Waste management and treatment in Poland

Transcription

1 Waste management and treatment in Poland Ireneusz Zbiciński Aleksandra Ziemińska-Stolarska Lodz University of Technology Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering BUP Summer School 13 September 2012 Görlitz, Germany

2 Repetitio est mater studiorum S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 2

3 THE KEY REQUIREMENTS OF THE EU LAW The key legislative acts regulating the waste management issues at the EU level include: Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Framework Directive), Directive 99/31/EC on the landfill of waste (Landfill Directive), Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste and Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste (Packaging Directive). S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 3

4 OVERVIEW OF EU WASTE LEGISLATION Source: Solid Waste management in Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland and Romania. Report No ECA, April 2011 S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 4

5 S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 5

6 THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE SITUATION In the Waste Framework Directive, waste is defined as: any substance or object which the holder discards or is required to discard, and waste management as the collection, transport, recovery, and disposal of waste, including the supervision of such operations and after-care of disposal sites. A strong emphasis is placed on waste prevention and the following waste hierarchy is encouraged: Source: Waste management in Poland Challenges in view of EU requirements and legislative changes; public opinion and prospects. Deloitte S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 6

7 THE WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY The waste management hierarchy describes the actions from the most to the least preferable: 1. Prevention means action taken before a given material, product or substance becomes waste, in order to reduce the volume of waste or its harmfulness; 2. Preparation for re-use means any process as a result of which substances, products or materials which are not waste are re-used for their original purpose; 3. Recycling means any process of recovery as a result of which waste is converted into materials or substances re-used for their original purpose or for any other purpose, including organic recycling. It does not include energy recovery and converting waste into fuel; 4. Other recovery processes, including energy recovery means primarily thermal treatment of waste with the recovery of electricity and heat as well as converting waste into fuel; 5. Environmentally sound disposal means any other process of waste management which is not recovery, compliant with environmental protection requirements, e.g. landfill of waste. S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 7

8 RECYCLING SUCCES STORY Vehicles, essential to society, are continually increasing in use. Vehicles impact on environment: energy and resource consumption, waste generation during manufacturing and use, disposal at the end of their useful lives. About 75 % of end-of- life vehicles, mainly metals, are recyclable in the European Union. The rest (~25%) of the vehicle is considered waste and generally goes to landfills. Environmental legislation of the European Union requires the reduction of this waste to a maximum of 5 % by S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 8

9 TRENDS IN MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 9

10 WASTE MANAGAMENT SYSTEM UE Poland (since 2004) S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 10

11 WASTE MANAGAMENT SYSTEM The waste management targets for Poland are set in the National Waste Management Plan adopted by the Council of Ministers on 24 December 2010, covering the years and outlook for the years Whether the new legislation will give momentum to effective waste management in Poland, consistent with the adopted targets and guidelines, will depend, largely, on local governments themselves, on the efficiency and comprehensiveness with which they will implement the new system. S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 11

12 METHODS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN POLAND IN 2010 S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 12

13 TRENDS IN WASTE MANAGEMENT IN POLAND In the years a decrease in the amount of waste deposited on landfills can be noticed with simultaneous increase in the use of other methods of waste disposal, first of all recycling, however, the progress so far cannot be deemed sufficient. The percentage of landfill waste fell from 90.2% in 2007 to 78.2% in 2009, and at the same time, the percentage of recycled waste grew from 3.6% to 6.7%. Municipal waste treatment in the years : S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 13

14 MUNICIPAL WASTE DISPOSAL Poland is one of the countries where modern methods of waste disposal are used only to a limited extent. In 2010 as much as: 78.2% (7.9 milion tons) of the mass of the municipal waste collected in Poland was deposited on landfill sites, 14.1% (1.4 milion tons) was recycled, 6.7% (673 thousand tons) was biologically treated, only 1.0% (101 thousand tons) of the collected municipal waste stream was thermally treated, that is, incinerated with energy recovery. Just to compare, among the 5 biggest EU countries, between 0.4% (Germany) and 52.0% (Spain) of waste goes to landfill, whereas from 8.8% (Spain) to more than 33.6% (France and Germany) of the collected waste is thermally treated. Landfill Costs in Different Countries Country Cost ($/t) E.U. countries Austria 140 Belgium 55 Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden United Kingdom Eastern European countries Poland Czech Republic 30 Non-E.U. countries Australia 20 Japan Norway 50 United States South Africa Switzerland 120 Source: End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling in the European Union N. Kanari, J.-L. Pineau, and S. Shallari S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 14

15 MUNICIPAL WASTE DISPOSAL IN INDIVIDUAL EU MEMBER STATES IN 2009 Today, 78% of municipal waste in Poland is stored in landfills without any pre-sorting. Although EU legislation is now in force in Poland, this is still the most popular means of waste disposal. Systematic approaches to waste management are lacking, and there are not enough waste recovery and recycling plants. Source: Waste management in Poland Challenges in view of EU requirements and legislative changes; public opinion and prospects. Deloitte S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 15

16 THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE SITUATION IN POLAND Waste generation within Polish cities in 2009 was an average 316 kg per person /year. The greatest share of Municipal Solid Waste consists of organic waste, paper and cardboard, plastics, glass, combustible mixed waste, fabric and sanitary products, however differing from city to city and according to seasons. The amount of generated municipal waste per inhabitant in the EU countries in 2009: Source: Waste management in Poland Challenges in view of EU requirements and legislative changes; public opinion and prospects. Deloitte S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 16

17 PRODUCTION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 17

18 DESCRIPTION OF WASTE GENERATED IN POLAND Out of the total amount of municipal waste generated in Poland in 2008 (12.1 m tons), as much as 45.2% was generated in big cities (over 50 thousand inhabitants), 26.1% in small towns (below 50 thousand inhabitants), and 28.7% in rural areas. If we compare it with the population of individual regions, we may see that the generation of waste per capita is much higher in cities (370 kg/person) than in rural areas (234 kg/person). Places where municipal waste was generated in Poland in 2008: S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 18

19 COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE GENERATED IN POLAND IN 2010 Source: Waste management in Poland Challenges in view of EU requirements and legislative changes; public opinion and prospects. Deloitte S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 19

20 TYPES AND NUMBER OF MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT INSTALLATIONS IN POLAND IN 2010: Source: Waste management in Poland Challenges in view of EU requirements and legislative changes; public opinion and prospects. Deloitte S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 20

21 NUMBER OF INCINERATION PLANTS IN SELECTED EU COUNTRIES S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 21

22 PLANNED WASTE INCINERATION PLANT PROJECTS IN POLAND Polish government plans to construct a total of 11 waste incineration plants throughout the country: Only 0.43% of municipal waste is incinerated in the only waste incineration plant, which is located in the capital city of Warsaw. Poland expects an increase in the amount of waste by 6.08% by the year Source: (TOMM-C 2009) S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 22

23 A TECHNICAL DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL WASTE INCINERATION PLANT The Figure below shows a technical diagram of a typical incineration plant for municipal and industrial waste using the solution applied by Fortum, showing all the important components of the plant and how they are related. S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 23

24 EXAMPLES OF THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED BY FORTUM Plant Brista 2 The completion and launch of the thermal waste treatment plant Brista 2 is planned for the fourth quarter of The cost of the construction is estimated at Euro 200 m. The incineration plant will produce competitive district heat for the people living in the northern part of Stockholm as well as electricity. The partners in this project are: Fortum Varme (85% share) and the Sollentuna municipality (15% share). The plant will be able to process 240 thousand tons of waste per year, including 72 thousand tons of municipal waste and 168 thousand tons of industrial waste. The total gross capacity of the plant will be 81 MW, with 21 MW electricity and 60 MW heat (including heat recovery from the flue gas condensation process). The plant will generate 164 GWh of electricity and 468 GWh of heat per year. Plant in Klaipeda The plant in Klaipeda will start operations in the second quarter of The construction cost is estimated for approx. Euro 123 m. The partners in the project are: Fortum with 95% share and Klaipeda Energy company with 5% share. The incineration plant will be able to use, in total, 260 thousand tons of waste per year, with 180 thousand tons of municipal waste and 80 thousand tons of industrial waste. The total gross capacity of the plant will be 90 MW, with 20 MW electricity and 70 MW heat (including heat recovery from the flue gas condensation process). The plant will generate 156 GWh electricity and 546 GWh heat per year. 24

25 CURRENT LEGAL SYSTEM 25 UE members Poland Hungary S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 25

26 CURRENT SYSTEM OF WASTE MANAGEMENT House owner MUNICIPALITY Decision Fee Wastes Contract COMPANY COLLECTING WASTES Fee Wastes Contract INSTALATION for RECOVERY/UTILIZATION S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 26

27 NEW SYSTEM OF WASTE MANAGEMENT MUNICIPALITY Fee Contract Record Fee Contract House owner Wastes COMPANY COLLECTING WASTES Wastes Fee INSTALATION for RECOVERY/UTILIZATION S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 27

28 THE CURRENT AND THE TARGET SYSTEM OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN POLAND SELECTED DUTIES OF THE STAKEHOLDERS S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 28

29 PROGNOSIS OF GENERATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTES Poland The 2010 National Waste Management Plan December 2006 S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 29

30 TARGETS FOR MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTE- POLAND - by the end of 2007, at the latest, cover 100% of the national population with organised municipal waste collection scheme, - by the end of 2007, at the latest, comprise all the population within selective waste collection scheme, the minimum requirements for which are set out in this 2010 National Waste Management - reduce the quantity of municipal biodegradable waste subject to deposition on waste landfills so that the following deposition percentage targets are achieved: in 2010 more than 75%, in 2013 more than 50%, in 2020 more than 35% of the mass of these wastes generated in 1995, - by the end of 2014, reduce the mass of municipal waste deposited to maximum 85% of waste generated, - by the end of 2014, reduce to maximum 200 the number of landfills for wastes other than hazardous and inert wastes on which municipal wastes are deposited S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 30

31 RECYCLING END-OF-LIFE VEHICLES - POLAND According to the National Environmental Policy, the overall objective is to provide for full operation effectivnes of the scheme for collection and dismantling of end-of-life vehicles and for recovery, including recycling, of waste originating from end-of-life vehicles. By 2018, the following minimum annual recovery and recycling levels have to be achieved in relation to the mass of the vehicles received at the dismantling stations: -from 1 January 2006, 75% and 70% for vehicles manufactured before 1 January 1980, and 85% and 80% for other vehicles, respectively, -from 1 January 2015, 95% and 85%, respectively, regardless of the vehicle manufacturing date S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 31

32 KEY LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT IN POLAND Source: Waste management in Poland Challenges in view of EU requirements and legislative changes; public opinion and prospects. Deloitte S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 32

33 MAJOR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED uphold the tendency to decoupling the national economic growth, as expressed in GDP, from the quantities of waste generated, Poland The 2010 National Waste Management Plan December 2006 S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 33

34 ECOLOGICAL EDUCATION Techniques of Community Engagement Questionaries, open doors to local authorities Information in local and public media, web pages Public consultations, community advisory board, community coordinators S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 34

35 THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN POLAND The most common way of waste disposal in Poland is landfilling (approximately 78% of the municipal waste collected in 2009). Several hundred landfill sites (around 300) must be closed down and recultivated because they do not meet the required technical and legal standards; Poland lacks modern infrastructure for treatment of municipal waste (such as sufficient number and capacity of installations for mechanical-biological and thermal treatment of waste). A problem that needs to be solved is disposal of waste during the transition period, between closure of landfill sites and launching of waste treatment installations; So far Poland has made little progress in sorting and separate collection of waste at source, including hazardous waste that appears in the flow of mixed municipal waste, and in materials recovery and recycling, (14% of collected municipal waste in 2009); S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 35

36 THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN POLAND Not tight enough the waste management system. Not all inhabitants especially in rural areas, are included in an organised system of municipal waste collection and some undesirable phenomena occur: grey economy, illegal waste disposal and handling of waste at home (e.g. burning it), 78% of the inhabitants of Poland were included in the organised waste collection system in 2008, in 92 % of municipalities inspected by Supreme Audit Office, 2010 there was a problem with uncontrolled waste dumps. Ineffective system of monitoring the observance of regulations pertaining to environmental protection inspectorate and the penalties system set by the Act on waste currently in force; Lack of sufficiently credible data on waste management, both at the regional and the national level, resulting from inaccurate recording of waste and lack of proper waste management planning; Lack of a central data base on products, packaging and waste management S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 36

37 OPINIONS ON THE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE IN THE PLACE OF RESIDENCE S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 37

38 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! S T R., L O D Z, P O L A N D 38