Sustainable technologies to meet the future needs for sanitation

Transcription

1 Håkan Jönsson s «Farewell Symposium» 25. oktober, 2017 Sustainable technologies to meet the future needs for sanitation 1 1 Petter D. Jenssen Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA) Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)

2 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences MANHATTAN 35 Photo: P. Jenssen

3 Water - A CHALLENGE! 20-40% of the water consumption in sewered cities is used for flushing toilets (Gardner 1996) 3 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Photo: P. Jenssen 4

4 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, P.D. Jenssen Water - A CHALLENGE! Can we reduce the water footprint of a city to 1/10th without sacrificing comfort? Photo: P. Jenssen

5 Flow of resources - import Energy Food Water 4

6 Flow of resources - import/export CO2 Energy Food Water 4 Waste Pollution

7 Kathmandu, Nepal Baghmati river Dry season: DO less than 1 mg/l BOD mg/l (Pandey et al. 2005) Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences 26

8 The sustainable «green» city - vision 4 Source: GTZ

9 The sustainable «green» city - vision 4 «Circular economy» Source: GTZ

10 Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV) Petter D. Jenssen Codfishing Norwegian coast

11 Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV) Petter D. Jenssen Codfishing Norwegian coast 2017 Pieces of a soda can & plastic! 11

12 Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV) Petter D. Jenssen Codfishing Norwegian coast 2017 Dark brown liver 12

13 (NMBU) Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), P. D. Jenssen Svolværpostei Made from cod roe and cod liver Popular on sandwiches 13

14 (NMBU) Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), P. D. Jenssen Svolværpostei Made from cod roe and cod liver Popular on sandwiches WARNING: Not to be consumed by pregnant women! 14

15 (NMBU) Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), P. D. Jenssen Organic micropollutants (PPCP s PCB s) in polar mammals 15 Kallenborn et al. 2016

16 Wastewater discharge to arctic waters problems? Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) Organic matter Particles (TSS) Microorganisms Organic micropollutants as PPCP s Nanoparticles (Gunnarsdottir et al. 2012, Jenssen et al. 2015) Photo P.D. Jenssen

17 Institutt for miljøvitenskap (IMV) Petter D. Jenssen NORGES MILJØ OG BIOVITENSKAPLIGE UNIVERITET (NMBU) 15 (Cordell et al. 2009)

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19 North Africa - Tunisia Annually arable soil equal to 1/4 of the area of Norway ( km 2 ) is lost due to erosion (Jenssen and Krogstad 2015)

20 Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV) Petter D. Jenssen NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES Loss of Soil Fertility, slow but dramatic at global scale can be counteracted by returning treated biowaste (Map from

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25 Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV) Petter D. Jenssen Ecological Engineering - Ecotechnology The development of human society with nature for the benefit of both (Mitsch and Jørgensen 1989)

26 Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV) Petter D. Jenssen Framework for Sustainable Sanitation Cultural aspects Institutional aspects Sustainable Water & sanitation Technical aspects Systems approach Environmental aspects Health Development (Nawab et al. 2011)

27 Flow of resources - import/export CO2 Energy Water Food 4 Waste resourcesfertilizer, bioenergy

28 How can we recycle nutrients from wastewater? Reuse of sewage sludge from current treatment plants (mainly P recycled) Precipitation of struvite from wastewater (N and P recycled) Recycle human excreta by the use of source separating systems (N,P and K recycled) Source: GTZ

29 Conventional wastewater treatment technically advanced, energy consuming P- precipitation using Al- and Fe- based coagulants Tinjan China Ryverket Gothenburg pe 150 Tinjan China

30 Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV) Petter D. Jenssen NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES 6 Conventional wastewater treatment technically advanced, energy consuming The water industry is the fourth Ryverket Gothenburg pe most energy intensive sector in the UK! Parliament Office of Science and Technology, Postnote 282, 2007 Tinjan China Tinjan China

31 Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV) Petter D. Jenssen CO2 footprint (CO2 ekvivalents) for different sectors i Oppland county Norway (Larsen et al. 2013) Water sanitation waste 31 11

32 How can we recycle nutrients from wastewater? Reuse of sewage sludge from current treatment plants (mainly P recycled) Precipitation of struvite from wastewater (N and P recycled) Recycle human excreta by the use of source separating systems (N,P and K recycled) Source: GTZ

33 How can we recycle nutrients from wastewater? Reuse of sewage sludge from current treatment plants (mainly P recycled) Precipitation of struvite from wastewater (N and P recycled) Recycle human excreta by the use of source separating systems (N,P and K recycled) Source: GTZ

34 Source separation of wastewater 18 2 (Alsen and Jenssen2005)

35 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences tent of nutrients and volume in wastewater fra Source: Jönsson et al. 1999

36 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences tent of nutrients and volume in wastewater fra 1% of the volume contains 80-90% of the resources Source: Jönsson et al. 1999

37 NORGES MILJØ OG BIOVITENSKAPLIGE UNIVERITET (NMBU) Source separation of wastewater 2 (Alsen and Jenssen2005)

38 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, P.D. Jenssen The majority of the nutrients and the organic matter is in our excreta or toilet waste often termed blackwater * 90 % of N * 90 % of P * 80 % of K * % of org. matter * Majority of the pathogens Todt et al. (2015) 14

39 Future toilet types In order to collect excreta we have to use very water efficient toilets. Such «future toilet types» are commercially available today. Composting /dry sanitation Urine diverting Water saving* liter/visit liter/visit liter/visit *(vacuum&gravity) 20

40 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, P.D. Jenssen Contemporary Scandinavian bathroom design using vacuum toilets 24 Comfort and design is not inferior using extremely low flush toilets Photos: P.D. Jenssen

41 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, P.D. Jenssen Water - A CHALLENGE! Can we reduce the water footprint of a city to 1/10th without sacrificing comfort? Photo: P. Jenssen

42 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Vacuum technology Marine installations vacuum toilets > 2km of vacuum sewer line (Jets TM )

43 Vacuum technology Marine installations (Jets TM )

44 P. D. Jenssen NMBU

45 Greywater treatment Rotating biological contactors

46 Greywater treatment at Klosterenga Oslo Effluent values: Fecal coliforms: <20 Total-N: 2,5 mg/l Total-P: 0,03 mg/l (Sagen 2014)

47 90% watersaving is possible! Drinking water? Irrigation Greywater recycling Groundwater recharge Blackwater to biogas and fertilizer 46 Greywater to: P. D. Jenssen IPV/NMBU

48 SiEUGreen: 90% watersaving is possible! «Sustainable Drinking water Food? Security Resilient and resource-efficient val Irrigation Greywater recycling Groundwater recharge Blackwater to biogas and fertilizer 46 Greywater to: P. D. Jenssen IPV/NMBU

49 SiEUGreen «Sino-European innovative green and smart cities» 20

50 NIELSTORP

51 PERSPEKTIV AV BLOKK B FRA SYDØST NIELSTORP

52 SiEUGreen Horizon 2020 Thermophilic anaerobic Kildesep prinsipp treatment - BIOGAS CHP - combined heat and power El. OHW BW CO2 Heat Nutrients 52 Growth medium January 11, 11

53 SiEUGreen Horizon 2020 Thermophilic anaerobic Kildesep prinsipp treatment - BIOGAS CHP - combined heat and power Local nutrient recycling El. OHW BW CO2 Heat Nutrients 53 Growth medium January 11, 11

54 SiEUGreen Horizon 2020 Thermophilic anaerobic Kildesep prinsipp treatment - BIOGAS CHP - combined heat and power Local nutrient recycling «Circular economy» New possibilities El. OHW BW CO2 Heat Nutrients 54 Growth medium January 11, 11

55 (NMBU) Department of Environmental Sciences, P.D. Jenssen «Circular economy» New possibilities

56 (NMBU) Department of Environmental Sciences, P.D. Jenssen ECF-farmsystems «Circular economy» Gmbh - Berlin New possibilities Berlin

57 (NMBU) Department of Environmental Sciences, P.D. Jenssen SiEUGreen Horizon 2020

58 Circular economy - New possibilities Biodiesel from algae grown in urine (Eikås 2008) 58

59 Research at NMBU: Greywater irrigation of lettuce on vertical walls 12 Eregno et al. 2017

60 Urban vertical growth spaces 12

61 Urban vertical growth spaces The 2020 s will be the decade of the vertical agriculture revolution (Ray Kurzwil, Chief Future Engineer Google) 12

62 Food security Urban horticulture, Havana, Cuba 60 % of the vegetables consumed in Havana are produced within the city limits (Piercy et al., 2010) 16 Photo: P.D. Jenssen NMBU

63 Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV) Petter D. Jenssen Urban agriculture 16 Urban agriculture has positive effects on health and happiness and increases food security Waliczek et al., 2005 Photo: P.D. Jenssen NMBU

64 Summary 4 The future green cities will be hubs in a «circular (green) economy» Source: GTZ

65 Summary 4 The future cities provide enormous possibilities for sustainable/green technology development and new job opportunities Source: GTZ

66 Summary 4 The future cities will be net exporters of soil amendment and fertilizer products - «urban mining» Source: GTZ

67 Summary Recycling of phosphorus is necessary to obtain future food security - and the technology is here

68 Summary Return og treated biowaste from urban areas can counteract desertification

69 Summary 3 It is possible to lower the water footprint to 1/10th without loosing comfort - and the technology is here Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Photo: P. Jenssen 4

70 Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV) Petter D. Jenssen Summary 4 We need social innovation Photo:

71 Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV) Petter D. Jenssen Summary 4 We need social innovation Photo:

72 Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV) Petter D. Jenssen Summary Act personally and locally! Don t wait for international agreements or politicians (Brox 2008) 4

73 Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV) Petter D. Jenssen Summary The market economy has no «environmental nose» 4 Therefore we need politicians that give adequate boundary conditions under which market economy can operate

74 Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV) Petter D. Jenssen Thank you for your attention! 4 petter.jenssen@nmbu.no