Measurement Green House Gases Emissions (CO2, CH4, NO and N2O) in Sizunai Sapporo, Japan By: Jon Hendri

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1 Measurement Green House Gases Emissions (CO2, CH4, NO and N2O) in Sizunai Sapporo, Japan By: Jon Hendri 1.1.Introduction Global warming may be caused due to increasing atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are reported as main greenhouse gases. The contributions to global warming of these gases were 76.7, 14.3 and 7.9 % for CO2, CH4 and N2O, respectively (IPCC 2007). The main resource of CO2 was human activities. IPCC (2007) reported that about two thirds of CO2 emission were contributed by burning of fossil fuel and remains were contributed by land use change especially deforestation. CH4 is second major greenhouse gas. Over 100 year horizon, it has 25-fold global warming potential (IPCC 2007). It was reported that the half amount of methane is emitted by human activities. Compare to CO2, contribution of human activities were relatively small. The main CH4 sources were wetland, ruminant animal, rice field, biofuel and so on. The amount of CH4 by industrial origin was smaller than that of biological origin. Agricultural land can be a sink and a source of greenhouse gases depending on land management and climate condition. Agricultural practices contribute about 25% of the total anthropogenic source of CO2, a greenhouse gas responsible for global warming (Post et al., 1990; Duxbury, 1994). Management practices, such as crop residue input to the soil, tillage, and cropping sequence, can emit CO2 as a result of soil organic matter and crop residue mineralization and root and microbial respiration (Curtin et al., 2000; Sainju et al., 2008, 2010). CO2 flux from soil and net primary productivity (NPP) constitutes a considerable part of carbon cycle (Raich and Schlesinger, 1992). CO2 emission from soil and NPP are estimated and 60 Gt C yr -1, respectively (Sundquist, 1993; Raich and Schesinger, 1992). Although the contribution of agriculture to the atmospheric CO2 concentration is small (1%: Smith et.al, 2007), the amount of carbon emission from agriculture land is much larger than CO2 emission from burning fossil fuel (6 Gt C yr -1 : Sundquist, 1993). CO2 flux from soil was affected by ecosystem (Melling et al., 2005), season or year (Toma et al., 2010), land management (Shimizu et al., 2009) and environmental variances. Especially, soil temperature (Toma et al., 2010; Shimizu et al., 2009) and soil moisture (Linn and Doran, 1984; Gulledge and Schimel, 1998) is reported as important factor for CO2 flux. NPP is also affected by these factors. 1.2 The objective The objectives of the present study were to measurement greenhouse gases emissions (CO2, CH4, N2Oand NO) 1.3 Materials Tedlar bag, bottle sample, thermometer, chamber, CO2 Analyzer, CO2 censor, GC 1.4 Methods Gas analysis CO2 concentration was analyzed with a CO2 infrared gas analyzer in the laboratory. The gas analyzer was calibrated using standard gas 1790 ppmv and the N2 gas. CO2 direct measurement with CO2 censor analyzer Sample CH4, NO and N2O concentration was analyzed with gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector (FID) for CH4 (GC-8A; SHIMADZU) and electron capture

2 Concentration CO2 (ppm) concentration CO 2 (ppm) detector (ECD) for N2O (GC-14B; SHIMADZU). The chromatography with FID was calibrated using standard gas 2.03 and 10.1 ppm. The chromatography with ECD was calibrated using standard gas 29.5 ppm. We diluted standard gas to 0.268, 0.894, 0.59, 2.682,, 5.9 and ppmv to make calibrate curve The calculation of gas flux Soil gas flux was calculated using following equation. F = ρ (V / A) (Δc / Δt) [273 / (273+T)] where F is the flux C-CO2 m 2 h -1, µg C-CH4 m 2 h -1 and µg N-N2O m 2 h -1 ), ρ is the gas density ( ρco2-c = , ρch4-c = and ρn2o-n = mg m -3 ), V is the volume of the chamber (m 3 ), A is the area of the chamber (m 2 ), Δc / Δt is the rate of change in the gas concentration inside the chamber (10-6 m 3 m -3 h -1 ), T is the air temperature inside the chamber (K). Cumulative CO2 emission during the growing period was calculated by multiplying the mean CO2 flux and the duration between the adjacent sampling times, on the assumption liner changes between two sampling times. Result and discusion 1. Relationship between time and gas concentration, a. CO2 with CO2 Analyzer and censor CO 2 Analyzer Conc. CO2 (ppm) 1 Conc. CO2 (ppm) 2 Conc. CO2 (ppm) 3 Conc. CO2 (ppm) CO 2 Censor Time (second) CO2 (ppm) 1 CO2 (ppm) 2 CO2 (ppm) 3 CO2 (ppm) 4 Measurement of CO2 flux with the static chamber using gas chromatograph is a standard method where gas samples are collected over a certain intervals of time and flux is calculated as a result of concentration gradient over time (Hutchinson and Mosier, 1981; Liebig et al., 2010). CO2 gas concentration is proportional to the increase in time. IRGA measuring equipment use the same results with the use of sensors. CO2 cosentration is proportional to the increase of time. b. CH4, N2O and NO

3 Cosentration NO (ppm) concentration N 2 O (ppm) Cosentration CH 4 (ppm) CH Conc. CH4 (ppm) 1 Conc. CH4 (ppm) 2 Conc. CH4 (ppm) 3 Conc. CH4 (ppm) 4 CH4 gas concentration is inversely proportional to the increase of time, so it can be said to occur methane absorption N 2 O 0.6 NO Costr NO (ppm) 1 Costr NO (ppm) 2 Costr NO (ppm) 3 Costr NO (ppm) Costr N2O (ppm) 1 Costr N2O (ppm) 2 Costr N2O (ppm) 3 Costr N2O (ppm) NO and N2O gas concentration is inversely proportional to the increase of time. But N2O concentration higher than NO. On above grafh NO and N2O concentratin lower, because usually producing nitrogen oxides are bacterial nitrification and denitrification. NO and N2O are mainly produced by nitrification and denitrification. One of the main regulating factor of nitrification, denitrification and the release of NO and N2O by these prosses is the availability of O2 partial pressure in the phase, the moisture content, the texture and the respiration activity of soil ( Tiedje, 1988) 2. Table of gas flux time (minute) No CO 2 CO 2 censor CH 4 Chamber C/m 2 /d) R 2 C/m 2 /d) R Avg std cv

4 No N 2O NO Chamber N/m 2 /h) N/m 2 /d) R 2 N/m 2 /h) N/m 2 /d) broken broken Avg stdev cv Result measurement with: CO2 flux ranged from to mg C m- 2 day- 1 with CO2 analyzer CO2 flux ranged from to with CO2 censor, CH4 flux ranged from to mg C m- 2 day- 1 it is absorption. N2O flux ranged from to mg N m- 2 day- 1 NO flux ranged from to mg N m- 2 day- 1 Reference Curtin, D., Wang, H., Selles, F., McConkey, B.G., Campbell, C.A., Tillage effects on carbon dioxide fluxes in continuous wheat and fallow-wheat rotations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64, Duxbury, J.M., The significance of agricultural sources of greenhouse gases. Fertil. Res. 38, Hutchinson, G.L., Mosier, A.R., Improved soil cover method for field measurement of nitrous oxide fluxes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC Forth Assessment Report: climate Change 2007, the Physical Science Basis, Technical Summary. publications_ and_ data/ publications_ ipcc_fourth_ assessment_report_wg1_ report_the _physical_science_basis.htm Liebig, M.A., Tanaka, D.L., Gross, J.R., Fallow effects on soil carbon and greenhouse gas flux in central North Dakota. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 74, Melling Hatano, R., Goh, K.J.L.,. (2005). Soil CO2 flux from three ecosystems in tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Tellus, 57, Post, W.M., Peng, T.H., Emanuel, W.R., King, A.W., Dale, V.H., DeAngelis, D.L., The global carbon cycle. Am. Sci. 78,

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