Rangan Banerjee Forbes Marshall Chair Professor Department of Energy Science and Engineering IIT Bombay

Transcription

1 Renewable Energy Technology for the Power sector: Status and Future Rangan Banerjee Forbes Marshall Chair Professor Department of Energy Science and Engineering IIT Bombay Lecture to NTPC Senior Management, Lonavla, 11 June 2016

2 What is Renewable Energy? I) Energy that is available naturally II) Energy that does not result in carbon dioxide emissions III) Energy that has no losses of conversion IV) All of the above V) None of the above 2

3 Which of the following is true? I) Coal and oil are sources of renewable energy II) Hydrogen energy is renewable III) Fission based nuclear energy is renewable IV) More than one of the above options V) None of the above Give reasons 3

4 Are our electricity supply systems sustainable? 4

5 Global Trends Unbounded Growth? GEA Ch 3 5

6 What is sustainable Development? Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Brundtlant Report WCED 1987 Development without cheating our children 6

7 Rockstrom et al, Nature

8 Long term global temperature record Rockstrom et al, Nature

9 Carbon Dioxide Concentrations 9

10 Carbon Dioxide Concentrations 10

11 11

12 Carbon Dioxide Emissions Kaya identity: Total CO2 Emissions = (CO2/E)(E/GDP)(GDP/Pop)Pop CO2/E Carbon Intensity E/GDP- Energy Intensity of Economy Mitigation increase sinks, reduce sources- aforestation, fuel mix,energy efficiency, renewables,nuclear, carbon sequestration Adaptation 12

13 Source: IPCC,

14 Energy Consumption and Air Pollution SO 2 NOx CO SPM CO 2 CFC Modification of Atmospheric properties/processes Photochemical Smog Precipitation Acidity Visibility Corrosion Potential Radiation Balance Alteration Ultraviolet energy absorption 14

15 Source : Energy After Rio: UNDP Publication 15

16 Environmental Impacts Adverse Health Impacts- Local Local perturbations to Global Disruptions as human energy use increased Human Disruption Index (DI) = Ratio of Human generated flow of a given pollutant to the natural or baseline flow 16

17 Global Share of Primary Energy mix Source: GEA,

18 Estimated Renewable Energy Share of Global Electricity Production, End 2015 Source: Renewables, Global Status Report (GSR)

19 Renewable Power Capacities* in World, EU-28, BRICS and Top Seven Countries, End-2015 *Not including Hydropower The five BRICS countries are Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa Source: Renewables, Global Status Report (GSR)

20 Investment in Power Capacity Renewable, Fossil Fuel and Nuclear, , $BN Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance,

21 # What will be the future supply mix for the Electricity sector? How much can renewables supply? 21

22 History Of Electric Power Generation Darjeeling Power Station 13 kw Hydro power station Damodar Valley Corporation & Electricity Supply Act formed by Govt. of India Total Installed capacity- 1713MW (15kWh/ capita) JNNSM Kudankulam MW 100 kw DC Power Systems Emambagh Power Station CESC Thermal power station 1,362 MW Tarapur 1 st Nuclear power plant (2x160MW =320MW) Rajastan Atomic Power Plant(300MW +4x220MW) Kaiga Generating Station- (4x220MW ) TATA Power 4000 MW Power plant, Gujarat Edison Westinghouse, Tesla-AC power plant 22

23 Historical Household Electrification Rates GEA, Chapter 19 23

24 India Trends CAGR (%) Population (million) GDP ( PPP Billion 2005 US $ ) Energy use (EJ) Electricity use (Billion units) Oil imports (million tonnes) Share of energy imports 8% ~30% - Installed power generation capacity 46, , % of households un electrified Not known 40 - Renewable power installed capacity (excl large hydro) 0 17,297 MW - Share of Nuclear Generation 2.7% 3.5% - 24

25 Installed Capacity - India 2016 (as on ) Diesel, 919 Renewables (Res.), Waste to Power, 115 Solar Power, 6998 Hydro (Res.), Biomass & Bagasse, 4831 Small Hydro power, 4275 Wind power, Natural Gas, Nuclear, 5780 Coal, MW All India installed capacity Source: GOI, Ministry of Power, India (powermin.nic.in) MW Total Renewable installed capacity Source: MNRE, Govt. of India ( 25

26 Renewable Energy Options Solar Wind Biomass Small Hydro Tidal Energy Solar Thermal Solar Photovoltaic Ocean Thermal Energy Geothermal* Wave Energy 26

27 End-uses Cooking Transport Electricity Cooling Heating Cooling Motive Power Lighting Heating 27

28 Solar Power : Potential and Cost Solar Insolation and area required = 2500 sq.km = 625 sq.km Source: World Energy Outlook 2008, International Energy Agency 28

29 Elect. int/gdp #2 Electricity Intensity of GDP Trend Year 29

30 Share of total % Renewable Share in Power Renewable Installed Capacity 10 8 Renewable Generation Nuclear generation Year Nuclear Installed Capacity 30

31 India Share by electricity generation Fossil fuel Nuclear and Renewables Hydro

32 Renewable installed capacity and generation Installed Capacity* (MW) Estimated Capacity factor Estimated Generation (GWh) Wind % Biomass & Bagasse % Small Hydro % Waste to Energy % 504 Solar Power % Total % *as on Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), GOI

33 Power Generation Supply mix Thermal Nuclear Renewables and Hydro 33

34 Supply Scenarios for 2035 (BAU- Moderate) - Electricity- High Coal (A) Supply Scenario (BAU) Projections for 2035 Coal Natural Gas Diesel Nuclear Hydro Renewab les Total % Electricity Supply Share 66% 12% 2% 3% 11% 6% 100% Electricity Supply/ year (in billion kwh) Average Load Factor 70% 70% 16% 70% 38% 26% Installed Capacity (in GW)

35 Supply Scenarios for 2035 (BAU- Moderate)- Electricity- High Renewables (B) Supply Scenario Green (Coal Low, Renewables High) Natural Gas Diesel Nuclear Hydro Renewab les Projections for 2035 Coal Total % Electricity Supply Share 50% 12% 2% 3% 11% 22% 100% Electricity Supply/ year (in billion kwh) Average Load Factor 70% 70% 16% 70% 38% 26% Installed Capacity (in GW)

36 Supply Scenarios for 2035 (BAU- Moderate)- Electricity- High Nuclear (C) Supply Scenario Green (Coal Low, Nuclear High, Renewables Moderately High ) Natural Gas Diesel Nuclear Hydro Renewabl es Projections for 2035 Coal Total % Electricity Supply Share 40% 12% 2% 13% 11% 22% 100% Electricity Supply/ year (in billion kwh) Average Load Factor 70% 70% 16% 70% 38% 26% Installed Capacity (in GW)

37 Human Development Index (HDI) HDI and Electricity consumption (2013) Germany Switzerland Australia United States China India Pakistan Zimbabwe 2035 India World Annual Electricity consumption/ capita (kwh) 37

38 Wind Power MW installed Single machine upto 2.1 MW Average capacity factor 14% Capital cost Rs 60 million/mw, Rs 5-6/kWh (cost effective if site CF >20%) India MW (potential estimated ) Growth rate 30% per year Satara, Maharashtra 38

39 Wind farms Largest 1550 MW Onshore Texas Vestas 8 MW 164 m rotor diameter The world's second full-scale floating wind turbine WindFloat, operating at rated capacity (2 MW) approximately 5 km offshore of Aguçadoura, Portugal 39

40 Small Hydro Power Classification - Capacity -Micro less than 100 kw Mini 100 kw - 3 MW Small 3 MW - 15 MW Micro and Mini - usually isolated, Small grid connected Heads as low as 3 m viable Capital Cost Rs millions/mw, Rs /kWh Growth rate 7%/year 200 kw Chizami village, Nagaland Aleo (3MW) Himachal Pradesh 40

41 Geothermal/OTEC/Tidal/Wave World Cost Estimates Geothermal COMMERCIAL 8240 MW 4c/kWh $2000/kW No Indian experience 50 MW plant J & K planned Tidal PROTOTYPE 240 MW FRANCE OTEC PROTOTYPE 50 kw 210 kw NELHA LF 20% No Indian experience (3.6MW planned Sunderbans) India 1MW gross plant under construction Wave Energy PROTOTYPE < 1MW Grid Connected India 150kW plant Thiruvananthpuram 41

42 Map of India showing the geothermal provinces 42

43 OTEC plant schematic 43

44 Mooring Arrangement 44

45 Biomass Conversion Routes BIOMASS THERMOCHEMICAL BIOCHEMICAL COMBUSTION GASIFICATION PYROLYSIS DIGESTION FERMENTATION RANKINE CYCLE PRODUCER GAS BIOGAS ETHANOL ATMOSPHERIC Duel Fuel SIPGE Gas Turbines PRESSURISED 45

46 Sihwa Tidal power plant South Korea 10 units of 26 MW each Runner diameter 7.5 m Basin area 56 km2 Annual generation 550 GWh 250 million US$ in

47 47

48 Pelamis Wave energy converter- Scotland, Portugal 48

49 Tidal Stream Turbines MeyGen Off coast of Scotland Four 1.5 MW turbines 49

50 Miraah Project Overview Source: GlassPoint Miraah, 2015 Quick Facts: Energy Production 1021 MW thermal (1GW) Daily Steam Output 6000 tons Total Project Area 3 km 2 or 741 acres Technology GlassPoint enclosed trough Number of Glass Houses 36 Construction Start 2015 First Steam 2017 Gas Savings 5.6 trillion BTUs per year CO 2 Emissions Saved 300,000 tons per year 50

51 Sealed from Dust and sand Fully automated operation glasspoint.com/miraah 51

52 Biomass Power Higher Capacity factors than other renewables Fuelwood, agricultural residues, animal waste Atmospheric gasification with dual fuel engine - 1 MW gasifier - largest installation Combustion 5-18 MW Rs 5-6/kWh 100 kwe Pfutseromi village, Nagaland Kaganti Power Ltd. Raichur Distt. A.P. 7.5 MW 52

53 Biomass Gasifier Example Arashi HiTech Biopower, Coimbatore 1 MW grid connected 100% producer gas engines Two gasifiers coconut shells, modified to include other biomass Chilling producer gas with VARS operated on waste heat 53

54 Biogas 45-70% CH 4 rest CO 2 Calorific value 16-25MJ/m 3 Digestor- well containing animal waste slurry Dome - floats on slurry- acts as gas holder Spent Slurry -sludge- fertiliser Anaerobic Digestion- bacterial action Family size plants 2m 3 /day Community Size plants m 3 /day Rs for a 2m 3 unit Cooking, Electricity, running engine Pura, Karnataka 54

55 22 ata 330 o C 58 T/hr FEED WATER Feed water BOILER 0.5T/hr 4.5T/hr 27T/hr 26T/hr BAGASSE 0.5T/hr PRDS MILLING PRDS 6 ata ~ 2 ata Process Flashed Condensate STEAM TURBINE 2.5 MW Process Schematic of typical 2500 tcd Sugar factory 55

56 BOILER Feed water 75 TPH, 65 ata, 480 O C BAGASSE (Alternate fuel) STEAM TURBINE 13 MW ~ 9.5 MW Power export PROCESS 2 ata 6 ata 4.5 TPH 2 ata Condenser CONDENSER ESS 1.0 MW Mill drives BFP PROCESS 2.5 MW Captive load PROPOSED PLANT CONFIGURATION: OPTION 2 56

57 1 MW Solar Plant IIT Bombay 57

58 Peroskvite Cells Source: Oxford PV 58

59 Peroskvite Cells Source: Oxford PV 59

60 Building Integrated PV Entrance canopy of CleanTech Park 2, Singapore Organic PV 12% Roofed walkway with HeliaFilm at the Seletar Airport Singapore 30 m 2 flexible 7% 60

61 61

62 Artificial Photosynthesis Bonke et al Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 2791 Fig. 1 Schematic representation of light-driven water electrolysis approaches. (A) Fully integrated, wireless, PEC; (B) partially integrated, wired, PEC; (C) non-integrated, modular, PEC. 62

63 Printed PV VICOSC s new solar cell printer installed at CSIRO 63

64 Power Density and Area r%20energy%20in%20india.pdf 64

65 Mitavachan and Srinivasan, Current Science,

66 Mitavachan and Srinivasan,

67 Comparison of Supply technologies Generation Technology SIZE RANGE (GW) COSTCrores / MW Rs/ kwh CAPACITY FACTOR AREA (m 2 /GW h) CO 2 Equivalent (gc0 2 /kwh) WATER l/mwh COAL CCGT SOLAR PV SOLAR THERMAL HYDRO NUCLEAR WIND

68 3 Rs./kWh 6 Rs./kWh 9 Rs./kWh Cost of Electricity ($/MWh) Bloomberg,

69 Total Installed Capacity of Solar and Wind Energy (GW) Existing Capacity (GW) Targets for the Future (GW) China USA India Japan Germany 69

70 Gujarat Wind March 3,

71 PV Output Variability Apt et al,

72 Solar Output Variation June 2, 2015 Jan 1,

73 Gujarat Solar March 3,

74 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30 17:00 17:30 18:00 18:30 19:00 MW Understanding variations in supply Chiraka (Gujarat)Solar Generation /4/ /4/ /4/ Time of the Day 74

75 Source: A.Dave, et al,

76 Source: A.Dave, et al,

77 Learning Curve for Renewables IPCC,

78 Plan Layout 78 78

79 A portion of the ELU map of Ward A of MCGM Corresponding Satellite Imagery for the area from Google Earth Analyzed in QGIS To determine -Building Footprint Ratios - Usable PV Areas For Sample Buildings Source: R. Singh and Banerjee,

80 0:01-1:00 1:01-2:00 2:01-3:00 3:01-4:00 4:01-5:00 5:01-6:00 6:01-7:00 7:01-8:00 8:01-9:00 9:01-10:00 10:01-11:00 11:01-12:00 12:01-13:00 13:01-14:00 14:01-15:00 15:01-16:00 16:01-17:00 17:01-18:00 18:01-19:00 19:01-20:00 20:01-21:00 21:01-22:00 22:01-23:00 23:01-24:00 MUs Jan, 2014 Typical Load Profile vs PV Generation Capacity Factor for Mumbai Axis Tracking Axis Highest eff. 1-Axix Median eff Fixed 19 deg. Annual Average with 1-Axis Tracking 1 19 deg. Fixed Highest eff deg. Fixed Median eff Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Source: R. Singh and Banerjee,

81 Power generated in MW hours 9000 january June July August September Wind Generation Tamil Nadu Total Generation Jan-07 june july august sept

82 2500 Power generated in MW Hours January June September Hourly variation of wind power 1200 Monthly variation of wind energy generated Wind energy generated (MU) Mean value 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Months 82

83 Nokh (Godawari): 50 MW Dhursar 125 MW Reliance/ Areva Megha, AP, 50 MW 83

84 Miraah Project Overview Source: GlassPoint Miraah, 2015 Quick Facts: Energy Production 1021 MW thermal (1GW) Daily Steam Output 6000 tons Total Project Area 3 km 2 or 741 acres Technology GlassPoint enclosed trough Number of Glass Houses 36 Construction Start 2015 First Steam 2017 Gas Savings 5.6 trillion BTUs per year CO 2 Emissions Saved 300,000 tons per year 84

85 Sealed from Dust and sand Fully automated operation glasspoint.com/miraah 85

86 Strategy Import Complete plant Prototype National Test Facility Completely Indigenous 0% 50 % 100 % National Testing facility Facilitate technology development 86

87 Objectives National Test Facility (for solar thermal applications) Development of facility for component testing and characterization. Scope of experimentation for the continuous development of technologies. 1MW Solar Thermal Power Plant Design & Development of a 1 MW plant. Generation of Electricity for supply to the grid. Development of technologies for component and system cost reduction. Development of Simulation Package Simulation software for scale-up and testing. Compatibility for various solar applications. 87

88 Planned Mode KG DS 88

89 Time Line Project Start Foundation Stone Preliminary Version (v0.0) Released Steam Generation from LFR Steam Blowing Evaluation Version (v1.0) Released Turbine Rolling Grid Synchronisation Grid Feeding, Test Rig Ready Final Version Ready Project End Sep. 7, 2009 Jan Jul Sep Oct Nov Jun. 21, 2013 Mar. 14, 2014 May 2014 Aug Mar. 6,

90 Test Rig Dish Concentrator Test Building 90 90

91 User Interface: Main Window 91

92 Generation of user defined PFD using Simulator Typical 50 MWe Solar Thermal Power Plant Direct Steam Generation Process Heat Application 92

93 Simplified Process Flow Diagram High Temperature Vessel 13 bar, 393 C 8.53 kg/s Pump-II 42 bar, 350 C 1.93 kg/s Turbine 1 MWe PTC Field (8175m 2 ) Superheater Steam Generator 44 bar, C 0.84 kg/s (Sat. Steam) Steam Separator LFR Field (7020m 2 ) 0.1 bar, 45.5 C 1.78 kg/s 17.5 bar, 232 C 8.53 kg/s Preheater 46.3 bar, 171 C 2.22 kg/s 45 bar, 105 C 1.09 kg/s Pump-III Pump-VI Cooling Water Pump-I Low Temperature Vessel Pump-V Deareator Pump-IV Source: ISES,

94 Trough Field 8175 m 2 area 3 MWth LFR Field 7020 m 2 area 2 MWth 94 94

95 959 5

96 96 9 6

97 DNI Power Output (kw) Plant Performance th June th June DNI Time (h) Minute by minute DNI data for 4 th June Time (h) Minute by minute turbine power output data for 4 th June

98 Overall Specialisation- Sub Tasks Difficult from scratch 1 MW too small for CSP with present route Industry interest in CSP research declined- change in prioritiesbudgets Catalysed CSP development few consortium partners Testing of one concentrator, new HTF fluid Simulator Evaluation licenses-tata Power, Fichtner 98

99 Prototype for 24 x 7 Solar Thermal Power Development of indigenous heliostat Development of improved LFR with steam storage using PCM Development of molten salt loop and stratified storage DESE- IIT Bombay Partners: Clique Consultants, Mumbai KGDS Renewable Energy, Coimbatore Sponsored by NETRA NTPC Ltd Solar tower Temperature C flow condition Flow Flow No Flow No Flow Heat transfer fluid is molten salt 3 2 Molten salt Pump for H.X Superheated steam Molten salt Pump for tower 1 Stratified molten salt Storage Heat Exchanger 4 Water 99

100 Power Plant Operation LFR-1 Steam drum PCM LFR-2 Molten Salt Heat Exchanger Turbine G Heliostat Deaerator Condensor

101 Present objectives: Prototype Development Prototype development and testing of critical components 1. Development of Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) System and Phase Change Material (PCM) based Thermal Energy Storage with Steam Accumulator (~ 1000 sq.m LFR with ~ 555 kwh storage) 2. Heliostat reflector development with tracking and flux measurement (8 x 100 sq.m) 3. Molten Salt Loop with Central Receiver, Salt Storage and Heat Exchanger (~ 1 MWh storage, delivery of C, 40 bar)

102 TEAM SHUNYA SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE

103 House in Versailles 26th June, 2014 Team Shunya 70 students 13 disciplines 12 faculty 110

104 House assembly process 111

105 Team Shunya s Solar House H Naught 112

106 Selco Case study For profit company Solar Home systems started 1996 sold about 100,000 SHS 90% of products credit schemes Partnership with 9 banks interest rates between 12-17% Financing Institutions pay 85% of the amount- monthly payments of Rs over a period of 5 years Financing/ repayment options tailormade to end users paddy farmers repayment schedule based on crop cycle, street vendors daily payments Rs 10 Funding from REEP meet margin amount for poor customers, reduce interest rate Source: SELCO,

107 End-Note Solar Margins to Mainstream Solar Thermal Facility goal to enable design and development of future indigenous cost effective plants,facility developed, not sure about future usage, Sub-critical technology development efforts Need for strategic technology development initiative nationally Industry, researchers, Govt Rapid deployment Solar PV need to enhance, indigenous PV industry, emphasis on roof-top PV, system studies, forecasting Variability and Intermittency Hybridisation, Storage, Demand Response Innovation, Technology Development Capital Requirements, Land, water Centralised vs Decentralised 114

108 References GEA, 2012 Chapter 3, & 19 : Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. T. Kanitkar et al 2015: Tejal Kanitkar, Banerjee, R. Banerjee and T. Jayaraman, Impact of economic structure on mitigation targets for developing countries, Volume 26, June 2015, 56 61, June A. Dave, T.Kanitkar and R.Banerjee Analysing Implications of India's Renewable Energy Targets, 2016 (under review) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India, New Delhi, website: Ministry of Power, Government of India, R. Singh and Banerjee, 2015: Singh, R., and Banerjee, R., Estimation of rooftop solar photovoltaic potential of a city, Solar Energy, Vol. 115, , May Rockstrom et al, Nature IPCC, 2011 & 2012, 115

109 References Energy After Rio: UNDP Publication World Energy Outlook 2008, International Energy Agency Mitavachan and Srinivasan, 2012, Is land really a constraint for the utilization of solar energy in India? Current Science, 103(02) General Articles, 25 July Apt et al, 2011 ISES, 2013: Desai N.B., Bandyopadhyay S., Nayak J.K., Banerjee R., Kedare S.B., Simulation of 1 MWe Solar Thermal Power Plant. Energy Procedia, (57) , (2014) ISES Solar World Congress, SWC 2013, Cancun, Mexico, November 3-7, Oxford PV: Next Generation Solar Power, January 2015 Bonke et al Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 2791 Selco 2011: GSR, 2016: Renewable 2016 Global Status Report, Renewables Energy Policy Network, For the 21st Century (REN 21) Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2016: Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2016 GlassPoint Miraah, 2015, GlassPoint Solar, Inc

110 Acknowledgment Solar power team+ Team Shunya Tejal Kanitkar Balkrishna Surve Pankaj Kumar Rhythm Singh Thank you 117