Hydrogen: The Fuel of the Future. Rodney Allam Director of Technology Air Products PLC 19 th November 2004

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2 Hydrogen: The Fuel of the Future Rodney Allam Director of Technology Air Products PLC 19 th November 2004

3 Hydrogen generation for the Hydrogen Generation 3

4 Why Use Hydrogen H 2 + ½ O 2 H 2 O H kcal/mole H 2 is an energy vector, is converted to water which has minimal environmental impact. H 2 is a non-polluting fuel for transportation vehicles and power production Currently road vehicles emit about the same quantity of CO 2 as power production. H 2 can be produced from fossil fuels with CO 2 capture and storage or from renewables 4

5 Air Products World Leader in Industrial Hydrogen Largest third-party hydrogen producer over 50% share Operate over 60 plants Americas, Europe, Asia Produce over 1.25 million tonnes per year 7 H 2 pipeline systems around the world (over 350 miles) 6 liquid H 2 facilities Supply H 2 purification equipment (cryogenic, PSA, membranes) 5

6 Industrial Hydrogen Supply and Integration Schemes HYDROCARBON FEED STEAM / POWER CUSTOMER(S) REFORMING PSA MEMBRANE GASEOUS PIPELINE PURIFICATION TUBE TRAILER CRYOGENIC LIQUEFACTION abc abc CYLINDERS MERCHANT MARKET LIQUID STORAGE CRYOGENIC TANKER 6

7 Production of Hydrogen Process Characteristics Open Systems Hydrogen is produced from natural gas and steam External heating of a catalytic reactor Combustion products vented to atmosphere 50,000 Nm 3 /hr H 2 Steam Natural Gas Reformer 7

8 8 800Nm 3 /Hr H 2 Plant

9 Production of Hydrogen Process Characteristics Closed Systems Natural Gas Pressurised reactors with heat supplied by direct oxidation with oxygen No venting of combustion products Natural Gas Oxygen Oxygen Steam Catalyst Partial Oxidation Autothermal Reformer 9

10 10 Rozenburg 5 tonne/day Liquid H 2 facility

11 Hydrogen Distribution Options Liquid Tank Trailer Gas Pipeline Gas Cylinders Gas Tube Trailer 11

12 12 Gaseous H 2 Tube Trailer Capacity 360 kg H 2

13 13 Liquid Hydrogen Tanker capacity 3600 kg liq H 2

14 14 Rotterdam Gaseous H 2 Pipeline System

15 Safety Considerations What people think: Hydrogen must be dangerous (but we re not sure why)? How can we use it as fuel in our vehicles? How does it compare with petrol 15 - Introduction

16 Some Properties of Transportation Fuels Hydrogen Methane Gasoline Normal Boiling Point C to 210 Density at Normal Boiling Point kg/litre ~0.7 Density relative to air Hear of combustion (liquid) MJ/kg (LHV) MJ/litre Limits of flammability in air Vol % 4 to to 15 1 to 7.6 Minimum ignition energy mj Burning velocity in air at NTP cm/s 265 to to to 43 16

17 Hydrogen is a safe fuel Hydrogen has been handled safely in industry for many years Hydrogen requires appropriate handling based on its properties Hydrogen fuelling and storage systems are pressurised and sealed 17

18 AP Fuelling Station Products Series 100 Compression/Storage/Dispensing Flexible H 2 Source Portable Easy Installation Minimal Plot Space 2 to 20 kg / day 14 Units Built 18

19 AP Fuelling Station Products Series 200 Compression / Storage Stand alone dispensing Flexible H 2 Source Easy Installation Minimal Plot Space 20 to 40 kg / day 8 Units Sold 19

20 AP Fuelling Station Products Hydrogen Fueller Totally self-contained No site installation High reliability Zero emissions 60 to 150 kg 20

21 21 Fuelling Station Projects Technology Demonstration City of Las Vegas, NV Las Vegas, 2002 Harvest Reformer Plug Power 50kW f/c HCNG and H 2 Penn State, 2004 Turnkey commercial Harvest Reformer Air Products PSA HCNG and H 2 UC Irvine, 2004 Renewable Wind Proton Electrolysis High Pressure H 2 production Toulouse, 2005 European coded Reformer AP PSA HCNG

22 Las Vegas Hydrogen Energy Station Fuel Cell Power NG H 2 Generator H 2 Storage H 2 Backup LH 2 CNG/H 2 Blender CNG/H 2 NG CNG Storage CNG 22

23 Nevada Hydrogen Project Fuel Cell Fuelling Station Natural Gas Reformer and PSA 23

24 Commercial Hydrogen Fuelling Installations Air Products Hydrogen Fuelling Systems PA JPG (303 KB) Supplied to major oil companies 24

25 Upcoming H 2 Fuelling Advancements Liquid Hydrogen (LHY) Mobile Fueler 10,000 psig/700 bar dispensing and storage Renewable H 2 Fuelling Infrastructure Demonstration Reformer Technology Advancements H 2 -CNG Applications Underground LHY Storage 25

26 26 Underground Liquid Hydrogen Fuelling Tank

27 Early Infrastructure Needs We will not require to develop a complete hydrogen fuelling infrastructure overnight Investments in hydrogen can be done gradually with growth in demand Key at this stage is to utilise existing industrial infrastructure where possible and to develop low cost fuelling solutions to meet the needs of the early stakeholders: Flexible fuelling for first vehicles Key technology demonstrators to gain experience and knowledge of performance and safety issues. 27

28 Current Approach to Hydrogen Fuelling Infrastructure Take part in small number of Technology Demonstrations: Learn about the performance and reliability of equipment in a real life setting Develop safety codes and standards High visibility, help with public confidence and political support Develop in parallel a range of flexible fuelling products Suitable for small fleets of vehicles Low installation and utility costs Mobile or relocatable in design Flexible in supply of fuel (onsite production or delivery) 28

29 Summary Hydrogen is available now Hydrogen can be produced and distributed safely using existing technology and products Reliability and operational needs of the early adopters must be met and should include onsite and retail fuelling as well as mobile fuelling solutions We must continue to advance technology by testing and development of long-term fuelling infrastructure concepts. 29

30 30 The Alternative to a Hydrogen Future

31 Thank you

32 tell me more