Microcontroller based -Grid Interconnected Solar Irrigation System

Transcription

1 Microcontroller based -Grid Interconnected Solar Irrigation System Mr.Sunil S K Mr. Santhosh.S Mr. Vinodkumar.S Mr. Satishkumar.D ABSTRACT This paper throws light on development procedure of an solar based Grid interconnected irrigation system. Solar power is absolutely perfect for use with irrigation systems. Using Solar Panel, the sun energy will converted to electrical power and saves in to batteries. When the sun is rising and shining, the solar panel will absorb the energy of the sun and the energy will keep in the battery. For generation of maximum energy, it is important to maintain solar panels face always perpendicular to the sun. This tracking movement of the panel is achieved by mounting the solar panel on the stepped motor. This stepped motor rotates the mounted panel as per signal received from the programmed microcontroller. Soil moisture sensor is placed inside soil to sense the moisture conditions of the soil. Based on moisture sensor values, the water pump is switched on and off automatically. When moisture level of the soil is reaches to low, the soil moisture sensor is sending the signal to microcontroller to start the pump by using stored solar energy. The microcontroller completes the above job as it receives signals from the soil moisture sensors, and these signals functions as per program stored in ROM of the microcontroller. The soil moisture values, condition of the pump i.e., on/off are displayed on a 16x4 LCD which is interfaced to the microcontroller. Keywords solar panel, irrigation, storage, generation, distribution. I. INTRODUCTION In India, agriculture plays a very important role to development of country as our economy mainly based on it. India ranks second worldwide in farm output. The most important factor for the agriculture is timely and ample supply of water. But due to uncertain rainfall and water scarcity in land reservoirs, we are. Also unplanned used of water results in to wasting of water on large proportion. With the increase in agricultural activity and competitive demand from different sectors, it has become important to economize on the use of water. We can optimize use of water by adopting sensor base irrigation system. There is different irrigation systems are used nowadays to reduce dependency of rain. Due to the lack of electricity and mismanagement, in the manual control irrigation system many times crops are dry or flooded with water. So to avoid this problem sensor base irrigation system is used. In manual system, farmers usually control the electric motors observing the soil, crop and weather conditions by visiting the sites. Soil moisture sensor base irrigation system ensures proper moisture level in the soil for growing plants in all season. In this system, sensor is sensing the moisture content of soil and accordingly switches the pump motor on or off. Soil moisture sensor is find the soil condition whether the soil is wet or dry. If soil is dry the pump motor will pump the water till the field is wet which is continuously monitored by the microcontroller. The main advantage of soil moisture sensor is to ensure accurate measurements and farmer doesn t have to visit his farm to operate the pump. For operation of sensor base irrigation system, pump motor requires energy for pumping. In day to day life there is increasing demand for energy but there is continuous reduction in existing sources of fossils and fuels.total annual consumption in agriculture sector is billion KWh (19% of total electricity consumption). So, solar power is only an answer to today s energy crisis. It is perfect source of energy in the world as it is environment friendly and its unlimited availability. In fact the amount of the Sun s energy that reaches the Earth every minute is greater than the energy that the world s population II. PROPOSED WORK The system is a sustainable solution to enhance water use efficiency in the agricultural fields. It provides water for plants operation according to the soil moisture condition of the root zone of plants. Thus it reduces excessive pressure on farmers to pay additional water tariff on water. Further, automated irrigation system allows farmers to apply the right amount of water at the right time. It also allows farmers to switch to solar power when needed 51

2 III. PROBLEM DEFINITION Nowadays, even though irrigation systems are used in agricultural field to reduce dependency of rain, most of them are either regulated manually or having time based automation. In these types of system water is applied to field on the basis of fixed intervals which required high manpower for monitoring and also it reduces the field efficiency. In addition, this fixed interval operation leads to over irrigation than the actual plant requirement and under irrigation when plants required more water in their peak periods. Retardation of crop growth rate, late flowering and reduction of the yield are the major events caused due to water deficiency. Moreover, over irrigation in the root zones leads to ill health of the root zones and vegetation, additional cost for farmer, wasting of water and time wastage. Also salinity of the soil can be increased by continuous supply of excess water. For operation of irrigation system, electricity is required. So use of solar energy for power generation is essential to tackle current energy crisis. One of the major weaknesses of the fixed panel solar system is that due to rotation of the sun, it is not able to extract maximum energy from the sun. IV. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Main concept of this project is to implement an grid interconnected automatic irrigation system by sensing the moisture of the soil. The working of the circuit is as follows. Measuring soil moisture is very important in agriculture to help farmer for managing the irrigation system. Soil moisture sensor s one that solves this. The soil moisture sensor is inserted in the soil. Depending on the quality of the sensor, it must be inserted near the roots of the plant. The soil moisture sensor measures the conductivity of the soil. Wet soil will be more conductive than dry soil. The soil moisture sensor module has a comparator in it. The voltage from the prongs and the predefined voltage are compared and the output of the comparator is high only when the soil condition is dry. This output from the soil moisture sensor is given to the input pin of the microcontroller. The microcontroller continuously monitors the input pin. When the moisture in the soil is above the threshold, the microcontroller displays a message mentioning the same and the motor is off. When the output from the soil moisture sensor is high i.e. the moisture of the soil is less. This will trigger the microcontroller and displays an appropriate message on the LCD and the output of the microcontroller. When the transistor is turned on, the relay coil gets energized and gives signal to the solenoid valve and turns on the motor and respective solenoid valve. When the moisture of the soil reaches the threshold value, the output of the soil moisture sensor is low and the motor is turned off. A solar panel charges the battery which is used as supply to the circuit during power outage and during night times or cloudy days. The extra power from solar is supplied to the grid and when necessary power is drawn from grid. V.WORKING The project is designed to develop an automatic irrigation system which switches the solenoid valve ON/OFF on sensing the moisture content of the soil. In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important. The advantage of using this method is to reduce human intervention and still ensure proper irrigation. The project uses a DSPIC30F4012 microcontroller which is programmed to receive the input signal of varying moisture condition of the soil through the sensing arrangement. An opt coupler acts as an isolator between the sensing arrangement and the microcontroller. A power supply block is used for supplying power of 5V to the whole circuit with the help of a transformer, a bridge rectifier circuit and a voltage regulator. Once the controller receives this signal, it generates an output that drives a relay for operating the solenoid valve. An LCD display is also interfaced to the microcontroller to display status of the soil. The sensing arrangement is into the field at a distance. Connections from the metallic rods are interfaced to the control unit. The concept in future can be enhanced by integrating GSM technology, such that whenever the water pump switches ON/OFF, an SMS is delivered to the concerned person regarding the status of the pump. We can also control the pump through SMS. VI. LITERATURE SURVEY In this paper, soil moisture sensors placed in root zone of plant transmits the sensor information to the micro controller. One algorithm was developed for measure threshold values of temperature sensor and soil moisture sensor that was programmed into a microcontroller to control water quantity. For power photovoltaic panel was used. The automatic system 52

3 was tested and saves 90% water compared with traditional irrigation system. Because of its energy autonomy and low cost, the system has the potential to be useful in water limited geographically isolated area. REVIEW PAPER BASED ON AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM IJAICT Volume 1, Issue 9, January 2015 India is an agricultural country where 60-70% economy depends on agriculture, the modernization the conventional agricultural practices for the better productivity is must. Day by day water is getting depleted due to unplanned use of water. And hence, the ground water level is decreasing. Lack of rains and scarcity of land water also results in decrement in quantity of water on earth. In drip irrigation system the drips are placed near the surface of the ground where the water reaches to the root zone of the crop. The objective of the system is to a) Water resources b) Handles the system automatically c) Detects the level of water d) Based on the data available, analysis and prediction will be done e) Builds such system which enhances crop productivity. An Intelligent and Automated Drip Irrigation System Using Sensors International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 2, Issue 12, December 2014 VII. SYSTEM OVERVIEW BLOCK DIAGRAM MOISTURE SENSOR 1 MOISTURE SENSOR 2 POWER SUPPLY LCD DISPLAY MICRO COTROL LER 8051 BATTERY SOLAR PANEL RELAY 1 RELAY 2 SOLENOID VALVE 1 SOLENOID VALVE 2 MOTOR GRID GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM The system consists of Soil Moisture Sensor, a PIC Microcontroller and a Relay interface. The signals from the sensors are processed by the DSPIC which is programmed to switch on the solenoid valve when the input from the sensors is less than the set threshold. Once the value becomes equal to or more than the threshold value the relay and the solenoid valves are switched off thus stopping the watering of the field. There are two ways to power the circuit: solar power and power from the mains. This is controlled using a switch VIII. HARDWARE OVERVIEW 1. MICROCONTROLLER (8051) The Intel 8051 microcontroller is one of the most popular general purpose microcontrollers in use today. The success of the Intel 8051 spawned a number of clones which are collectively referred to as the MCS-51 family of microcontrollers; The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means that most available operations are limited to 8 bits. There are 3 basic "sizes" of the 8051: Short, Standard, and Extended. The Short and Standard chips are often available in DIP (dual in-line package) form, but the Extended 8051 models often have a different form factor, and are not "drop-in compatible". All these things are called 8051 because they can all be programmed using 8051 assembly language, and they all share certain features (although the different models all have their own special features 2. SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil. Since the direct gravimetric measurement of free soil moisture requires removing, drying, and weighting of a sample, soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content indirectly by using some other property of the soil, such as electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction with neutrons, as a proxy for the moisture content. The relation between the measured property and soil moisture must be calibrated and may vary depending on environmental factors such as soil type, temperature, or electric conductivity. Reflected microwave radiation is affected by the soil moisture and is used for remote sensing in hydrology and agriculture. Portable probe instruments can be used by farmers or gardeners. 53

4 3. SOLENOID VALVE A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a threeport valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports 4. VOLTAGE REGULATOR A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include feedback control. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. 5. RELAY A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re- transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations 6. BRIDGE RECTIFIER A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. Its most common application is to convert an alternating current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a centertapped secondary winding. The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same regardless of the polarity at the input. 7.TRANSFORMER A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive force across a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. Commonly, transformers are used to increase or decrease the voltages of alternating current in electric power applications. A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the transformer's secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction 8. RESISTOR A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses High-power resistors, that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity. 9.SUBMERSIBLE PUMP A submersible pump (or sub pump, electric submersible pump (ESP)) is a device which has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump cavitations, a problem associated with a high elevation difference between pump and the fluid surface. Submersible pumps push fluid to the surface as opposed to jet pumps having to pull fluids. Submersibles are more efficient than jet pumps. 9. BATTERY An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first Voltaic pile in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, the battery has become a common power source for many household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US $48 billon in sales each year, with 6% annual growth. 54

5 10.SOLAR PANEL Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating electricity or heating. A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells. Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 365 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19% efficiency. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, a solar inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring. 1X. SYSTEM IMPLIMENTATION FLOW CHART X. RESULT In this paper, a solar powered sensor base automated irrigation model is proposed. We designed this model considering low cost, reliability, alternate source of electric power and automatic control. As the proposed model is automatically controlled, it will help the farmers to properly irrigate their fields. The model always ensures the sufficient level of water in the soil. Thus, this system avoids over irrigation, under irrigation, top soil erosion and reduce the wastage of water. Solar power provides sufficient amount of power to drive the system. To overcome the necessity of electricity and ease the irrigation system for our farmers, the propose model can be a suitable alternative. XI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE The basic applications for this project are for farmers and gardeners who do not have enough time to water their crops/plants and also to supply the excess of power to grid. It also covers those farmers who are wasteful of water during irrigation. The project can be extended to greenhouses where manual supervision is far and few in between. The principle can be extended to create fully automated gardens and farmlands. Combined with the principle of rain water harvesting, it could lead to huge water savings if applied in the right manner. In agricultural lands with severe shortage of rainfall, this model can be successfully applied to achieve great results with most types of soil. As water supplies become scarce and polluted, there is a need to irrigate more efficiently in order to minimize water use and chemical leaching. Recent advances in soil water sensoring make the commercial use of this technology possible to automate irrigation management for vegetable production. However, research indicates that different sensors types may not perform alike under all conditions. Reductions in water use range as high as 70% compared to farmer practices with no negative impact on crop yields. Due to the soil s natural variability, location and number of soil water sensors may be crucial and future work should include optimization of sensor placement. Additional research should also include techniques to overcome the limitation of requiring a soil specific calibration. 55

6 XII. REFERENCES W.A. Jury and H. J. Vaux, "The emerging global water crisis: Managing scarcity and conflict between water users", Adv. Agronomy, vol. 95, pp. 1-76, 2016 Alsayid B, Jallad J, Dradi M and Al-Qasem O, Automatic Irrigation System with PV Solar Tracking, International Journal of Latest Trends in Computing, Volume 4, Number 4, December Zazueta FS, Smajstrla AG (1992). Microcomputer - based control of irrigation systems. Jia Uddin, S.M. Taslim Reza, Qader Newaz, Jamal Uddin, Touhidul Islam, and Jong-Myon Kim, Automated Irrigation System Using Solar Power 2012 IEEE Prakash Persada, Nadine Sangsterb, Edward Cumberbatchc, AneilRamkhalawand andaatmamaharajh, "Investigating the Feasibility of Solar Powered Irrigation for Food Crop Production: A Caroni Case," ISSN The Journal of the Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago, Vol.40, No.2, pp.61-65, October/November Halcrow, S.W. and Partners Small-scale solar powered irrigation pumping systems: technical and economic review. UNDP Project GLO/78/004.Intermediate Technology Power, London, UK. A. Harmim et al. Seal B, Shirke O, Shewale S, Sirsikar A and Hankare P, Solar Based Automatic Irrigation System, International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Volume 2, Number 4, April