Why it is necessary - Characterization of Acute Community Exposure to Hazardous Air Pollution: Increasing the Value of Modern "Hot Spot" Studies

Transcription

1 Why it is necessary - Characterization of Acute Community Exposure to Hazardous Air Pollution: Increasing the Value of Modern "Hot Spot" Studies Paul J. Lioy, Ph.D. Exposure Science Division Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute Sponsored by RWJMS-UMDNJ and Rutgers University MARAMA Air Toxics Workshop Timonium, Maryland August 22, 2012

2 The Value of Characterization of Acute Community Exposure to Hazardous Air Pollution Identification of sources and their emissions Measurement of intermittent, single events or periodic high exposures Contacts leading to immediate health impacts Susceptible individuals General population and subgroups Identification of control/mitigation strategies Measurement of precursor or indicators of potential long term exposure and health outcomes Chronic developmental diseases, cancer, COPD, etc.

3 A Historical Context on Air Pollution: NJ ATEOS (Airborne Toxic Element and Organic Species) Study: Defined small sources contributing to Iron Bound Section of Newark Trends in Air pollution on decline national and local strategies have worked Lioy and Daisey, 1986 Lioy and Georgopoulos, 2011

4 Historic Acute AP Event: London Smog December,1952

5 Acute Exposures and Health Responses in Greater London, 1952 Smoke and sulphur dioxide, mg/m Smoke Sulphur dioxide Deaths November December? Deaths per diem

6 Pittsburgh Smog Acute and Long Term Exposures

7 September 11, 2001 What were the problems in identifying and understanding the Acute Air Toxic Releases? What did we learn, and still need to adopt?

8 WTC area Immediately after the Tower (s) Collapsed Courtesy of AP

9 The General Appearance of the Bulk WTC Dust Analyses by Millette, MVA, in Lioy et al, EHP, 2002

10 Basic Composition of WTC DUST

11 Lioy et al, 2004 Range % Indoor and Outdoor Mass By Aerodynamic Particle Size for all Analyzed Initial Dust/smoke and re-suspendable Settled Dust/smoke Samples Location <2.5 um um um >53 um Outdoors Indoors

12 Lessons Learned From Our Research at the WTC on Acute Exposures Need portable/flexible emergency response platforms and personal monitoring devices Define new strategies quickly collecting and analyzing chemical, physical & biological & Quickly processing Sensor data Require reliable information on the processes and toxicants stored at facilities and debris that is disposed of post event Implement short term exposure standards and associated methods for detecting concentration ranges of concern Memorialize safe Indoor and ambient clean up protocols Design and implement highly flexible respiratory protection equipment with communication capabilities

13 Present Day Acute Exposure Issues Local areas at risk beyond the general background or regional air. Other than Ozone and PM2.5, the local air pollution issues will continually provide regulatory challenges What are the local sources Point sources: Residential and Commercial, and small industry Home heating wood burning stoves Re-suspended street dust Accidents/ other disaster How do you differentiate apparent sources from the actual sources research coupled with monitoring? Emissions inventories Source Apportionment Directional measurement studies with plume verification

14 Strategies to Identify and Resolve Persistent Problem Areas Local hot spot studies of air pollution Saturation monitoring Purposive monitoring (directed at the potential source, but with better fingerprints). Modeling of change in source emissions Need better monitoring tools Community Based Research for the foreseeable future Work collaboratively to identify the problems Design a systematic and defensible study Report the results and recommend actions

15 What is a Hotspot? The Air Resources Board of the California Environmental Protection Agency, 1992 An area where the concentration of air toxics is at a level where individuals may be exposed to an elevated risk of adverse health effects (Air toxics update #8 Sep. 1992, CA OEHHA). State of Texas, 2007 A geographic area in which modeled or monitored ambient air concentrations of one or more priority toxic air contaminants exceed ambient air toxic standards (80(R) HB 2475 ACT draft, 2007, Texas). Analysis: somewhat limited point of view. Is there a local problem or is the area part of a regionally affected locale, e.g. ozone pollution

16 Example Hot Spots in New Jersey The Village of Waterfront South in Camden, NJ Community air pollution Personal exposure Paterson, NJ The impact of land use type on community air pollution Both areas have mixed sources of air pollution

17 Air toxics are also being reduced across the state Implication: may be easier to differentiate local source contributions especially in Hot Spots

18 A Hot Spot Study in Camden, NJ Mixed sources of air toxics Industrial sources (26 industrial and manufacturing facilities) Mobile sources (>100,000 diesel trucks/yr, HYW 676 and other major roads) Urban Sources (Philadelphia ~ 8 miles west of WFS)

19 Spatial Saturation Sampling Sites Facility Subject home Fixed Site in WFS Fixed Site in CDS

20 Example of Local sources: Toluene (2-60 µg/m³)

21 Spatial Distribution of Benzene (WFS: g/m 3 CDS: g/m 3 ) July August December, 2005

22 Are there More hot spots in NJ? Yes, sections of Near Elizabeth Linden Newark Jersey City Point sources Near roadway surprises

23 Braddock, Pa Mobile Monitoring Tunno et al, 2012

24 Strategies to address Local source issues Intensive monitoring with the appropriate measurement devices Short term integrated samples Continuous monitors Working with the Community to identify Issues Strategies to meet the needs of the source emissions or duration of events Quickly id contaminants of concern. Saturation monitoring Simple sampling devices with good detection limits Home based monitors Goal: to more easily define emission sources and consider effective control strategies

25 Acknowledgments The Camden study was supported by the Health Effects Institute (HEI Agreement Number: 4703-RFA03-1/03-15 ). The UCAMPP was supported by USEPA Community Air Toxics Program Ozone Research Center NJ DEP Center for Environmental Exposure and Disease NIEHS USEPA NERL (Cooperative Agreement]] UCDPER Collaborators: Many at: EOHSI e.g. T. Fan, C. Weisel, P. Georgopoulos, NJ DEP L. Bonanno, C. Pietarinen, WTC many organizations and individuals. U. Pittsburgh K. Shields, J. Clougherty, B. Tunno