New Canadian Regulations

Transcription

1 Canadians generate wastewater lots of wastewater On average 300 litres/person/day William Schroeder*, Jaconette Mirck*, Shahid Khan, Kurt Rasmussen and Norman Henderson *Agriculture and Agri Food Canada Agroforestry Development Centre Indian Head, SK Canada Oral Paper to 24 th Session IPC Dehradun, India New Canadian Regulations 2010 new regulations governing wastewater discharge Many municipalities that have secondary treated sewage will need to upgrade to tertiary treatment prior to discharge which means $$$$$$$ There is an economical solution Land Based Wastewater Treatment Not new technology Croydon Beddington, England 1860 Berlin, Germany 1896 Vineland, USA 1901 Techniques Refined but Same Concept Discharge treated wastewater onto land based crops instead of into surficial receiving waters Mainly perennial crops (alfalfa) 1

2 Why Poplar and Willow High water uptake rates (up to 2m/yr vs 0.4 m/yr for alfalfa) Carbon sequestration Income generation Key Questions Which poplar and willow clones? What is the sustainable irrigation rate? How much land is required? What are the groundwater and soil impacts? What are the costs? Project Site before Development City of Moose Jaw City of Moose Jaw Lagoons Project Site 2

3 Baseline data Soil characteristics (0 15, 0 30, cm) Groundwater (shallow and deep aquifer) 11 monitoring wells (3m, 12.2m and 27.4m) Levels and water analysis Effluent quality Baseline Data Monitoring Wells and Soil Characteristics Baseline Data Monitoring well locations Baseline Data Soil Characteristics 2.5x Normal Rate 1.5 x Normal Rate 0.5 x Normal Rate 1 x Normal Rate Clay Clay Clay 0 x Normal Rate Clayey Silt 3

4 Effluent Quality Effluent Quality 2.5 Seasonal Effluent Electrical Conductivity 5 Seasonal Effluent Sodium Absorption Ratio EC (µs/m SAR June July August September October 3 June July August September October Monthly precipitation Irrigation layout Rainfall (mm) m 3m 7m May June July August Sept 4

5 R1 R1 R1 R2 R1 R1 R1 R2 R3 R2 R4 R5 R2 R2 R3 R4 R2 R5 R2 R3 R6 R3 R3 R6 R3 R3 R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 R1 R1 R1 R2 R1 R1 R2 R3 R2 R4 R2 R2 R3 R2 R4 R5 R3 R3 R6 R3 R3 R5 R3 R6 R1 R1 R1 R2 R1 R1 R2 R2 R2 R3 R2 R3 R3 R3 R Planting and weed control Poplar and willow clones Planted June 2011 (rooted plugs) 3 x 3 m spacing In row weed control straw with mulch mats (50 cm 2 ) Between row orchard grass Poplar (P. x x P. xpetrowskyana) (P. deltoides x P. xpetrowskyana) Mixed poplar clones Willow (S. alba var. sericea) Acute (S. acutifolia) Plotplan Irrigating effluent June x Normal Rate 1.5 x Normal Rate Acute Chermisina Mixed Effluent Pumphouse Acute Mixed Chermisina Acute Chermisina Mixed 0.5 x Normal Rate 1 x Normal Rate Mixed poplar WN Acute Chermisina Chermisina Acute Chermisina WN Acute Chermisina Acute Chermisina 0 x Normal Rate Acute Chermisina Acute Plot size = 0.25ha Irrigation 2x every 2 nd day (base total = 100m 3 /irrigation day) 2011 June 2 to Sept June 1 to August 28 5

6 R1 Irrigated effluent applied (m 3 ) Shallow Groundwater Plots Target 0 Plot x Plot x Plot x Plot x Plot Surface elevation Total Snow melt & runoff 2011 Irrigation period Snow melt & runoff 2012 Irrigation period Trees and Grass Plot Layout and 2012 Survival 2.5x Base Rate 1.5 x Base Rate 0.5 x Normal Rate 1 x Base Rate July 2011 September x Base Rate Survival % Tree Survival Acute 6

7 poplar growth 2012 Effluent irrigation area requirement Wet Years Maximum Area Required Per 1,000 People* Avg. Years Average Dry Years Minimum Poplar (ha) *Based on 2.0m/yr uptake and 300 lcd/person Equivalent to 9 10 poplars per person 2.5x Rate 0x Rate Consider annual effluent discharge of 500,000 m 3 Poplar / Willow needed: The 0.5 x plot (0.46 m/year) = 107 ha The 1 x plot (0.92 m/year) = 54 ha The 1.5 x plot (1.38 m/year) = 36 ha The 2.5 x plot (2.30 m/year) = 21 ha Lessons learned Late season irrigation winterkilled sensitive juvenile clones > > > Acute Poplar / Willow suitability > > Acute > Weed control and grass Straw led to severe vole damage Effluent stimulated grass growth especially in high application plots Engineering Above grade irrigation lines limited access Soil and groundwater After two years no change from baseline some change in shallow groundwater levels 7

8 Thank You 8