table of Contents Slide 19 / 161 Solar Radiation Sunlight is energy in the form of radiation. The types of radiation emitted by the sun are ultraviolet (UV) waves and visible waves, or shortwaves. Slide 20 / 161 The Greenhouse Effect So what happens to all that solar radiation when it reaches Earth's atmosphere? Why do you think these waves are sometimes referred to as short waves? image from ipcc.unibe.ch

5 Slide 21 / 161 Incoming Shortwave Solar Radiation Slide 22 / 161 Incoming Shortwave Solar Radiation About 30% of incoming solar radiation is reflected by clouds and Earth's surface. The amount of Earth's reflectivity is called albedo and is dependent on the surface. Some surfaces reflect better than others. For example, ice has a higher albedo than grass. Generally, objects that are closer to the color white reflect more or have a higher albedo than darker colored objects. 50% of solar radiation is directly absorbed by Earth's surface and warms it. The remaining 20% of solar radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere. 2 Slide 23 / 161 Longwave Infrared Radiation After solar radiation is absorbed by Earth's surface and atmosphere, some of it is converted into infrared (or heat) waves. This type of radiation, which is a form of energy, is often called longwave radiation. Slide 24 / The global climate system is influenced only by Earth's atmosphere. Why do you think it is called longwave radiation when compared to solar radiation? Slide 24 () / The global climate system is influenced only by Earth's atmosphere. It is determined by the interaction of solar radiation with the atmosphere, land and ocean. Slide 25 / Solar radiation is a type of energy composed of waves. (Select all that apply.) A infrared B UV C visible light D radio

6 Slide 25 () / Solar radiation is a type of energy composed of waves. (Select all that apply.) A infrared B UV C visible light D radio B and C Slide 26 / Over half of the incoming solar radiation is reflected by Earth's surface and clouds. Slide 26 () / Over half of the incoming solar radiation is reflected by Earth's surface and clouds. Only about 30% is. 50% is absorbed by the surface and 20% is absorbed by the atmosphere. Slide 27 / The amount of shortwave reflectivity from Earth's surface depends on the surface type. Another word for the amount of reflectivity from a surface is. A atmospheric ability B reflectability C albedo D UV reflection Slide 27 () / The amount of shortwave reflectivity from Earth's surface depends on the surface type. Another word for the amount of reflectivity from a surface is. A atmospheric ability Slide 28 / Snow will have a higher albedo than grassland. B reflectability C albedo D UV reflection C

7 Slide 28 () / Snow will have a higher albedo than grassland. Slide 29 / Some of the solar radiation that is absorbed by Earth and the atmosphere is converted into heat energy. Slide 29 () / Some of the solar radiation that is absorbed by Earth and the atmosphere is converted into heat energy. Heat energy is the same as infrared radiation (or waves). Slide 30 / 161 Outgoing Longwave Infrared Radiation Earth emits Infrared (IR) Radiation outward. Some of this IR radiation passes through the atmosphere back to outer space. Some is absorbed by clouds and reemitted in all directions. 1 2 Most of the IR radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases and re-emitted in all directions as heat. 3 Slide 31 / 161 Slide 32 / 161 The Greenhouse Effect Without greenhouse gases to absorb and re-emit Earth's infrared radiation, what would happen to the temperature on Earth? Come up with an idea with your group. Be prepared to explain. The Greenhouse Effect To summarize the greenhouse effect simply: Some sunlight enters Earth's atmosphere and heats it. The primary greenhouse gases to remember are: Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide Ozone Water vapor

8 Slide 33 / 161 The Greenhouse Effect Some of this heat escapes into outer space. Slide 34 / 161 The Greenhouse Effect Some of this heat is trapped in the atmosphere acting to keep our planet warm and habitable. Slide 35 / Most of the long wave radiation emitted by Earth escapes the atmosphere and goes back into space. Slide 35 () / Most of the long wave radiation emitted by Earth escapes the atmosphere and goes back into space. Most is absorbed and reemitted by greenhouse gases. Slide 36 / Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas? Slide 36 () / Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas? A carbon dioxide B methane C oxygen D nitrous oxides A carbon dioxide B methane C Oxygen is in the atmosphere C oxygen but it is not a greenhouse gas because it does not absorb IR D nitrous oxides radiation.

9 Slide 37 / Without greenhouse gases, Earth's temperature would be. Slide 37 () / Without greenhouse gases, Earth's temperature would be. A much higher A much higher B much lower C unchanged B much lower C unchanged B Slide 38 / 161 Slide 39 / 161 Global Climate Change The climate in a specific area such as Hawaii or Alaska is called regional climate. Global Climate Change Global climate refers to the average climate around the entire world. How do scientists tell if global climate is changing? What data would they examine? Return to Table of Contents Slide 40 / 161 Global Climate Change It is not enough to look at a single event that seems abnormal from the normal conditions. One must look at decades worth of data to see if and how climate deviates from a normal condition. The deviation of something from a normal condition is called an anomaly. One key indicator of climate change is the anomalies of global temperature. Slide 41 / 161 Is Global Climate Change Occurring? This graph shows the global temperature anomalies (or deviations) in degrees Celsius for the years Do you notice a pattern? How would you describe it? *graphs from pbs.org

10 Slide 42 / 161 Is Global Climate Change Occurring? This graph shows the global temperature anomalies over a much longer time period (1000 years). Slide 43 / 161 Is Global Climate Change Occurring? This graph shows the total concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 2000 (in parts per million). How does this graph compare to the previous one? Can you think of reasons carbon dioxide would have increased this way? Slide 44 / 161 Slide 45 / 161 Is Global Climate Change Occurring? This last graph shows the total concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for a 450,000 year record. What caused the patterns you see in this graph? Anthropogenic Causes of Global Climate Change Return to Table of Contents Slide 46 / 161 The Role of Greenhouse Gases Slide 47 / Greenhouse gases are not needed in Earth's atmosphere. Without greenhouse gases, Earth would be uncomfortably cold. But what happens when there is an overabundance of greenhouse gases? What causes this overabundance of greenhouse gases? Watch the following video. Some of it is review, but pay close attention so you can answer the questions afterwards. Click here to watch the video.

11 Slide 47 () / Greenhouse gases are not needed in Earth's atmosphere. Slide 48 / If there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the temperature of Earth will increase overall because more heat is being trapped in the atmosphere. Some are needed in order to keep the planet warm enough for plants to grow and humans to live. Slide 48 () / If there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the temperature of Earth will increase overall because more heat is being trapped in the atmosphere. Slide 49 / Which of the following are responsible for increased greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere? (Select all that apply.) A cars B factories C the sun D using electricity Slide 49 () / Which of the following are responsible for increased greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere? (Select all that apply.) A cars Slide 50 / Carbon dioxide is released when fossil fuels such as gas, coal and oil are burned. B factories C the sun A, B and D D using electricity

12 Slide 50 () / Carbon dioxide is released when fossil fuels such as gas, coal and oil are burned. Slide 51 / Which of the following are a consequence of increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? (Select all that apply.) A shorter days B melting glaciers C rising sea levels D changing snow patterns Slide 51 () / Which of the following are a consequence of increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? (Select all that apply.) Slide 52 / 161 Anthropogenic Climate Change A shorter days B melting glaciers C rising sea levels D changing snow patterns B, C and D Climate change caused by humans is called anthropogenic climate change. This is a result of humans putting more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The major cause of this is burning fossil fuels. The three major forms of fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. Slide 53 / 161 Fossil Fuels: Coal Slide 54 / 161 Fossil Fuels : Oil Used for: electricity cement production steel manufacturing Used to make: transportation fuel plastics asphalt

13 Slide 55 / 161 Fossil Fuels: Natural Gas Slide 56 / 161 Anthropogenic Sources of Greenhouse Gases Used for: electricity heating buildings cooking transportation This pie graph shows a percentage break down of the greenhouse gases emitted by anthropogenic (human) sources that are most responsible for climate change. image from epa.gov What greenhouse gas are humans releasing the most of? The least? Slide 57 / 161 Activities that Contribute to Greenhouse Gases Slide 58 / Humans increase greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels. This pie graph shows a percentage break down of human activities that contribute to the major greenhouse gases emitted on the previous slide. image from epa.gov Slide 58 () / Humans increase greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels. Slide 59 / The three main forms of fossil fuels are oil, natural gas and. A Solar B Coal C Electricity D Biofuel

14 Slide 59 () / The three main forms of fossil fuels are oil, natural gas and. Slide 60 / The greenhouse gas emitted most by human sources is methane. A Solar B Coal C Electricity D Biofuel B Slide 60 () / The greenhouse gas emitted most by human sources is methane. Slide 61 / Anthropogenic climate change means climate change that occurs due to human influences. Slide 61 () / Anthropogenic climate change means climate change that occurs due to human influences. Slide 62 / The human activity that contributes most to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is electricity. What is the activity that contributes the next most? A agriculture B industry C transportation D businesses

15 Slide 62 () / 161 Slide 63 / The human activity that contributes most to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is electricity. What is the activity that contributes the next most? A agriculture B industry C transportation D businesses C Natural Causes of Global Climate Change Return to Table of Contents Slide 64 / 161 Solar Variation Slide 65 / 161 Solar Variation: Sunspots Recall that Earth gets it's energy from the incoming shortwave radiation from the sun. If the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth changes, climate can be affected. Sunspots are dark, cooler than average regions on the sun's surface. The surrounding margin of a sunspot, however, is hotter than average. Slide 66 / 161 Solar Variation: Sunspots Sunspot activity varies on a 12 year cycle. An increased number of sunspots are correlated to increased solar radiation. Why? Slide 67 / 161 Solar Variations: Milankovitch Cycles Earth's position relative to the sun can also affect how much solar radiation reaches Earth. Milankovitch Cycles describe the regular variations in three categories for Earth : Orbital eccentricity Precession (wobble) Tilt

16 Slide 68 / 161 Solar Variations: Milankovitch Cycles Slide 69 / 161 Solar Variations: Milankovitch Cycles How do you think each of these three factors affect solar variation on Earth? image from universetoday.com (UCAR) Slide 70 / 161 Volcanoes Another occurrance which affects the climate are volcanoes. How do volcanoes change the climate? The accumulation of volcanic dust and gas in the upper atmosphere primarily results in a net decrease in solar radiation reaching Earth because the dust and gas scatter and reflect it back to space. Slide 71 / 161 Volcanic Dust The natural eruption of volcanoes releases large amounts of dust and gaseous materials into the upper atmosphere. Can you see the dust in this picture? Look at the light rays. How would a decrease in solar radiation effect Earth's temperature? Slide 72 / The three main natural causes of global climate change are volcanoes, Michigan cycles and sunspots. Slide 72 () / The three main natural causes of global climate change are volcanoes, Michigan cycles and sunspots. Milankovitch Cycles

17 Slide 73 / The three main natural causes of climate change influence the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives. Slide 73 () / The three main natural causes of climate change influence the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives. Slide 74 / More sunspots on the Sun results in decreased solar radiation because sunspots are dark, cooler than average regions of the sun. Slide 74 () / More sunspots on the Sun results in decreased solar radiation because sunspots are dark, cooler than average regions of the sun. Because sunspots are surrounded my a margin of much hotter than average temperatures resulting in a net increase in solar radiation. Slide 75 / Sunspots on the Sun follow a cycle that repeats itself roughly every. Slide 75 () / Sunspots on the Sun follow a cycle that repeats itself roughly every. A 5 years A 5 years B 8 years C 12 years B 8 years C 12 years C D 13 years D 13 years

18 Slide 76 / The Milankovitch Cycle describes the natural and regular variation of Earth's: (Select all that apply.) A orbit around the sun Slide 76 () / The Milankovitch Cycle describes the natural and regular variation of Earth's: (Select all that apply.) A orbit around the sun B tilt C shape B tilt C shape A, B, D D precession D precession Slide 77 / 161 Slide 78 / 161 Anthropogenic versus Natural Causes Scientists have used computer models to examine the role of different causes of climate change. Do the results from this computer model support the conclusion you came to in your groups? Impacts of Climate Change Return to Table of Contents Slide 79 / 161 Impacts of Climate Change Slide 80 / 161 Higher Temperatures The changing global temperature is the key indicator that climate is changing. However, there are other observed indicators that also have an impact on people and animals. Fill in your table as we go to help you with your homework. As discussed earlier, rising global temperature is the main indicator that climate is changing. Let's first look at how climate change impacts the oceans. image from c2es.org

19 Slide 81 / 161 Warmer Oceans Slide 82 / 161 Melting Ice Caps The rising atmospheric and oceanic temperatures cause ice caps to melt. As the air temperature rises, the oceans absorb some of this heat resulting in warmer oceans and rising sea surface temperatures. Click on the image to the right to see how the Arctic ice cap has changed from 1980 to image from epa.gov Slide 83 / 161 Melting Ice Caps Ice has a high albedo (what did that mean?), so it reflects more solar radiation than grasslands and other biomes. What do you think happens to the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth when ice caps melt? How will this impact the temperature? Click on the image on the next slide for the answer. Slide 84 / 161 Melting Ice Caps More solar radiation will reach Earth, causing a further increase in temperatures. This will further melt the ice caps which will then lead to more solar radiation reaching Earth... Do you see a cycle here? Melting ice caps are an example of a positive feedback mechanism for climate change. This is because the melting sea ice acts to further increase global climate change. Slide 85 / 161 Melting Glaciers Slide 86 / 161 Rising Sea Level Glaciers are huge masses of snow and ice that have developed over a long time. When the temperature rises, glaciers also melt. What happens when you leave a cup full of ice out and it melts? The same thing happens when ice caps and glaciers melt. This adds water to the oceans causing the sea level to rise. image from epa.gov

20 Slide 87 / The change in global temperature is the only way we know that climate is changing. Slide 87 () / The change in global temperature is the only way we know that climate is changing. Slide 88 / Over the last several decades, the coverage of the Arctic Sea Ice caps: Slide 88 () / Over the last several decades, the coverage of the Arctic Sea Ice caps: A has increased and decreased equally over time A has increased and decreased equally over time B remains roughly the same C has dissappeared to nothing D has significantly decreased B remains roughly the same C has dissappeared to nothing D has significantly decreased D Slide 89 / Melting ice caps represent a positive feedback mechanism for climate change because they: Slide 89 () / Melting ice caps represent a positive feedback mechanism for climate change because they: A further enhance rising global temperatures. B have a higher albedo than grasslands. C absorb more solar radiation. D positively add to the ocean water. A further enhance rising global temperatures. B have a higher albedo than grasslands. A C absorb more solar radiation. D positively add to the ocean water.

21 Slide 90 / What causes the ocean's sea level to rise when global temperatures increase? (Discuss with your group, not a responder Students type question.) their answers here Slide 90 () / What causes the ocean's sea level to rise when global temperatures increase? (Discuss with your group, not a responder Students type question.) their answers here melting glaciers/ice caps Slide 91 / Do both melting glaciers AND melting ice caps cause the ocean's sea level to rise when global temperatures increase? Yes Slide 91 () / Do both melting glaciers AND melting ice caps cause the ocean's sea level to rise when global temperatures increase? Yes No No Yes Slide 92 / As the global temperature rises, the temperature of the ocean: A remains the same. Slide 92 () / As the global temperature rises, the temperature of the ocean: A remains the same. B increases. C decreases. B increases. C decreases. B D increases but on average remains the same. D increases but on average remains the same.

22 Slide 93 / 161 Impacts of Climate Change The changing global temperature also affects our weather and long term climate in a number of ways. Slide 94 / 161 Increased Tropical Storms Tropical storms and hurricanes get their energy from the warm sea surface. When sea surface temperature increases, the frequency and strength of storms and hurricanes also increase. image from epa.gov Slide 95 / 161 Changing Precipitation Patterns Slide 96 / 161 Drought As the temperature rises, more water from the surface of Earth evaporates into the atmosphere. This provides more moisture to the atmosphere, leading to increased precipitation in some areas. Although some areas may receive higher than average amounts of precipitation due to increasing temperatures and evaporation from land, others may not. This precipitation can be in the form of rain or snow. As a result, some areas experience drought conditions due to climate change. image from c2es.org Increasing temperatures are accompanied by extreme high temperatures and heat waves. Slide 97 / 161 Heat Waves Slide 98 / 161 Wildfires With increased temperatures and areas receiving less precipitation than normal, wildfires are more frequent, larger, and last longer. A heat wave is an extended period of abnormally hot weather. Record highs now occur more often than record lows.

23 Slide 99 / 161 Consequences of Global Climate Change We should be concerned about climate change because it affects: agriculture (food supply, irrigation demands) human health (weather-related deaths, disease, air quality) ecosystems (forests, coasts, loss of species) water resources Slide 100 / As the sea surface temperature rises, hurricanes and tropical storms: (Select all that apply.) A get stronger B occur more frequently C are not affected D get stronger but do not increase in frequency Slide 100 () / As the sea surface temperature rises, hurricanes and tropical storms: (Select all that apply.) A get stronger B occur more frequently C are not affected A and B D get stronger but do not increase [This object in frequency is a pull Slide 101 / Rising global temperatures lead to: (Select all that apply.) A increased sea surface temperatures. B an increase in precipitation everywhere. C more evaporation of water from Earth's surface. D less ice cap coverage. Slide 101 () / Rising global temperatures lead to: (Select all that apply.) A increased sea surface temperatures. B an increase in precipitation everywhere. A, C and D C more evaporation of water from Earth's surface. Slide 102 / Droughts can deplete both food and water supplies. D less ice cap coverage.

24 Slide 102 () / Droughts can deplete both food and water supplies. 38 Heat waves: (Select all that apply.) A can destroy crops. B affect human health. Slide 103 / 161 C may lead to more greenhouse gas emission. D are occuring more frequently due to climate change. 38 Heat waves: (Select all that apply.) A can destroy crops. Slide 103 () / 161 B affect human health. All answers are correct. (C due to the increased use of C may lead to more greenhouse gas emission. air conditioners which burn fossil fuels) D are occuring more frequently due to climate change. Slide 104 / Due to climate change, wild fires are: (Select all that apply.) A larger. B less frequent. C last longer. D enhanced by drought conditions. Slide 104 () / Due to climate change, wild fires are: (Select all that apply.) A larger. B less frequent. C last longer. A, C and D Slide 105 / Impacts of climate change are closely related and affect everyone. D enhanced by drought conditions.

25 Slide 105 () / 161 Slide 106 / Impacts of climate change are closely related and affect everyone. Climate Science Return to Table of Contents Slide 107 / 161 Climate Science It is clear that the changing climate can affect everybody world wide and we should work on reducing climate change. In order to effectively reduce the level of climate change, scientists must continue to increase our knowledge of climate change. Climate science involves: collecting data analyzing data forming conclusions peer review Slide 108 / 161 Collecting and Analyzing Data One of the most compelling key indicators of climate change is the correlation between the global temperature and carbon dioxide concentrations. Scientists know that the global temperature concentrations are much higher than they were hundreds of thousands of years ago. Compare these graphs. What do you notice? image from epa.gov Slide 109 / 161 Collecting and Analyzing Data Slide 110 / 161 Ice Cores Scientists also know that the carbon dioxide concentrations are much higher than they were all that time ago as well. Wait! How did scientists collect temperature and carbon dioxide data back when technology wasn't around? Scientist use ice cores in the Antarctic to extract atmospheric data from up to 800,000 years ago! Much like tree rings, ice cores have layers- each layer representing an original snow layer from the past that eventually turned to ice.

26 Slide 111 / 161 Ice Cores Trapped in these ice layers are air bubbles that trapped the past atmosphere. Scientists analyze the carbon dioxide, hydrogen and oxygen in these air bubbles to reconstruct a historical climate record. Slide 112 / 161 Ice Cores Click on the following link to see how scientists from the British Antarctic Survey collect ice core data in the Antarctic. Click here to watch ice core video. Slide 113 / By learning more about our changing climate with climate science, we can more effectively reduce climate change. Slide 113 () / By learning more about our changing climate with climate science, we can more effectively reduce climate change. Slide 114 / Ice cores contain information about: (Select all that apply.) A the past climate B the age of the ice core layers C causes of climate change D past carbon dioxide concentrations Slide 114 () / Ice cores contain information about: (Select all that apply.) A the past climate B the age of the ice core A, B layers and D C causes of climate C is not change correct because scientists must graph and analyze the data to make D past carbon dioxide concentrations conclusions about causes of climate change.

27 Slide 115 / Each layer of an ice core represents a different atmospheric gas. Slide 115 () / Each layer of an ice core represents a different atmospheric gas. Slide 116 / 161 Collecting Data Slide 117 / 161 Analyzing Data and Forming Conclusions Other data that scientist collect include: weather observations hurricane tracking data sea surface temperatures from satellites precipitation amounts outputs from computer models After scientists collect data, they analyze it by graphing it and/or comparing it with other data. Based on their data analysis, scientists make conclusions. What would you conclude from this graph? Slide 118 / 161 Peer Review Before a scientist publishes their findings and conclusions for the public, their work must be peer reviewed. Peer review is when scientists review the work of other scientists. This is an important part of any science because it ensures that "good science" is being released to the public. Slide 119 / Recording the temperature and precipitation amount in a specific location every day can be used by climate scientists to study climate. Brainstorm what you think is meant by "good science".

28 Slide 119 () / Recording the temperature and precipitation amount in a specific location every day can be used by climate scientists to study climate. Slide 120 / Once scientists collect climate data, they announce their findings to the public immediately. This would be weather data that could be compared to historical climate data. Slide 120 () / Once scientists collect climate data, they announce their findings to the public immediately. They must analyze, make conclusions and get peer reviewed first. Slide 121 / Removing temperature records so that the climate data matches the needs of certain people is okay as long as the data that is presented is valid. Slide 121 () / 161 Slide 122 / Removing temperature records so that the climate data matches the needs of certain people is okay as long as the data that is presented is valid., this is bad science. Good science is based on facts and data that has not been manipulated to favor personal interests. Reducing Climate Change Return to Table of Contents

29 Slide 123 / 161 Reducing Climate Change Slide 124 / 161 IPCC Humans are clearly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an international panel devoted to assessing the current state of climate change using the latest climate science. image from theguardian.com Other than fires and floods, can you name any ways humans are affected by the impacts of climate change? They also identify impacts of climate change on society and the economy. Scientific experts from all over the world contribute to the efforts of IPCC. Slide 125 / 161 IPCC The reports that the IPCC release provide clear, unbiased information on the state of climate change and its impacts. Slide 126 / 161 IPCC It is up to individual governments and institutions to decide whether or not to implement policies and strategies to address the status of climate change as reported by the IPCC. Slide 127 / 161 IPCC The most recent assessment report from the IPCC conclude that: the observed warming of the past half-century is with strong certainty due to human influences there is a clear relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and observed impacts of climate change some impacts of climate change are irreversible and will require a siginificant reduction in greenhouse gases. Slide 128 / 161 Mitigation and Adaptation The IPCC suggest two approaches to lessening human vulnerability to climate change. Mitigation involves making changes that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. What does mitigation mean? Adaptation involves altering human behavior to adapt to the changing climate that is inevitable.

30 47 The role of the IPCC is to: (Select all that apply.) Slide 129 / 161 A implement policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. B provide information on the current state of climate change. C review climate science contributed from experts. D examine the impact of climate change on the society and economy. 47 The role of the IPCC is to: (Select all that apply.) Slide 129 () / 161 A implement policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. B provide information on the current B, C and state D of climate change. C review climate science contributed from experts. D examine the impact of climate change on the society and economy. Slide 130 / The most recent IPCC report indicates that humans are probably not responsible for the observed climate change. Slide 130 () / The most recent IPCC report indicates that humans are probably not responsible for the observed climate change. Slide 131 / Preventing the worsening of climate change by reducing the emission of greenhouse gas is known as. Slide 131 () / Preventing the worsening of climate change by reducing the emission of greenhouse gas is known as. A mitigation A mitigation B adaptation B adaptation A

31 Slide 132 / Adaption to climate change is necessary as some impacts of climate change are irreversible. Slide 132 () / Adaption to climate change is necessary as some impacts of climate change are irreversible. Slide 133 / 161 Slide 134 / 161 Sources of Greenhouse Gases Mitigation Strategies Recall the main activities that contribute to the greenhouse gases that are causing climate change. Return to Table of Contents Here are four ways YOU can act to reduce greenhouse gas emissions: Slide 135 / 161 Individual Contributions use less energy travel green watch your water use reduce waste Slide 136 / The activity that contributes most to the emission of greenhouse gases that change climate is electricity production. Can your table come up with any other ideas?

32 Slide 136 () / The activity that contributes most to the emission of greenhouse gases that change climate is electricity production. Slide 137 / Which activities help reduce greenhouse gas emissions? (Select all that apply.) A letting a car sit idle B turning off the lights when not in use C using paper plates and cups at a picnic D taking the bus Slide 137 () / Which activities help reduce greenhouse gas emissions? (Select all that apply.) A letting a car sit idle B turning off the lights when not in use B and D C using paper plates and cups at a picnic Slide 138 / Using cold or hot water doesn't matter. The key to reducing greenhouse gas emissions is to just reduce water use. D taking the bus Slide 138 () / Using cold or hot water doesn't matter. The key to reducing greenhouse gas emissions is to just reduce water use. Hot water requires additional electricity. Slide 139 / 161 Clean Energy Technology One way to reduce greenhouse gas emission is to reduce our reliance on burning fossil fuels for energy by shifting to clean energy technology. Technology that uses clean energy emit little to no greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

33 Slide 140 / 161 Solar Panels Solar panels convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar panels produce NO pollutants or greenhouse gases. Solar energy is also a renewable source of energy meaning we won't run out of it like fossil fuels. Slide 141 / 161 Geothermal Energy Geothermal power plants use the hot rocks deep below Earth's surface to generate steam which is used for electricity production. Geothermal power produces NO pollutants or greenhouse gases. Like solar panels, it is a renewable energy source. Slide 142 / 161 Wind Turbine Energy Wind is used to turn turbine blades that are connected to a generator. The generator transfers energy into electricity. Slide 143 / 161 Hydroelectricity Hydropower plants uses the energy of water falling over a dam to produce electricity. Wind turbines also produce NO pollutants or greenhouse gases and are renewable power sources. NO pollutants or greenhouse gases here either and again, this is a renewable power source. Slide 144 / 161 Biomass Energy Biomass harnesses the sun's energy that is stored in plants. Biofuels such as ethanol come from biomass and produce less greenhouse gases when burned than fossil fuels. Slide 145 / 161 Green Transportation Transportation is a leading source of greenhouse gas emission. To address this, car technology is changing to include: Fuel efficiency- cars can travel further on smaller amounts of gas. Electric motors- some cars use a motor that requires no gasoline and instead uses an electric battery Hybrid vehicles- use a combination of an electric battery with gas overall reducing gas consumption.

34 Slide 146 / A renewable source of energy is something that has a finite quantity. Slide 146 () / A renewable source of energy is something that has a finite quantity. Slide 147 / Which of the following are examples of renewable energy sources? (Select all that apply.) Slide 147 () / Which of the following are examples of renewable energy sources? (Select all that apply.) A solar A solar B biofuels C wind B biofuels C wind A and C D fossil fuels D fossil fuels Slide 148 / Methods of energy production that produce little to no pollutants or greenhouse gases are called energy sources. Slide 148 () / Methods of energy production that produce little to no pollutants or greenhouse gases are called energy sources. A clean A clean B new C better B new C better A D Earth-wise D Earth-wise

35 Slide 149 / Which of the following produce NO pollutants or greenhouse gases? (Select all that apply.) Slide 149 () / Which of the following produce NO pollutants or greenhouse gases? (Select all that apply.) A solar power A solar power B geothermal power C hybrid vehicles D hydropower B geothermal power C hybrid vehicles D hydropower A, B, and D Slide 150 / Alternative energy sources such as wind energy not only reduce greenhouse emissions but also help us decrease our dependence on non-renewable resources. Slide 150 () / Alternative energy sources such as wind energy not only reduce greenhouse emissions but also help us decrease our dependence on non-renewable resources. Slide 151 / Fuel efficient cars use biofuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Slide 151 () / Fuel efficient cars use biofuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They use regular gas but are designed to travel further on smaller amounts of gas.

36 Slide 152 / 161 Slide 153 / 161 Human Adaptation Taking measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will slow the rate of climate change. Adaptation Strategies However, we are still vulnerable to the present impacts of climate change and must learn to adapt. Return to Table of Contents Slide 154 / 161 Examples of Human Adaptation moving to suitable areas that have reduced risks of floods planting crops suitable for different seasons Slide 155 / Humans can continue to live normally without worrying about climate change once they start implementing climate change mitigation strategies. building levees to protect against rising sea levels Slide 155 () / Humans can continue to live normally without worrying about climate change once they start implementing climate change mitigation strategies. Slide 156 / refers to how society deals with impacts of climate change. Some impacts of climate change are irreversible and results of mitigation strategies are not instantaneous. A Adaptation B Mitigation

37 Slide 156 () / refers to how society deals with impacts of climate change. A Adaptation B Mitigation A Slide 157 / Climate change refers to actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A adaptation B mitigation Slide 157 () / Climate change refers to actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Slide 158 / Climate change mitigation refers to actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A adaptation B mitigation B Slide 158 () / Climate change mitigation refers to actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Slide 159 / Which of the following are most definitely adaptation strategies? (Select all that apply.) A recycling and reducing waste B using drought resistant crops C building levees to protect coastal areas D taking public transportation

38 Slide 159 () / Which of the following are most definitely adaptation strategies? (Select all that apply.) Slide 160 / All living beings are able to reduce their vulnerability to climate change by adapting to it. A recycling and reducing waste B using drought resistant crops B and C C building levees to protect coastal areas D taking public transportation Slide 160 () / 161 Slide 161 / All living beings are able to reduce their vulnerability to climate change by adapting to it.