Impacts of National and International Actors on River Basin Management The case of river Rhine

Transcription

1 Impacts of National and International Actors on River Basin Management The case of river Rhine Jan Leentvaar and Esra D. Bozkir 7 December 2010

2 Rhine at German-Dutch border

3 Source of the Rhine 15/7/2005

4 8/9/2001 Inspection at the source

5 9/9/2001 Research is just hard work

6 Countries involved

7 Rhine as shipping lane

8 CCR Central Commission for Navigation of the Rhine 1815 Congress of Vienna 1868 Mannheim Act (Rhine Navigation Act) Freedom of Navigation Uniform legal navigation regime along the Rhine Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, France, Switzerland Unanimous decisions needed Decisions are legally binding

9 Number of Salmon in River Rhine Number of salmon Numbers of salmon Year Number of salmon

10 Chloride load on river Rhine Rhine at Lobith, chloride ( ) Load (kg/s) Conc. (mg/l) Year

11 Water Quality Oxygen mg/l Rhine - Lobith Yearly minimum Yearly average Years

12 ICPR 1950 Diplomatic notes on International Commission on the Protection of the Rhine aganst Pollution 1963 Berne Treaty 1972 First Ministers conference 1976 Chemical Treaty 1976 Chloride Treaty 1976 EU contracting party in Berne Convention

13 1972: From... to...

14 1976: Rhine Alarm System

15 1986: Fire at Sandoz (Basel-CH) Fire in a chemical storage facility l of water for firefighting were discharged in the river 20 tons of mercury and pesticides Nearly all fishes, especially eels died Drinking water facilities were shut down for 18 days Ca. 90 million damages

16 1987: Rhine Action Programme Salmon back in the Rhine

17 1995: Rhine Flood

18 1998: Action Plan on Flood Protection

19 Development of cooperation 1815 CCR (Navigation) 1950/1963 ICPR (Pollution) 1970 CHR (Hydrology) 1987 Rhine Action Plan 1998 Action Plan on Flood Protection 1999 New Rhine Treaty (Protection) 2000 EU Water Framework Directive

20 Actors involved in cooperation present THE NETHERLANDS THE NETHERLANDS THE NETHERLANDS THE NETHERLANDS GERMANY GERMANY GERMANY GERMANY FRANCE FRANCE FRANCE FRANCE LUXEMBURG SWITZERLAND LUXEMBURG SWITZERLAND EU IAWR REINWATER Other NGOs and IGOs LUXEMBURG SWITZERLAND EU NGOs IGOs Other basin states LUXEMBURG SWITZERLAND EU NGOs IGOs Other basin states

21 Public Participation in the ICPR PP PP

22 Theory of International Cooperation Power-based: hegemon state necessary Interest-based: self-interested parties Improved information exchange Package solutions Arbitration, mediation Knowledge-based: affected by perceptions ICPR as knowledge platform Reduction of uncertainties

23 Insights from theories Interest based approach Knowledge based approach Chemical and Chloride Conventions 1986 Present

24 Basis of Cooperation in the Rhine Based on problem solving Confidence building Scientific cooperation between gov. institutions Participation of science AND policy-makers in Working groups Always the same representatives in Working groups Limit the number of persons in a meeting Create specialist sub-groups

25 Cooperation Data exchange Standard procedures Joint monitoring Joint reporting Permanent technical secretariat»very slow progress!!

26 Is the Rhine cooperation a success? The water quality has improved drastically But...

27 But other factors National legislation EU Directives Activities of NGOs and Waterworks Technological developments Change in structure of industries Environmental awareness Public pressure North Sea cooperation

28 And Cooperation - not always smooth Implementation of some plans - difficult Potassium mines paid for reducing pollution - conflicts with polluter pays principle! Political will - triggered by accidents

29 Conclusion Confidence building Exchange of data is first step Cooperation between scientific institutes Political commitment/will Cooperation between states Accidents and disasters boost cooperation Public participation in needed Cooperation on Integrated Water Resources Management: Water Quantity, Water Quality and Ecology

30 Thank you for your attention