Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. Rheological Characterization of Asphalt Binders Treated with Bio Sealants for Pavements Preservation

Transcription

1 Rheological Characterization of Asphalt Binders Treated with Bio Sealants for Pavements Preservation Journal: Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Manuscript ID cjce-0-00.r Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the Author: -Sep-0 Complete List of Authors: Ghosh, Debaroti; University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Civil, Environmental and Geo Engineering; Turos, Mugurel; University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Civil, Environmental and Geo Engineering Johnson, Ed; Minnesota Department of Transportation, Office of Material and Road Research Marasteanu, Mihai; University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geo Engineering Is the invited manuscript for consideration in a Special Issue? : Keyword: N/A Bio sealant, Dynamic Shear Rheometer, Bending Beam Rheometer, Rheological properties, Pavement Preservation

2 Page of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu Rheological Characterization of Asphalt Binders Treated with Bio Sealants for Pavements Preservation Debaroti Ghosh, Research Assistant, University of Minnesota, Phone: + 0--, ghosh0@umn.edu Mugurel Turos, Scientist, University of Minnesota Phone: + --, turos00@umn.edu 0 Ed Johnson, Research Project Engineer, MnDOT Office of Materials and Road Research Phone: + --, Eddie.Johnson@state.mn.us Mihai Marasteanu, Professor, University of Minnesota Phone: + --, maras00@umn.edu Word Count: + ( *0) + (* 0) = 0

3 Page of Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu ABSTRACT: Pavement preservation is playing an increasingly significant role in maintaining our aged pavement infrastructure under severe budget constraints. One important component is the use of surface treatments based on application of sealants. Recently, a number of new products, called bio sealants, have been used to treat aging pavement surfaces. The objective of this study is to investigate rheological properties of the binders treated with these materials to understand the mechanism by which they may improve pavement performance. One plain asphalt binder and four types of sealants, two oil-based sealants, one water-based sealant and one traditional emulsion were used in the experimental work. The results obtained using a dynamic shear 0 rheometer and a bending beam rheometer were used to determine the changes in rheological properties and the change in performance grade. It was observed that the oil-based sealants have a significant softening effect of the control binder compared to the water-based sealants. The transverse cracking histories from field investigation were used to verify the laboratory findings. Keywords: Bio sealant, Dynamic Shear Rheometer, Bending Beam Rheometer, Rheological Properties, Pavement Preservation 0

4 Page of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu INTRODUCTION Many studies have been performed investigating the properties, effectiveness or application process of sealants as a mean of pavement preservation or maintenance program. Zubeck et al. (0) found that crack sealing and patching represent the most extensively used applications in pavement preservation treatments, followed by chip seals, fog seals, and slurry seals (Zubeck et al. 0). Wood and Olson (00) presented a history of the chip seal program at Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) that resulted in significant improvements and a successful implementation (Wood and Olson 00). Simpson (00) presented an overview of 0 the application of asphalt emulsion which includes the description of various conventional sealants which are used in North America for pavement maintenance, 0 such as scrub seals, chip seals and slurry seals (Simpson 00). Many studies investigated the use of sealant type materials to rejuvenate the surface of asphalt pavements. In many publications, these materials are referred to as rejuvenators, although there is no clear definition of what this means. Mogawer et al. (0) focused on the use of asphalt rejuvenators in high RAP and RAS mixtures to offset the stiffness effects of the aged binder from RAP and RAS without negatively impacting the performance of the mixtures (Mogawer et al. 0). The rheological properties obtained from generating master curves along with the results from LAS (Linear Amplitude Sweep) and MSCR (Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery) tests confirmed that the rejuvenators had a softening effect on the virgin binders and reduced the stiffness of the binders. The LAS test is a performance-based assessment of binder fatigue resistance and MSCR test evaluates the binder s potential for

5 Page of Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu permanent deformation. A similar type of study was performed by Lin et al. (0) who investigated the influence of using rejuvenator sealant materials on aged asphalt binder and concluded that rejuvenators lower the viscosity and soften asphalt binder (Lin et al. 0). Zaumanis et al. (0) also evaluated the effectiveness of rejuvenators in terms of penetration for production of very high (0% to 00%) reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content mixtures (Zaumanis et al. 0). The study used penetration index (PI) and the penetration viscosity number (PVN) as the indicators of oxidative hardening and cracking. A report by NCAT in 0 concluded that adding a recycling agent (i.e., a rejuvenator) can be helpful to restore the 0 performance properties of recycled binder to offset the higher binder stiffness and improve the mixture resistance to cracking when high RAP/RAS contents are used. 0 The diffusion and mixing of binders in a blend depends upon a few factors, including compatibility of binders, temperature of mixing, performance grade of virgin and recycled binder, and the percentage of recycled binder in the blended binder (Tran et al. 0). The hardness of the existing binder and the reaction between the binder and rejuvenator are also important factors to determine the amount of rejuvenator to be added to the mix (Ali and Sobhan 0). Boyer (000) concluded that it is better to apply two or more low-rate applications of the emulsion to achieve the proper rate of application than to make only on pass and have it be too heavy (Boyer 000). Hugener et al. (0) reported that rejuvenators are not suited in the presence of uncoated minerals, because they can only activate the old binder, but not act as binder by themselves (Hugener et al. 0). Recently, a new category of sealants, called bio sealants, have been the focus of

6 Page of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu several field investigations. Pennsylvania department of transportation conducted a field study to evaluate a new soy-based sealant named RePlay, developed by BioSpan Technologies. The main objective was to evaluate RePlay effectiveness at reducing permeability without reducing durability and skid resistance (Medina et al. 00). Recently, BioBasedNews.com published an article on RePlay after the product gained the approval of officials at Tyndall Air Force Base in Florida (BioSpan Technology Inc, 00). In the article it is stated that RePlay can be considered as an environment friendly surface sealant. In a study by Maine DOT it was concluded that Jointbond was designed to minimize asphalt maintenance by penetrating newly placed asphalt 0 pavement and stabilizing the critical area surrounding longitudinal construction joint (Gayne 0). In a similar study conducted by University of Arkansas on HMA 0 longitudinal joint evaluation and construction, it was concluded that only the Jointbond product, out of eight materials investigated, appeared to both increase density and decrease permeability (Williams 0). However, no laboratory studies, investigating these newly introduced sealants, were found in the literature. The aim of this study is to develop a laboratory procedure which can mimic the application of these sealants in actual field conditions and to analyze the influence of the sealants on the rheological properties of the binder to better understand the mechanism by which these materials improve pavement performance.

7 Page of Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION Materials The materials used in this study come from a field project conducted by MnDOT on CSAH in Wright County, Minnesota. The road and shoulder was paved full width in 0. Treatments were installed between August and October of the 0 construction season. In this study, two types of oil-based bio-sealants, OB, OB, one type of water-based bio sealant, WB and one type of emulsion, E, were investigated. 0 The selection was based on the availability of materials and construction projects mentioned above in which bio-sealants were used. A description of these materials is 0 provided below. OB, an Agricultural Oil Seal & Preservation Agent, is an asphalt sealant which is % bio-based rejuvenator; of which 0% is derived from soybean oil (Kindler 00). The remainder % of the OB composition is recycled materials; particularly polystyrene, that is especially used to impart essential polymers to the asphalt binder (Levy 0). It is carbon negative, non-toxic, and safe for any nearby plant life if over-sprayed. OB is 00% natural and agricultural-based product that has been laboratorytested and designed to protect new asphalt surfaces from the effects of oxidizing and aging. WB, manufactured by D&D Emulsion, Inc., and distributed by Pavement Technology, Inc., is a post-applied polymerized maltene-based emulsion

8 Page of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu product composed of a petroleum resin oil base and SBR copolymer uniformly emulsified with water. E is traditional emulsion CSS-h, which is cationic slow setting asphalt emulsion designed for use as a tack coat, base stabilization, fog sealing, dust control and specialty applications. Sample Preparation A PG - asphalt binder was used in the experimental work, because this is the typical binder used in the southern part of Minnesota. The sealants were applied to both RTFOT and PAV aged binder using two procedures: simple mixing, and a 0 laboratory-developed brushing procedure using pipette. The later procedure is mentioned as pipette procedure throughout the article. To simulate actual field 0 conditions in which the sealant is applied on the surface of the pavement, two parameters are needed to match the laboratory application rate to the filed application rate. The first one is the application rate used in the field, and the second one is the penetration depth of the sealant into the asphalt layer. Based on the application rates provided by MnDOT and penetration information from literature, the amount of seal to be added to the asphalt binder for the mixing procedure was calculated to be approximately % by binder weight (Ghosh et al. 0). The pipette procedure only needs the application rate to simulate the spraying application of the actual field. In the calculation process, it was assumed that the asphalt mixture contained % binder (by weight) and % aggregates. The bulk density of aggregates was assumed to be 00kg/m. A flow chart of the testing plan of the study is presented in Figure.

9 Page of Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu FIGURE Testing plan of the study. 0 Sealant Application Procedure In the simple mixing procedure, first the binder was heated to 0 C followed by an addition of sealant, % by weight (Figure ). The sealant was then mixed with the heated binder using a glass rod for minutes. Although in this procedure the exact amount of the sealant is applied, it does not simulate actual field conditions. A second procedure, that closely simulates the spraying application process in the field, was developed after a number of trials based on a pipette procedure (Figure ). In this procedure, the sealant is applied with a measuring pipette to control the number of drops and then spread on the surface of the DSR and BBR specimens using a plastic non-absorbent strip. The number of drops to be applied was calculated from the application rates provided by MnDOT and by measuring the weight of one drop from the pipette (Ghosh et al. 0). Two drops were applied to the DSR mm plate and one drop to the DSR mm plate specimen, respectively. Eight drops were applied to

10 Page of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu the surface of the BBR beams. All DSR samples were tested after days and after days and BBR samples were tested after days from the application of the sealant. FIGURE Mixing of Sealant and Heated Binder. FIGURE Sample Preparation Using Pipette Method.

11 Page 0 of Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu 0 Rheological Testing A Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) was used to obtain binder properties at intermediate and high temperatures (AASHTO 0a). Frequency sweeps were performed in C increments from C to 0 C. The mm plate geometry was used for tests performed from C to C, and mm plate geometry was used for testing from C to 0 C. Based on the results, complex modulus and phase angle master curves were generated. Low temperature stiffness and relaxation properties of binder were determined using a bending beam rheometer (BBR) (AASHTO 0b). The beams were tested at two 0 temperatures, - C and - C. 0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Rheological Master Curves Examples of G* master curves generated at a reference temperature of C are shown in Figures to. Upon aging, the master curve shifts toward higher complex modulus values (Figure ). Addition of oil-based-sealants helps the master curve of the blend back to lower values, as intended and reported by other studies (Nahar et al. 0; Shen et al. 00; Zaumanis et al. 0). Several trends can be observed by visual inspection. In RTFOT case, OB produces the most significant changes (softening) of the original binder. OB comes in as second. However, for PAV binder, OB produces the most significant softening. These changes are more significant when the simple mixing procedure is used, as expected (Figure and ). For pipette, both OB and OB produce the most softening effect. Simple mixing procedure

12 Page of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu exhibited more softening effect than pipette method because of blending hot binder with sealant, whereas in pipette method the softening effects depended on the penetration rate of the sealant (Figure and )..E+0.E+0 T = C.E+0 G*, Pa.E+0.E+0.E+0.E+0.E+0 PG-(Unaged) PG- (RTFOT) % OB (Mixing) % OB (Mixing) % WB (Mixing) % E (Mixing).E+00.E-0.E-0.E-0.E-0.E+00.E+0.E+0.E+0.E+0.E+0 Frequency, rad/sec FIGURE G* master curves for RTFOT and simple mixing procedure.

13 Page of Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu.E+0.E+0 T = C.E+0 G*, Pa.E+0 PG- (RTFOT).E+0 OB (pipette) days OB (pipette) Days.E+0 OB (pipette) days OB (pipette) Days.E+0 WB (pipette) days WB (pipette) Days.E+0 E (pipette) days E (pipette Days).E+00.E-0.E-0.E-0.E-0.E+00.E+0.E+0.E+0.E+0.E+0 Frequency, rad/sec FIGURE G* master curves for RTFOT and pipette procedure..e+0.e+0 T = C G*, Pa.E+0.E+0.E+0.E+0.E+0.E+0.E+0 PG- (PAV) % OB (Mixing) % OB (Mixing) % WB (Mixing) % E (Mixing).E+00.E-0.E-0.E-0.E-0.E-0.E+00.E+0.E+0.E+0.E+0.E+0 Frequency, rad/sec FIGURE G* master curves for PAV and simple mixing procedure.

14 Page of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu.E+0.E+0 T = C.E+0 G*, Pa.E+0 PG- (PAV).E+0 OB (pipette) days OB (pipette) days.e+0 OB (pipette) days OB (pipette) days.e+0 WB (pipette) days WB (pipette) days.e+0 E (pipette) days E (pipette) days.e+00.e-0.e-0.e-0.e-0.e-0.e+00.e+0.e+0.e+0.e+0.e+0 Frequency, rad/sec FIGURE G* master curves for PAV and pipette procedure. Performance Grade (PG) Specification Criteria To better understand the effect of sealants to the properties of the PG- asphalt binder, calculations were performed to determine the specific changes in the low, intermediate, and high temperature criteria used to obtain the performance grade of the binder. Figure shows the comparison of the RTFOT G* /sin δ values at C.

15 Page of Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu G* /sinδ, kpa Rutting Parameter (RTFOT), C and 0rad/sec Mixing Pipette ( Days) Pipette ( days) 0.00 Control OB OB WB E Type of Sealant FIGURE RTFOT G* /sin δ results at C. It can be observed that the largest change occurs for the OB and OB sealants when 0 simple mixing is used. The reduction in the rutting factor is almost three-fold. It can also be observed that mixing procedure results in more significant changes compared to the pipette procedure. The -day and -day results also appear to indicate that the softening effect of the sealant application decreases with time. The results are also shown in Table. Similar observation of softening effect and reduction in rutting resistance were also reported by other studies when they compared rheological properties of control binder with oil-based rejuvenator treated binders (Mogwar et al. 0; Lin et al. 0, Shen et al. 00).

16 Page of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu TABLE RTFOT Rutting Factor, G* and Phase Angle at ºC and 0rad/s Specimen Application Procedure Rutting Factor ( G* /sin δ), kpa G*, kpa Phase Angle Control.0. Mixing. 0. OB OB WB E Pipette ( days).. Pipette ( days).. Mixing Pipette ( days). 0. Pipette ( days).0 0. Mixing..0 Pipette ( days). 0. Pipette ( days).0 0. Mixing.. Pipette ( days).. Pipette ( days).0. Figure shows the changes in the fatigue PAV G* sin δ values at C. Based on AASHTO M0, fatigue resistance for PG - binder is considered at C. The largest softening effect is again observed when OB and OB are simply mixed with the PAV binder. Less pronounced differences are observed between the different application procedures and the -day and -day results indicate only a minimal reduction in the softening effect with time.

17 Page of Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu G* sinδ, kpa Fatigue Parameter, C at 0rad/sec Mixing Pipette ( Days) Pipette ( days) Control OB OB WB E Type of sealant FIGURE PAV G* sin δ results at C. Figures 0 and show the changes in the PAV BBR parameters S(0s) and m(0s), where S represents the creep stiffness, which is the inverse of creep compliance, and m represents slope of the creep stiffness versus time curve on a double logarithmic scale. The BBR tests were performed after days from sealant application. Lack of materials did not allow testing samples after days.

18 Page of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu Creep Stiffness at - C at 0 sec Mixing Pipette( Days) Stiffness, MPa Control OB OB WB E Types of Sealant FIGURE 0 PAV S(0s) results at - C. m-value at - C at 0 sec Mixing Pipette( Days) m-value Control OB OB WB E Types of Sealant FIGURE PAV m(0s) results at - C. The most significant reduction in creep stiffness is again observed for OB and OB and the simple mixing procedure. This change is accompanied, as expected by a significant increase in m-value. It is however noted that for the pipette procedure the

19 Page of Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu changes are much less pronounced for both S and m-value. It is also interesting to observe the increase in stiffness achieved by the application of the emulsion, without a major decrease in m-value. The performance grade (PG) of the virgin and blended binders was determined in accordance with AASHTO M0 (AASHTO 0). The results are shown in Table. To better evaluate the changes produced by the application of sealants, the exact temperature values for the high and low failure criteria were tabulated rather than the specification temperatures. TABLE Change in Performance Grade Mixing % Pipette ( days) Pipette ( days) Control PG - PG - OB PG - PG - PG - OB PG 0- PG -. PG - WB PG - PG -0 PG - E PG - PG -0 PG 0 Several important observations can be made. Overall, the oil-based sealants increased rutting and fatigue potential, however, it helped reduce stiffness. This change of grading is favorable towards preventing low-temperature failures by adding oil, since longitudinal and transverse cracks occur due to HMA pavement shrinkage caused by low-temperatures and age-hardening. The traditional emulsion E (CSS-h) didn t change the rutting or fatigue resistance when compared with control binder, however, did increase the stiffness. The simple mixing procedure results in significant changes

20 Page of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu in the performance grade of the original binder, a clear indication that this procedure cannot simulate the blending mechanisms that occur in field conditions. The pipette procedure appears to be a much better indicator of the effect of the sealant application in field conditions. The changes are consistent with the mild softening effects observed in sealant applications in the field (Figure ). The transverse cracking histories from field investigation verified the softening effect of oil-based sealants OB and OB and stiffening effect of water-based WB and traditional emulsion E(Figure 0). This is a part of the field performance testing and monitoring, distress surveys of the shoulder test sections which were performed after product 0 installations (September and October, 0), the following spring (April, 0) and the year after that (April, 0) under supervision of Minnesota Department of Transportation (E. Johnson and A. Joseph, LRRB Field Investigation of Nontraditional and Bio-Based Asphalt Sealers, working report, Minnesota Local Road Research Board and Minnesota Department of Transportation, Minnesota). The relative performance of cracking values from 0 and 0, as compared to baseline values from 0, is shown in the Figure.

21 Page 0 of Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu 0 0 Transverse Crack_//0 Transverse Crack_//0 Transverse Crack_//0 -C_mixing S(0)@-C_Pipette(days) 00 Transverse Cracks per Mile Creep -C, MPa 0 Control OB OB_a OB_b WB E 0 0 FIGURE Transverse Cracking Histories. CONCLUDING REMARKS Four types of sealants, oil-based OB and OB and water-based WB and E were investigated in this study by performing DSR and BBR laboratory tests. To prepare the testing samples, two procedures were used for applying the sealant: simple-mixing and a laboratory-developed pipette procedure. The oil-based sealants decreased rutting and fatigue resistance, however, it helped low temperature grading. The water based sealant and the traditional emulsion didn t bring any significant changes to the binder grade except that the emulsion showed stiffening effect. The study shows a comparison between newly introduced sealants with a traditional emulsion, CSS-h. The oil-based sealants have potential to reverse the

22 Page of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu oxidation process, however, the pavement condition and the application rate need to be considered as important factors. It is found that the simple mixing procedure produces unrealistic results, with significant softening of the treated aged binders, especially at high temperature. The pipette procedure appears to produce more realistic results, more consistent with field observations. The largest softening effect is noticed on the aged binder treated with oil-based OB and OB, whereas stiffening effect was noticed when treated with the water-based WB and traditional emulsion E. It is also observed that storage time may affect the softening effect at high temperature; it is not clear what the mechanism 0 responsible for this effect is and further investigation is needed. Work is in progress to quantify the effects of sealant application on asphalt mixture rheological properties 0 using BBR testing on mixture beams and FTIR analysis. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The support provided by the Office of Materials and Road Research at Minnesota Department of Transportation is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES AASHTO. 0a. Standard Method of Test for Determining the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). In AASHTO Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing. AASHTO standard T -, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 0b. Standard Method of Test for Determining the Flexural Creep Stiffness of Asphalt Binder Using the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR). In

23 Page of Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu AASHTO Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing. AASHTO standard T -, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 0. Standard Specification for Performance-Graded Asphalt Binder In AASHTO Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing. AASHTO standard M 0, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. Ali, H., & Sobhan, K. 0. On the Road to Sustainability. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (), -. 0 BioSpan Technologies, Inc. 00. RePay. Retrieved from BioSpan Technologies, Inc.: 0 Boyer, R. E., & Engineer, P. S. D Asphalt Rejuvenators Fact, or Fable. Transportation systems. Gayne, D. 0. Use of JOINT BOND as a Center Line Joint Stabilizer Demonstration on I- N.B. Technical Report -0, Transportation Research Division. Maine Department of Transportation, Maine. Ghosh, D., Turos, M., & Marasteanu, M. (0). Evaluation of Bio-Fog Sealants for Pavement Preservation. Final Report, Project No. 00, Minnesota Department of Transportation and Local Road Research Board, Minnesota. Hugener, M., Partl, M. and Morant, M. 0. Cold asphalt recycling with 00% reclaimed asphalt pavement and vegetable oil-based rejuvenators. Journal of Road Materials and Pavement Design, (), -.

24 Page of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu Kindler, J. (00). Soybeans are extending the life of Ohio roadways. Ohio Soybean Review, Spring edition, p.. Levy P. (0). RePlay : Green technology for the future. This report can be found at Lin, J., Guo, P., Xie, J., Wu, S., & Chen, M. 0. Effect of Rejuvenator Sealer Materials on the Properties of Aged Asphalt Binder. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, (), -. Medina, J. A., & Clouser, T. R. 00. Evaluation of RePLAY Soy-Based Sealer for Asphalt Pavement (No. FHWA-PA RP 00-0). Pennsylvania 0 Department of Transportation, Pensylvania. Mogawer, W. S., Booshehrian, A., Vahidi, S., & Austerman, A. J. 0. Evaluating 0 the effect of rejuvenators on the degree of blending and performance of high RAP, RAS, and RAP/RAS mixtures. Road Materials and Pavement Design, (sup), -. Nahar, S. N., Schmets, A. J. M., Schlangen, E., Shirazi, M., van de Ven, M. F. C., Schitter, G., and Scarpas, A. 0. Turning back time: rheological and microstructural assessment of rejuvenated bitumen. In rd Annual Meeting Transportation Research Board, Washington, USA. Simpson, P. L. 00. Overview of Asphalt Emulsion Applications in North America. Asphalt Emulsion Technology, 0. Shen, J., Amirkhanian, S., and Tang, B. 00. Effects of rejuvenator on performancebased properties of rejuvenated asphalt binder and mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, (), -.

25 Page of Ghosh, Turos, Johnson, Marasteanu Tran, N., Taylor, A., & Willis, R. 0. Effect of rejuvenator on performance properties of HMA mixtures with high RAP and RAS contents. Auburn, AL: National Center for Asphalt Technology. Williams, S. G. (0). HMA Longitudinal Joint Evaluation and Construction. Final Report, TRC 00. University of Arkansas, Arkansas. Wood, T. J., & Olson, R. C. 00. Rebirth of chip sealing in Minnesota. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (), 0-. Zaumanis, M., Mallick, R. B., & Frank, R. 0. Evaluation of Rejuvenator's 0 Effectiveness with Conventional Mix Testing for 00% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Mixtures. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 0(), -. Zubeck, H., Mullin, A., & Liu, J. 0. Pavement Preservation Practices in Cold Regions. In th International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering, Quebec, Canada.

26 Page of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering TABLE RTFOT Rutting Factor, G* and Phase Angle at ºC and 0rad/s Specimen Application Procedure Rutting Factor ( G* /sin δ), kpa G*, kpa Phase Angle Control.0. Mixing. 0. OB Pipette( days).. Pipette( days).. Mixing OB Pipette( days). 0. Pipette( days).0 0. Mixing..0 WB Pipette( days). 0. Pipette( days).0 0. Mixing.. E Pipette( days).. Pipette( days).0.

27 Page of TABLE Change in Performance Grade Pipette( days) Pipette( Mixing % days) Control PG - PG - OB PG - PG - PG - OB PG 0- PG -. PG - WB PG - PG -0 PG - E PG - PG -0 PG