Simulation and Energy Analysis of Buildings. Rangan Banerjee Department of Energy Science and Engineering IIT Bombay

Transcription

1 Simulation and Energy Analysis of Buildings Rangan Banerjee Department of Energy Science and Engineering IIT Bombay Invited Talk at Innovations in Green Building Technology Nagpur 18 th January 2014

2 Issues/ Preamble Buildings important share of overall energy use Housing shortage significant growth Energy shortages fossil fuel reserves Climate Change Greenhouse gas problem, global warming Need for more renewables, energy efficiency

3 ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM (ENERGY SERVICES) END USE ACTIVITIES USEFUL ENERGY DISTANCE TRAVELLED, ILLUMINATION,C OOKED FOOD etc.. MOTIVE POWER RADIANT ENERGY ENERGY UTILISATION EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS FINAL ENERGY TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM SECONDARY ENERGY AUTOMOBILE, LAMP, MOTOR, STOVE WHAT CONSUMERS BUY DELIVERED ENERGY RAILWAYS, TRUCKS, PIPELINES REFINED OIL, ELECTRICITY ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITY POWER PLANT, REFINERIES PRIMARY ENERGY COAL, OIL, SOLAR, GAS 3

4 Cullen and Allwood,

5 Energy Services Energy service 2005 levels Units Thermal comfort m 3 K (degree-volume air) 19% Sustenance (food) J (food) 18% As a percentage of pro-rated primary energy use (including upstream conversion losses) Structural materials MPa 2/3 m 3 (tensile strength x volume) 14% Freight transport ton-km 14% Passenger transport* Hygiene passenger-km 14% m 3 K (temperature degree-volume of hot water) Nm (work) Communication bytes 6% 11% Illumination lumen-seconds 4% 5

6 Energy Supply 2005 Energy source EJ Oil 152 Coal 127 Gas 97 Biomass 54 Nuclear 30 Renewables 15 Direct fuel use 272 Electricity 183 Heat 20 Total 475 Cullen and Allwood, 2010 Conversion device EJ Diesel engine 58 Electric heater 58 Electric motor 55 Biomass burner 49 Gas burner 47 Petrol engine 41 Cooler 33 Coal burner 31 Oil burner 28 Heat exchanger 20 Light device 18 Electronic 16 Aircraft engine 11 Other engine 10 Heat 233 Motion 175 Other 67 Total 475 6

7 Energy Supply 2005 Passive system EJ Appliances/goods 88 Heated/cooled space 86 Steam system 67 Driven system 56 Car 40 Truck 38 Furnace 31 Hot water system 23 Illuminated space 18 Plane 10 Ship 10 Train 8 Final service EJ Thermal comfort 90 Sustenance 84 Structure 68 Freight transport 64 Passenger transport 64 Hygiene 56 Communication 29 Illumination 19 Buildings 215 Factory 154 Vehicle 106 Total 475 Cullen and Allwood,

8 End Uses Buildings Source: GEA Chapter 10 8

9 End Use Electricity by Appliances New Delhi Source: GEA,

10 Solar Biomass Wind Geothermal Electricity Space Cooling Space Heating Water Heating Cooking Lighting Appliances Motive power Computing 10

11 Solar Water Heating System STORAGE TANK COLLECTOR TO USAGE POINT AUXILIARY HEATER COLLECTOR TO USAGE POINT AUXILIARY HEATER FROM OVERHEAD TANK STORAGE TANK PUMP FROM OVERHEAD TANK Schematic of solar water heating system

12 Solar Photovoltaics Module Panel 12

13 Building Integrated PV 13

14 CII-IBC Building - Hyderabad 14

15 PV System Module Peak rating 125 W Area: 1.01 m

16 Solar Cooking - kitchen Solar Kitchen Rishi Valley mnes.nic.in/solar-stcooker.htm 16

17 Oorja stove Mukunda et al,

18 Rice Husk gasifier Cookstoves Source: Anderson,

19 Passive House, Zero Energy Buildings (Germany/Sweden) 19

20 Electricity Use - Scenarios Mumbai annual simulations Energy Plus cooling load, typical appliance ownership patterns Overall numbers based on Team Shunya house 680 ft 2 Baseline (AC) and Non-AC Energy Efficient AC and Non-AC (Solar water heater used for both) PV rating Net zero energy, no storage 20

21 SOLAR DECATHLON - RESEARCH AREAS Structural Analysis Materials Prefab construction Passive Architecture & Simulation MULTIPLE FACETS OF CONSTRUCTING A GREEN BUILDING Solar Potential & PV HVAC Design MEP System Design Instrumentation & Control Systems

22 COLLABORATION Inter-disciplinary research Team has students from 13 different disciplines Diverse team consisting of students from all major programmes PhD, M.Tech, Undergraduate (2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, 5 th Years) Collaboration and interfacing with industry experts

23 Simulation Framework

24 Team Shunya house

25 Solar thermal and PV on roof

26

27 Weekday consumption (AC-Baseline) Load(kW) Appliance & device use(kwh) AC (kwh) Total demand of house(kwh) Average(kWh) Total load(kwh) 18.7 Average load(kw) 0.8 Peak load(kw) Time(h)

28 Weekday consumption (EE-AC) Load(kW) Appliance & device use(kwh) AC(kWh) Total demand of house(kwh) Average Total load(kwh) 8.1 Average load(kw) 0.3 Peak load(kw) Time(h)

29 Comparison of houses (Mumbai) (kwh/year/m 2 ) Baseline AC Baseline Non-AC Energy Efficient(AC) Energy Efficient (Non-AC) AC Fan Lighting Water heater Appliances Total

30 Comparison of houses (Mumbai) 680 ft 2 carpet area Baseline AC Baseline Non-AC Energy Efficient(AC) Energy Efficient (Non-AC) Annual Electricity use (kwh) Monthly Electricity Use (kwh) Annual Electricity bill(rs) Monthly Electricity bill(rs)

31 PV panel rating(mumbai) 680 ft 2 carpet area Baseline AC Baseline Non-AC Energy Efficient(AC) Energy Efficient (Non-AC) PV rating 2.7 kw 2.1 kw 1.0 kw 0.8 kw Investment (Rs lakhs) Simple payback period 12.7 years 6.3 years Pref Tariff Rs 10/kWh 15.8 years 7.9 years

32 Cost Comparison of houses (Mumbai) 680 ft 2 carpet area Building Cost (Rs lakhs) Baseline AC Baseline Non-AC 9.5 (1400/ft 2 ) Furniture 2.5 Energy Efficient(AC) 12.4 (1800/ft 2 ) Energy Efficient (Non-AC) Appliances /ft /ft /ft /ft 2 Total Cost

33 Cost of Generated Electricity CGE Rs/kWh Discount Rate 33

34 Standard Fan vs Efficient Fan Standard Fan Efficient Fan Power 70 W 35 W Price Rs 1300 Rs 2600 BLDC motor Life : 10years Sweep 1200 mm RPM Similar air delivery 230 m 3 /min 34

35 Cost Of Saved Energy Efficient Fan CSE 8 Rs/kWh hours 2000 hours 3000 hours 4000 hours Discount Rate 35

36 Hourly cooling load profile

37 Cooling setpoint is 27 C

38 Cooling setpoint is 27 C

39 DAYLIGHTING simulation (83% area > 275 lux)

40 Structural frame

41 Components of heat gain

42 Temperature variation Non AC May 1) Source: Nayak and Prajapati, 2006

43 Aggregate Impact Residential 10.9 billion m 2 (2011) At 5% growth rate 27.5 billion m 2 (2030) Incremental billion m 2 (60% of stock) Assuming Non AC BAU case Additional electricity use 892 Billion kwh For Efficient design case reduces to 345 Billion kwh Incremental Power capacity 145,000 MW BAU Energy Efficient additional 56,000 MW (avoidance of MW, Rs crores) 43

44 Summing Up Efficient Buildings can transform energy sector Need for apriori simulation of building performance Energy Efficiency and Renewables at the Building Design stage itself Need to focus on new stock Energy efficiency cost effective at present prices PV needs preferential tariffs

45 References J.M. Cullen and J.M. Allwood: The efficient use of energy: Tracing the global flow of energy from fuel to service, Energy Policy 38 (2010) Mukunda et al, 2010: H. S. Mukunda; S. Dasappa; P J Paul; N K S Rajan; Mahesh Yagnaraman; D. Ravi kumar and Mukund Deogaonkar : Gasifier stoves - Science, technology and eld outreach, February 28, Anderson, 2012: The Future of Micro-gasifier Stoves, Keynote Presentation to the 2012 ETHOS Conference by Dr. Paul S. Anderson available at: o-gasifier%20stoves.pdf GEA Chapter 10: Ürge-Vorsatz, D., N. Eyre, P. Graham, D. Harvey, E. Hertwich, Y. Jiang, C. Kornevall, M. Majumdar, J. E. McMahon, S. Mirasgedis, S. Murakami and A. Novikova, 2012 Energy End-Use: Building. In Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp Nayak and Prajapati, 2006, Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings, Prepared under the interactive R & D project no. 3/ 4(03)/99-SEC between Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay and Solar Energy Centre, Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources. May

46 Acknowledgements + students and faculty of Team Shunya Jay Dhariwal Aravind Kumar What is the use of a house if you haven t got a tolerable planet to put it on? - Henry David Thoreau Balkrishna Surve rangan@iitb.ac.in Thank you