Unit 1: What IS science? Name Date Period

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1 Unit 1: What IS science? Name Date Period Science is the use of to put together explanations and of the world. Scientists also can gather though this. What is or is NOT science? Scientific research concerns events (ex. ghosts, telekinesis, and other forms of psychic powers or mystical entities) Scientists must and information looking for patterns and connections then propose explanations based on data,. A theory is a well-established, thoroughly tested, highly-reliable explanation that unifies a broad range of observations. NOT absolute truth. Biology Tools 1. Microscopes 1. Light Microscopes produce (zoom in) images by focusing visible light rays. Magnify up to (eyepiece X objective= magnification e.g.10 x 10 =100x) Can observe specimens *OUR microscope is strong enough to be used to see or 2. Electron Microscopes produce magnified images by focusing on beams of. observe live specimens (specimens are ). Used to specimens microscopes cannot see ex. viruses 3. Cell Cultures a laboratory technique in which cell is able to / a group of cells Ex. Bacteria in a dish 4. Gel electrophoresis: is a method for separation and analysis of (, and ) and their fragments, based on their size. Ex. Who s your daddy?! WHAT IS BIOLOGY? Biology is the. The prefix bios means The suffix logy means

2 Branches of Biology 1. Zoologists study animals 2. Botanists study plants 3. Paleontologist study ancient life What do you think microbiology means? Study of microorganisms (really tiny living things) Biotic Factors: the things that directly or indirectly affect the Abiotic Factors: The prefix a means or All the parts of the Ex. fire, soil, rainfall, sun Abiotic factors the ability of organisms to and reproduce 8 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE U: Universal Genetic Code a. All living things are based on a b. (deoxyribonucleic acid) or (ribonucleic acid) ; heredity information passed from parent to offspring O: Organized of Cells a. Unicellular one, cell b. Multicellular cells; can have of cells to perform a different function. Sexual Asexual R: Reproduction a. Sexual reproduction - cells from unite to form a new cell b. Asexual reproduction - parent H: Homeostasis Living things maintain a through homeostasis. Example: keeping the body constant at temperature is 98.6 degrees (sweating vs. shivering to maintain constant temp) M: Metabolism (Energy Usage) a. Autotrophic makes energy to use *photosynthesis b. Heterotrophic must energy from other organisms c. Decomposers obtains from remains of organisms

3 A: Adapt (Change over time) Adaptations are by an organism (given by parents) that gives them an advantage in a certain. change over time ( ) enabling species to. Growing G: Grow and Develop a. Unicellular grows in / b. Multicellular changes through, a change in and size R: Respond to Environment a. Organisms detect from the environment; a stimulus is a to which an organism (temp, light, smell) ex: migration due to change in weather Stimulus= HEAT ***Remember GRUM-A-HOR!!!*** Virus Is it Alive??? PROS CONS Response= to move away 1. Contain info (DNA/RNA) 1. Are NOT 2. Have a coat 2. Do NOT energy 3. Able to replicate WITH A ONLY 3. Cannot grow or without living host (dormant) Structure of a Bacteriophage ***What do you think? Are viruses alive?!!!!!

4 Ecology Notes Day 2: Levels of Organization

5 What is Ecology? Organisms and Their Environment The study of that take place between organisms and their environment. It how living organisms each other and the world they live in. Habitat is the Niche is an organism s i.e. how it meets its specific needs for food and shelter, how and where it survives, and where it reproduces in its environment. Competition occurs when organisms the and have to for. ~Having a can competition. ~Competition helps determine the and of species in a and the niche each occupies. Specific Adaptations Organisms have that enable them to in their specific. What adaptation does this organism have? Diversity of Life- How did life become so different? Adaptations: certain or characteristics that allow an organisms to live in its habitat. Organisms living in different need adaptations or. Variations occur over and involves small between which may allow that organism to better for. What causes all these adaptations? All living populations MUST be able to, for resources, and (over generations) to their environment otherwise they will become! DAY 3: Energy Flow through an Ecosystem- Food Chains, Food Webs, Energy Pyramids Organisms that through photosynthesis are called or. process using light, CO2 & H2O to form ( ) Organisms that cannot make their own energy & from other sources are called or

6 Types of heterotrophs: Carnivore Herbivore Omnivore _ breaks down & absorbs dead/decaying organisms; recycles material back into earth Detritivores_ ( ) - eats dead organisms (carcasses) FOOD CHAIN: The from the, to primary consumer, then to higher order the represents the of. Each picture represents a ( ). The trophic level is always the. Trophic Levels: Each step in the transfer of energy and matter within a food chain. FOOD WEB: Are food chains. They show more realistic relationships in an Arrow represents the of. ( Eaten by ) ENERGY PYRAMID: Can show the flowing through an ecosystem. (It s a food chain!) -The of the ecological represents the, or first trophic level. - trophic levels are on top of one another. -Movement up the levels will show a in energy -Pyramid illustrates that the amount of available at each succeeding trophic level. 10% Rule: of the energy is transferred. 90% is lost as as you move up the energy pyramid.

7 BIOMASS PYRAMID- is the of living matter at each trophic level -As you move up the pyramid the (population sizes). NUMBERS PYRAMID- model that shows the of at each trophic level -As you move up the pyramid the (population sizes). BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION: when the concentration of a substance in organisms at higher levels in a food or food web. Ex. DDT was used to control pests. The moved up the and birds would toxic levels of DDT which would cause their eggs to become fragile & break. DAY 4: Ecological Relationships Symbiotic Relationships Mutualism- relationship between two species in which Commensalism- relationship in which one species and the other is not don t care. Parasitism- relationship in which an organism lives or another organism without immediately ( and the ). The one benefitting is called the. The one being harmed is called the host. Predation_ - one organism hunts and eats another Predator ( ) VS. Prey (killed & ) Q. Why is predation not considered a symbiotic relationship?. PREDATOR VS. PREY CYCLES Predators and prey can influence one another's over time. A predator will need the and to find and capture prey while the prey will need and ability to avoid being eaten. Predator drives the changes in the prey (by catching and its members) and the (as the predator s food supply) drives the predator s population. POPULATION SCENARIOS

8 Populations Four Factors determine Growth Rate 1. Birth rate 2. Immigration people moving area 3. Death rate 4. Emigration people an area Which increases & which decreases the population? Increase- Decrease-. Carrying Capacity = the number of in populations that the can over relatively long periods of time. a population will increases until it goes over the carrying capacity. At this point, the environment can no longer provide for the species The population, will begin to die out, allowing the environment to recover. Q: What are some reasons that the environment can no longer support a species? - LIMITING FACTORS Biotic or abiotic factor that decreases population growth and will affect carrying capacity EXAMPLES: COMPETITION, PREDATION, PARASITISM, DISEASE What is the carrying capacity? How long did it take for the population to reach its carrying capacity? What limiting factors may have caused the population to decrease? DAY 5: Ecological Succession Ecological Succession- the (slow) process of of an environmental community Primary succession- when life begins on or (1 st to live there) Secondary succession- when previous is by a disaster and life begins to (soil already exists) Climax Community-. It s balanced and stable ( ) ; very diversified with various autotrophs and heterotrophs.

9 Where is the climax community? Secondary Succession Cycles in Nature in the form of, through, or is part of, all organisms at each. Matter is and is not replenished like the energy from sunlight. There is a ( ) amount of matter. The Water Cycle Evaporation- to. - water evaporation from leaves of plants Precipitation- water to Earth s surface ex. rain, snow Condensation- gas to liquid is the building block of the molecules of life. The Carbon- Oxygen Cycle Cycles in and photosynthesis Organisms use carbon molecules for and. What biomolecule provides quick energy? Stored energy? The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is from a gas to compounds important for life ( used by plants * = proteins) The Phosphorus Cycle = that live in the soil and on roots of plants will atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia which plants will intake to help them grow *Type of symbiotic relationship? - different soil will ammonia into nitrogen that is returned to the air will into the. Found in rocks, soil, ocean sediments. by producers.