Modelling geological storage
|
|
- Harvey Lindsey
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Modelling geological storage Roman Berenblyum Research Director, Field Studies and New Recovery Technology International Research Institute of Stavanger December 10, 2012 R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
2 Overview > Abandoned fields vs aquifers > On why static model is not static > Geological model > Reservoir simulations > Injection vs. storage phases R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
3 Overview > Abandoned fields vs aquifers > On why static model is not static > Geological model > Reservoir simulations > Injection vs. storage phases R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
4 Overview > Abandoned fields vs aquifers > On why static model is not static > Geological model > Reservoir simulations > Injection vs. storage phases R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
5 Overview > Abandoned fields vs aquifers > On why static model is not static > Geological model > Reservoir simulations > Injection vs. storage phases R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
6 Overview > Abandoned fields vs aquifers > On why static model is not static > Geological model > Reservoir simulations > Injection vs. storage phases R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
7 Abandoned fields vs. aquifers? > Abandoned fields are studied much better > Wells as monitoring (and may be leakage) points > Lower pressures, remaining reserves? > Available infrastructure (materials used, conditions) > Location (interference with on-going activities)... so far all CCS projects are in aquifers. Frigg is first abandoned field considered for CCS R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
8 Abandoned fields vs. aquifers? > Abandoned fields are studied much better > Wells as monitoring (and may be leakage) points > Lower pressures, remaining reserves? > Available infrastructure (materials used, conditions) > Location (interference with on-going activities)... so far all CCS projects are in aquifers. Frigg is first abandoned field considered for CCS R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
9 Abandoned fields vs. aquifers? > Abandoned fields are studied much better > Wells as monitoring (and may be leakage) points > Lower pressures, remaining reserves? > Available infrastructure (materials used, conditions) > Location (interference with on-going activities)... so far all CCS projects are in aquifers. Frigg is first abandoned field considered for CCS R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
10 Abandoned fields vs. aquifers? > Abandoned fields are studied much better > Wells as monitoring (and may be leakage) points > Lower pressures, remaining reserves? > Available infrastructure (materials used, conditions) > Location (interference with on-going activities)... so far all CCS projects are in aquifers. Frigg is first abandoned field considered for CCS R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
11 Abandoned fields vs. aquifers? > Abandoned fields are studied much better > Wells as monitoring (and may be leakage) points > Lower pressures, remaining reserves? > Available infrastructure (materials used, conditions) > Location (interference with on-going activities)... so far all CCS projects are in aquifers. Frigg is first abandoned field considered for CCS R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
12 Abandoned fields vs. aquifers? > Abandoned fields are studied much better > Wells as monitoring (and may be leakage) points > Lower pressures, remaining reserves? > Available infrastructure (materials used, conditions) > Location (interference with on-going activities)... so far all CCS projects are in aquifers. Frigg is first abandoned field considered for CCS R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
13 On why static model is not static R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
14 On why static model is not static R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
15 On why static model is not static R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
16 Example of geological modelling Data available: > Surface digital elevation model and geological map (outcrop). > Depth to basement map. > Well logs and depth to stratigraphic horizons for all coal exploration wells. > Seismic lines acquired in the period of High uncertainty in geological data: > Few porosity and permeability measurements > Procedures are not well established > Old cores may not be properly preserved R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
17 Example of geological modelling Data available: > Surface digital elevation model and geological map (outcrop). > Depth to basement map. > Well logs and depth to stratigraphic horizons for all coal exploration wells. > Seismic lines acquired in the period of High uncertainty in geological data: > Few porosity and permeability measurements > Procedures are not well established > Old cores may not be properly preserved R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
18 Example of geological modelling Data available: > Surface digital elevation model and geological map (outcrop). > Depth to basement map. > Well logs and depth to stratigraphic horizons for all coal exploration wells. > Seismic lines acquired in the period of High uncertainty in geological data: > Few porosity and permeability measurements > Procedures are not well established > Old cores may not be properly preserved R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
19 Example of geological modelling Data available: > Surface digital elevation model and geological map (outcrop). > Depth to basement map. > Well logs and depth to stratigraphic horizons for all coal exploration wells. > Seismic lines acquired in the period of High uncertainty in geological data: > Few porosity and permeability measurements > Procedures are not well established > Old cores may not be properly preserved R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
20 Example of geological modelling Construction of Basin Geomodel: > Input of all data into Petrel software. > Construction of depth surfaces for main stratigraphic horizons. Note that the reservoir thickness was constructed from published information about the paleo-geography at deposition was used. > Selection of single sandstone unit as target reservoir for modeling of CO 2 injection. *Hatzignatiou,et.al.Screening and evaluation of a saline aquifer for CO 2 storage: Central Bohemian Basin, Czech Rep. R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
21 Example of geological modelling How did we selected the area (red on slides): > Avoid SW where the reservoir sections below the basin-wide seal are outcropping. > Avoid area E where the reservoir is very thin. > Avoid the deepest part of the basin where the reservoir properties are poor. > Avoid the shallowest parts where CO2 will be in gas phase > Look for areas with possible structures which can act as traps for the injected CO2. R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
22 Example of geological modelling How did we selected the area (red on slides): > Avoid SW where the reservoir sections below the basin-wide seal are outcropping. > Avoid area E where the reservoir is very thin. > Avoid the deepest part of the basin where the reservoir properties are poor. > Avoid the shallowest parts where CO2 will be in gas phase > Look for areas with possible structures which can act as traps for the injected CO2. R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
23 Example of geological modelling How did we selected the area (red on slides): > Avoid SW where the reservoir sections below the basin-wide seal are outcropping. > Avoid area E where the reservoir is very thin. > Avoid the deepest part of the basin where the reservoir properties are poor. > Avoid the shallowest parts where CO2 will be in gas phase > Look for areas with possible structures which can act as traps for the injected CO2. R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
24 Example of geological modelling How did we selected the area (red on slides): > Avoid SW where the reservoir sections below the basin-wide seal are outcropping. > Avoid area E where the reservoir is very thin. > Avoid the deepest part of the basin where the reservoir properties are poor. > Avoid the shallowest parts where CO2 will be in gas phase > Look for areas with possible structures which can act as traps for the injected CO2. R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
25 Example of geological modelling How did we selected the area (red on slides): > Avoid SW where the reservoir sections below the basin-wide seal are outcropping. > Avoid area E where the reservoir is very thin. > Avoid the deepest part of the basin where the reservoir properties are poor. > Avoid the shallowest parts where CO2 will be in gas phase > Look for areas with possible structures which can act as traps for the injected CO2. R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
26 Example of geological modelling R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
27 Example of geological modelling R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
28 Example of geological modelling R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
29 Example of geological modelling R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
30 Reservoir simulation: mechanisms CO 2 compared to other gasses is more soluble in water (up to 5-6%) > CO 2 can travel as separate phase or with / through water (fast!) > Water with CO 2 dissolved becomes heavier causing additional mixing > Carbonated water is a weak acid: geochemical reactions, corrosion CO 2 properties strongly depend on temperature: at C CO 2 : water mobility ratio is ca. 10. At 10 degrees its twice lower R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
31 Reservoir simulation: mechanisms CO 2 compared to other gasses is more soluble in water (up to 5-6%) > CO 2 can travel as separate phase or with / through water (fast!) > Water with CO 2 dissolved becomes heavier causing additional mixing > Carbonated water is a weak acid: geochemical reactions, corrosion CO 2 properties strongly depend on temperature: at C CO 2 : water mobility ratio is ca. 10. At 10 degrees its twice lower R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
32 Reservoir simulation: mechanisms CO 2 compared to other gasses is more soluble in water (up to 5-6%) > CO 2 can travel as separate phase or with / through water (fast!) > Water with CO 2 dissolved becomes heavier causing additional mixing > Carbonated water is a weak acid: geochemical reactions, corrosion CO 2 properties strongly depend on temperature: at C CO 2 : water mobility ratio is ca. 10. At 10 degrees its twice lower R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
33 Reservoir simulation: mechanisms CO 2 compared to other gasses is more soluble in water (up to 5-6%) > CO 2 can travel as separate phase or with / through water (fast!) > Water with CO 2 dissolved becomes heavier causing additional mixing > Carbonated water is a weak acid: geochemical reactions, corrosion CO 2 properties strongly depend on temperature: at C CO 2 : water mobility ratio is ca. 10. At 10 degrees its twice lower R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
34 Reservoir simulation: mechanisms CO 2 compared to other gasses is more soluble in water (up to 5-6%) > CO 2 can travel as separate phase or with / through water (fast!) > Water with CO 2 dissolved becomes heavier causing additional mixing > Carbonated water is a weak acid: geochemical reactions, corrosion CO 2 properties strongly depend on temperature: at C CO 2 : water mobility ratio is ca. 10. At 10 degrees its twice lower R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
35 Injection vs. storage phases All modern simulators developed for flow dominating situation: Pressure gradient from injector to producer >> capillary, gravity, dispersive forces. This approach works reasonably well during injection phase (several decades) However during storage phase (??? thousands of years) the balance of the forces is totally different: it s gravity (buoyancy), capillarity and diffusivity running the show! Our predictions of migration during that period may be not that good... R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
36 Injection vs. storage phases All modern simulators developed for flow dominating situation: Pressure gradient from injector to producer >> capillary, gravity, dispersive forces. This approach works reasonably well during injection phase (several decades) However during storage phase (??? thousands of years) the balance of the forces is totally different: it s gravity (buoyancy), capillarity and diffusivity running the show! Our predictions of migration during that period may be not that good... R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
37 Injection vs. storage phases All modern simulators developed for flow dominating situation: Pressure gradient from injector to producer >> capillary, gravity, dispersive forces. This approach works reasonably well during injection phase (several decades) However during storage phase (??? thousands of years) the balance of the forces is totally different: it s gravity (buoyancy), capillarity and diffusivity running the show! Our predictions of migration during that period may be not that good... R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
38 Injection vs. storage phases All modern simulators developed for flow dominating situation: Pressure gradient from injector to producer >> capillary, gravity, dispersive forces. This approach works reasonably well during injection phase (several decades) However during storage phase (??? thousands of years) the balance of the forces is totally different: it s gravity (buoyancy), capillarity and diffusivity running the show! Our predictions of migration during that period may be not that good... R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
39 Injection vs. storage phases All modern simulators developed for flow dominating situation: Pressure gradient from injector to producer >> capillary, gravity, dispersive forces. This approach works reasonably well during injection phase (several decades) However during storage phase (??? thousands of years) the balance of the forces is totally different: it s gravity (buoyancy), capillarity and diffusivity running the show! Our predictions of migration during that period may be not that good... R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
40 From geology to reservoir simulation > The data suggest that trapping mechanisms exist, but need to be verified with more seismic data in the future > However, No hard data on shale and fault seals. > Estimations show rather poor porosity and permeability of the reservoirs based on the existing data > More core data/measurements on existing cores. Exploration / pilot would have to be drilled. > Coal beds exist below the suggested reservoir. Conflicts with coal mining economic interests must be avoided. R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
41 From geology to reservoir simulation > The data suggest that trapping mechanisms exist, but need to be verified with more seismic data in the future > However, No hard data on shale and fault seals. > Estimations show rather poor porosity and permeability of the reservoirs based on the existing data > More core data/measurements on existing cores. Exploration / pilot would have to be drilled. > Coal beds exist below the suggested reservoir. Conflicts with coal mining economic interests must be avoided. R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
42 From geology to reservoir simulation > The data suggest that trapping mechanisms exist, but need to be verified with more seismic data in the future > However, No hard data on shale and fault seals. > Estimations show rather poor porosity and permeability of the reservoirs based on the existing data > More core data/measurements on existing cores. Exploration / pilot would have to be drilled. > Coal beds exist below the suggested reservoir. Conflicts with coal mining economic interests must be avoided. R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
43 From geology to reservoir simulation > The data suggest that trapping mechanisms exist, but need to be verified with more seismic data in the future > However, No hard data on shale and fault seals. > Estimations show rather poor porosity and permeability of the reservoirs based on the existing data > More core data/measurements on existing cores. Exploration / pilot would have to be drilled. > Coal beds exist below the suggested reservoir. Conflicts with coal mining economic interests must be avoided. R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
44 From geology to reservoir simulation > The data suggest that trapping mechanisms exist, but need to be verified with more seismic data in the future > However, No hard data on shale and fault seals. > Estimations show rather poor porosity and permeability of the reservoirs based on the existing data > More core data/measurements on existing cores. Exploration / pilot would have to be drilled. > Coal beds exist below the suggested reservoir. Conflicts with coal mining economic interests must be avoided. R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
45 Reservoir simulation R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
46 Reservoir simulation > Fine grid model > Initial evaluation of well location and type. > Visualization of CO 2 plume evolution (injection phase). > Sensitivity What if scenarios > Indicate additional data required to reduce modeling uncertainties > Evaluation of modeled basin s potential for CO 2 storage R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
47 Reservoir simulation > Fine grid model > Initial evaluation of well location and type. > Visualization of CO 2 plume evolution (injection phase). > Sensitivity What if scenarios > Indicate additional data required to reduce modeling uncertainties > Evaluation of modeled basin s potential for CO 2 storage R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
48 Reservoir simulation > Fine grid model > Initial evaluation of well location and type. > Visualization of CO 2 plume evolution (injection phase). > Sensitivity What if scenarios > Indicate additional data required to reduce modeling uncertainties > Evaluation of modeled basin s potential for CO 2 storage R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
49 Reservoir simulation > Fine grid model > Initial evaluation of well location and type. > Visualization of CO 2 plume evolution (injection phase). > Sensitivity What if scenarios > Indicate additional data required to reduce modeling uncertainties > Evaluation of modeled basin s potential for CO 2 storage R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
50 Reservoir simulation > Fine grid model > Initial evaluation of well location and type. > Visualization of CO 2 plume evolution (injection phase). > Sensitivity What if scenarios > Indicate additional data required to reduce modeling uncertainties > Evaluation of modeled basin s potential for CO 2 storage R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
51 Reservoir simulation > Fine grid model > Initial evaluation of well location and type. > Visualization of CO 2 plume evolution (injection phase). > Sensitivity What if scenarios > Indicate additional data required to reduce modeling uncertainties > Evaluation of modeled basin s potential for CO 2 storage R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
52 Reservoir simulation R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
53 Reservoir simulation: outcomes > Optimised injection well locations > Injection of required volume demanded 5 injection and 2 water producing (pressure relive) wells Disposal of produced water? > Sensitivity to the reservoir properties show that baseline permeability is on the border low > We also performed preliminary screening of EOR possibilities in the near by reservoirs (shown in the next presentation) R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
54 Reservoir simulation: outcomes > Optimised injection well locations > Injection of required volume demanded 5 injection and 2 water producing (pressure relive) wells Disposal of produced water? > Sensitivity to the reservoir properties show that baseline permeability is on the border low > We also performed preliminary screening of EOR possibilities in the near by reservoirs (shown in the next presentation) R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
55 Reservoir simulation: outcomes > Optimised injection well locations > Injection of required volume demanded 5 injection and 2 water producing (pressure relive) wells Disposal of produced water? > Sensitivity to the reservoir properties show that baseline permeability is on the border low > We also performed preliminary screening of EOR possibilities in the near by reservoirs (shown in the next presentation) R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
56 Reservoir simulation: outcomes > Optimised injection well locations > Injection of required volume demanded 5 injection and 2 water producing (pressure relive) wells Disposal of produced water? > Sensitivity to the reservoir properties show that baseline permeability is on the border low > We also performed preliminary screening of EOR possibilities in the near by reservoirs (shown in the next presentation) R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
57 Reservoir simulation: another reservoir example R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
58 Reservoir simulation: seepage R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23
59 Reservoir simulation: seepage Without diffusion seepage is below 1 m 3 after 20 years of injection. With it app m 3 R. Berenblyum (IRIS) CO 2 storage seminar, Indonesia December 10, / 23