List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Foreword xi

Transcription

1 Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Foreword xi Chapter 1 Total Water Management: From Vision to Execution 1 What is TWM, really? 2 Why is TWM needed? 3 TWM is about leadership 5 Is there an environmental crisis? 7 Barriers to sustainability 9 The nature of TWM 10 TWM more political than technical 12 Use of case studies to explain TWM 13 What does the book contribute? 14 How do utilities take the lead? 16 Summary points 17 Review questions 17 References 17 Chapter 2 Water management and its impacts 19 The water supply problem 20 The water quality problem 21 The environmental problem 22 The Tragedy of the Commons 23 Arenas for action of TWM 24 Why sustainability is a shared responsibility 26 Threats to sustainability 28 Players and the water management actions they control 29 i TWM.indb 1 5/5/2008 4:09:18 PM

2 How the players create impacts on water systems 30 Summary points 39 Review questions 40 References 40 Case Study Maintaining Supply While Preserving the Resource 43 Chapter 3 Total Water Management: vision, principles, and examples 55 Fundamental concepts and definitions of TWM 55 Beyond the definition: putting TWM to work 65 Principles of TWM 65 Summary points 89 Review questions 90 References 90 Chapter 4 Planning and shared governance 93 Planning and shared governance in TWM 95 Water resources planning 96 Governance and shared governance 103 Defining roles and relationships 106 Integration and coordination through shared governance 106 Regionalization: its promises and challenges 109 Toward the future 110 Summary points 111 Review questions 112 References 112 Chapter 5 Triple Bottom Line reporting for water agencies 115 TBL as sustainability reporting 117 TBL as multicriteria scorekeeping 118 ii TWM.indb 2 5/5/2008 4:09:18 PM

3 Use of indicators in TBL reports 121 TBL reporting for water management 124 Status of TBL reporting in the water industry 127 Utility TBL reports 128 TBL results in a region 128 Compiling a TBL scorecard: the Sydney Water example 131 A US example: Seattle Public Utilities 132 Integrity in reporting 133 Summary points 133 Review questions 134 References 134 Value and cost of water 137 Chapter 6 How society balances the allocation of water resources 141 What is meant by the value of water 144 Societal versus individual decisions: the accounting stance 146 How society computes benefits and costs 148 Use of cost-effectiveness analysis 155 Balancing the uses 155 Why people do not recognize the value of water and what can be done 155 Summary points 157 Review questions 158 References 159 Chapter 7 Environmental water: assessment, value, and sustainability 161 Sustainable development and natural systems 162 State of the environment 163 Summary of environmental issues 168 What are the water needs of natural systems? 171 Water needs of natural system elements 172 iii TWM.indb 3 5/5/2008 4:09:18 PM

4 Water management actions and impacts 177 Balancing environmental benefits and costs in TWM 179 Environmental monitoring and assessment 181 Assessment at the watershed level 182 Summary points 186 Review questions 188 References 188 Chapter 8 Social impacts of water management 191 Classification of social impacts 193 A system for social indicators of water projects 194 Public health and safety 196 Equal opportunity 201 Community goodwill 201 Social impact analysis: an assessment tool 202 Social rights and social responsibilities 203 Summary points 203 Review questions 204 References 205 Chapter 9 Laws and regulations of water management 207 Law coordinates and regulates water management 208 How law determines management choices 210 Water law 212 Water laws by levels of government 214 Regulation in the water industry 228 Roles of courts 230 International water laws 230 Summary points 230 Review questions 232 References 232 iv TWM.indb 4 5/5/2008 4:09:18 PM

5 Chapter 10 Political and institutional obstacles to TWM 235 An explanation of institutional factors 236 Examples of institutional problems 237 Water institutions 238 Examples of institutional obstacles to TWM 240 Water supply industry constraints 242 Nonpoint source pollution 243 A method for institutional analysis 245 Political model of water planning 246 Gap analysis and remedies 248 Roles and responsibilities 248 Summary points 250 Review questions 251 References 252 Chapter 11 Environmental stewardship, ethics, and education 253 About stewardship 254 Environmental ethics 256 Environmental education 256 Roles and responsibilities 258 Environmental leadership 260 Requirements for environmental education and ethics 260 Summary points 262 Review questions 262 References 263 Chapter 12 Water industry prospects and policies 265 Threats to the water industry 265 Where the water industry is heading 266 State of the practice of TWM 268 Roles and responsibilities 269 v TWM.indb 5 5/5/2008 4:09:18 PM

6 Institutional arrangements 270 Final word 272 Summary points 273 Review questions 274 Reference 274 Appendix A AWWA and AwwaRF Statements About Total Water Management and Related Concepts 275 AWWA Policy Statement on Developing and Managing Water Resources 275 AWWA White Paper on Total Water Management 277 AwwaRF definition of Total Water Management (1996) 281 AWWA definition of Total Water Management, from the Drinking Water Dictionary (2000) 281 References 282 List of acronyms 283 Index 287 vi TWM.indb 6 5/5/2008 4:09:18 PM

7 List of Figures 1-1. TWM as a balancing act Financial and outreach responsibilities of business and utilities Balance point for sustainable development The balance in water management Total water management: a systemic concept How TWM works TWM looking inward and outward Water industry and impact sources How TWM relates to large and small actions Dual risks of water utilities Water and related land management activities Sources and impacts of TWM actions Water cycle uses, discharges, and effects 38 2A-1. Vienne River and estuary How a framework organizes principles and processes IWRM policy sectors and purposes Development of TWM/IWRM concepts TWM processes and principles Water manager s dilemma Coordination and balancing in TWM Coordination and allocation of water Assessment and reporting to counter Tragedy of the Commons TWM process with shared planning Planning by levels Features of the Water Resources Planning Act Phases of the water resources planning act Rational planning in a political environment Circles of responsibility for water planning Roundtable Business reports versus TBL reports TBL and the Balanced Scorecard Reporting by public companies and government utilities Packing information to create an environmental indicator A fictitious water market and auction How valuation of water differs by level How economics and finance differ Concepts of value Water management is a balancing act 148 vii TWM.indb 7 5/5/2008 4:09:18 PM

8 7-1. World population with projection to Watershed showing natural and human systems TWM as a comprehensive approach to water management How assessment and decision-making relate to each other Micro and macro aspects of water planning Water industry and outreach to society Water and the hierarchy of human needs Some possible health effects related to water How water-related law has grown How law and regulations affect water management A few institutional factors Water resources decision process Water industry triangle 267 viii TWM.indb 8 5/5/2008 4:09:19 PM

9 List of Tables 1-1. The TWM framework WQ 2000 sources of water contamination Management actions that impact water resources Threats to natural water systems People and organizations impacting water resources Main players in water management Estimated water use in the United States in the year 2000 in million gallons per day (mgd) USEPA findings on water quality Main pollutants Two definitions of TWM EU Water Framework Directive compared to the US framework TWM processes, principles, and practices Attributes of a water resources planning process Beneficial and adverse effects of water resources development by category Players in the planning processes Scoring strategies by goal Preferable attributes of a system of indicators TWM goals and specific measures TBL achievements by issue TWM elements and possible indicators Seattle Public Utilities statements and TBL/TWM Issues as perceived by society and organizations Conclusions of the 2003 USEPA report Impacts on water quality as defined in Water Quality Targeted watersheds and their features TWM contributions to social systems USEPA list of contaminants and their potential effects Responsibility by element of the TWM definition Examples of legal categories including water law The legal matrix by level Legal frameworks for water management tasks Programs of the Clean Water Act Institutional factors relating to water management Classification of incentives in the water sector Discussion of problems confronting TWM Gaps in need and strategies for fixing them TWM roles and responsibilities 250 ix TWM.indb 9 5/5/2008 4:09:19 PM