The Energy Balance The Marcellus Shale Factor Working as a Community

Transcription

1 The Energy Balance The Marcellus Shale Factor Working as a Community Water Resources Old Issues Environment Actions for Young Adults New Issues

2 Document 2015 by B.F. Environmental Consultants Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of B.F. Environmental Consultants Inc. For permission Contact Mr. Brian Oram, PG

3 Presented by: Mr. Brian Oram, Professional Geologist (PG), Soil Scientist, Licensed Well Driller B.F. Environmental Consultants Inc. Water Research Center Keystone Clean Water Team Prepared For Kings College

4 B.F. Environmental Consultants Inc. Professional Consulting Services in the areas of water quality, soils, stormwater, geology, aquifer analysis, and land-development. Baseline Chain-of-Custody Expert Testimony Water Treatment Process/ Product Development

5 Water-Research Center Education and Outreach Program funded by B.F. Environmental Consultants Inc. Outreach Programs Environmental and Professional Education and Training for Citizens and Local Municipalities Water Quality Help Guides Information Library Community and Business Outreach Programs Low Cost Informational Water Testing Program with National Laboratory Citizen Monitoring Programs Website:

6 Keystone Clean Water Team ( Pacleanwater.org ) Private Well Owner and Community Fact Based Education and Outreach Programs Groundwater Quality Private Wells Energy Production, Use, and Conservation Source Water Protection Issues Renewable Energy Septic Systems Private Wells Source Water Protection

7 Current Programs Free Assistance in Reviewing Baseline Data for Private Well Owners Free Website with Information on Water Quality Problems with Case Studies Educational Materials and Educational Presentations Cell Phone Recycling Program Training Program for Baseline Samplers Go to or

8 Effort Start in 1989 We conducted private well owner and watershed education programs on private wells Education Program on how Groundwater and Surfacewater are Connected! The role of non-point source pollution and the concept We ALL Live Downstream.

9 Our Latest Educational Resource Description of the following: a. Citizen Database b. Baseline Testing c. Drinking Water Standards d. Specific Water Quality Standards e. Treatment Options f. How to Shock Disinfect a Well g. How to Properly Construct a Well h. General Guidelines on Baseline Testing Parameters. And More. Other Resources at

10 Todays Presentation Energy What, Where, and How Marcellus Shale (Formation and Process) Issues (Water Quality) What You Can Do!

11 1 Quadrillion 1,000,000,000,000,000 U.S Energy Consumption 2013 Import Quadrillion Btu (USA

12 U.S. Wins We Waste the Most Energy 58 % Wasted! This wasted energy could power the UK for 7 years.

13 This wasted energy could power the UK for 7 years.

14 Keystone Clean Water Team- pacleanwater.org Recycle Your Old Phones, Games Systems, small cameras, and ipods. Save Energy Recycle - Support Groundwater Education Recycle YOUR Old Cell Phone Fund Clean Water Education and Testing Bring your Small Devices to Riverfest 2014 Help Provide Power to 18,500 homes each Year In Energy Savings

15 Stop Energy Waste First Step Conservation Use Less Turn Off Equipment When Not Being Used and Unplug Energy Vampires. Buy Energy Efficient Appliances Put on a Coat before turning up the heat Upgrade Lighting Get an Energy Audit Switch to a Zone Heating and Cooling System Insulate Your Home Use Biomass for Supplementary Heating Goal Use Less Put More Money in Your Pocket

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17 Critical Issues Maintaining the Balance Understand Existing Problems (own them) Attempt to Understand Potential Problems (Mitigate) Monitor and be Vigilant Educate and Inform- Get the Facts! Be Open to Change Your Opinion Be Fact Based NOT Fear Based! Working as a Community!

18 Our Drinking Water Marcellus Shale The Match Of the Century Pick a Side and Lets See Who Wins. No We don t want this situation - This mindset is Causing all the Concern?

19 385 Million Years Ago Source:

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21 Concerns Related to Marcellus Shale In general, the concerns are related to the following: Surface Spills and Releases Near Surface Methane Gas Migration / Fugitive Emission Pushes and Slugs associated with Improper Cementing and not Properly Sealing the Existing Confining Layers Improper Disposal of Brines Freshwater Aquifer Contamination by brine water and drilling fluids/ muds. Drilling fluids may contain environmental contaminations (metals and organics). Pipeline loses and releases

22 Line of Death Luzerne County was glaciated and it is located within are within the Appalachian Plateau Province (Ridge/Valley) Source: DCNR -

23 Drilling Phase

24 Completion Video

25 Getting to The Natural Gas Freshwater Well 5000 to 7000 feet Freshwater Saline Brine Brine / connate Water- Trapped In formation when deposited Additional Cement Needed Up to a few thousand feet

26 Hydraulic Fracturing: An Oblique View Each fracture is roughly elliptical in shape. Height should be thickness of Marcellus layer, length as long as possible. The length can be 100 s to 1000 s of feet, but probably 500 ft vertical and 1000 horizontal. From Oilfield Review: Schlumberger Takes a lot of injection fluid to create many such fractures from a single well. 26

27 Types of Fluids Marcellus Shale - Associated with Top hole fluids typically the water from the freshwater aquifer. This water from the first 600 to 1200 feet. Bottom hole fluids brine or connate water. Stimulation Fluids fluid used to improve recovery (frac process)- includes biocides and other chemicals. Production Fluids water produced along the natural gas release similar to bottom hole fluid.

28 Arthur et. al., 2008 All Consulting Natural Gas Wells of the Marcellus Shale, Presented at Groundwater Protection Council 2008 Annual Forum.

29 Active Marcellus Production Site Frac Fluid Chemistry Typically Frac Water is comprised of clean water with a low probably for scale formation, but treated effluents and other sources being evaluated. The components include: Friction Reducer anionic polymer high molecular weight (hold frac sand and other particles) Wetting Agent- nonionic surfactant reduce surface tension and improve frac water flowback. Biocides- control growth or regrowth of microorganisms. Scale Inhibitor phosphate based chemicals to inhibit precipitate formation and scale formation.

30 Frac Water Chemical Disclosures FracFocus the hydraulic fracturing chemical registry website. This website is a joint project of the Ground Water Protection Council Interstate Oil and Gas Compact 93,000+ Well Sites Registered. Example

31 Available Frac Water (Includes Recycled) Chemistry Parameter Units Concentration PWS MultipleAbove PWS Standard Aluminum mg/l Arsenic mg/l Barium mg/l Iron mg/l Manganese mg/l Hardness mg/l T. Dissolved Solids mg/l N mg/l ph su ok Bromide mg/l Chloride mg/l Gross Alpha pci/l Gross Beta mrem/yr (Sr) Radium 228 pci/l Radium 226 pci/l updated by Brian Oram

32 Approximate Flowback Water - Wastewater Chemistry Concentration - mg/l (Source: PSU and Marcellus Shale Coalition Approximate Frac Water - Wastew ater Chemistry Concentration - mg/l (Source: PSU and Marcellus Shale Coalition) Bromide Chloride Sodium Calcium Magnesium Barium Strontium Potassium Ammonia Lithium Aluminum MBAS Iron NitrogenManganese Lead Arsenic Oil/Grease 0.1 Chloride Sodium Calcium Magnesium Barium More Data can be found at Iron Nitrogen Maganese Lead Arsenic Cd, Sb, Be, Cr Ni, Ag, Tl and other trace metals Oil/Grease Cadmium

33 Concentration, mg/l 300, , , , ,000 Glycols may be as high as 130 mg/l Most VOCs / SOCs < 1 mg/l Gross Alpha in Drill Cuttings ND 40,000+ pci/l T. Radium in Water pci/l 50,000 0 TDS Chloride Sodium T. Hardness (Ca+Mg) Strontium Frac Water/Recycled Flow back Water

34 We are Testing for BTEX and Additives! Are we Testing for Glycols? What about Acetone Napthalene?

35 Marcellus Shale - NORM Note: Alpha Decay Some Gamma Emission and Beta Decay

36 Radionuclide Natural gas Bq/m 3 Produced water Bq/L Hard scale Bq/kg Sludge Bq/kg U-238 trace 1 to to 10 Ra million ,000 Po ,000 Pb ,000 Rn-222 (radon) 5-200, million Th-232 trace 1 to 2 2 to 10 Ra Ra million ,000 BECQUEREL (Bq): A picocurie is d.p.s. or 0.03 Bq

37 Perf Gun

38 Misconception 1: Past Water Quality Issues are Not Being Communicated 100 % Pure Water No Problems

39 The Real Facts on Drinking Water Iron / Manganese Sediment / Gases 50% Other 50% Corrosion Bacteria

40 60 50 Percent Exceeded From the Database Predrilling Data ONLY! About 49% - Do NOT Meet Drinking Water Standards! 40 Percent Exceeded bis(2 ethylhexylphthaltes) What? Plasticizers? Well Inflenced by Saline Water 0 Total Coliform ph < 6.5 Lead Manganese Iron e. coli Phthaltes Therefore 3% of Private Wells may have a Saline water fingerprint. Arsenic TDS Sodium (> 200 mg/l) Chloride Gross Alpha

41 Nuisance Bacteria Can Really Do This? Before Homeowner Calls Evaluate Findings: Iron, Manganese, Aluminum High Chloride, Barium, Methane Low Nuisance Bacteria Extremely High ORP - Low Shock Disinfect and Clean Wellbore Primary Cause Nuisance Bacteria

42 Methane Migration (Natural, Induced, Facilitated) Smell is Odorless, Colorless, and Looks Like This: Add Ignition Source And Oxygen

43 Methane Gas Migration- Not Related to Marcellus Shale Wetland Landfill Lake Private Well 600 to 1200 ft Groundwater Flow 1200 to ft Gas from Non-Marcellus Shale

44 Just for the Record Note: For Humans - Some higher than others.

45 Methane Gas- Salt Spring! Video from Salt Springs State Park Fall 2010, by Brian Oram At the base of the gorge is a bubbling salt spring, traces of an 1850s woolen mill, and mid-19th century farmhouses and barns.

46 Protective Casing and Cement Do it Right!

47 Problems with Gas Migration and Cement

48 Migration Concepts- Non-Marcellus Shale - While Drilling- Proper Casement Placement Younger Water Table Private Well Confining Layer Shallow Gas Older Marcellus Shale

49 Migration Concepts- Multiple Casements and Recreate Confining Layers- Need Good Cement Bonds- Cement up to Deepest Casement or Surface Private Well Younger Water Table Confining Layer More Conventional Reservoir Older Target

50 Migration Methane Gas Migration At Wellhead Prior to Regulation Change

51 Gas Fingerprinting Upper Devonian Coal Gas Test Well Water for Methane, Ethane, and Propane- expensive and may need large volumes of samples and reference samples.

52 Properly Constructed Wells and Poorly Constructed Wells Proper Construction Poorly Constructed 600 to 1200 ft Fresh Water Saline Water Confining Bed Sea Level Brine Water Stagnant Water no to little flow

53 up to 2000 ft PSU Study -Migration and Disturbance During Drillinglosing circulation Proper Construction Poor Construction Lined Pit Key Points 1. Proper Casing and Cement of Marcellus Shale Wells 2. Knowing How Private Wells Are Constructed 3. Isolation Distances will not Solve This Problem. 4. Fixing Private Wells has to be part of the Solution. 5. This may account for the data on bromide from PSU. 6. The issue may not be well radial distance, but construction and drilling issue. 7. Recommend closed loop drilling with water within freshwater aquifer (no muds) or water-based muds.

54 Duke Study- Gas Well Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing" by Osborn If I told you your grade was /- 30 Did you get a zero? Note: 1. Action Level is 7 mg/l 2. Study done in an area with suspected gas migration Problems- Not Considered. 3. Data suggest a simple 2-D relationship. 4. Many samples well above Saturation- Influenced by Pump Depth. 5. Contains No Pre-Drill Datafor the shaded area. Title is spin.

55 Cabot Quick Look It looks like background methane levels may follow a linear/ curvilinear trend.

56 Common Problems Associated with Natural Gas Development and Private Wells Dirty and Discolored Water associated with the initial drilling of the well. Water has metallic taste. Increased Levels of iron, manganese, and aluminum and some other metals. Increased Levels of Dissolved Gases Primarily Methane, but also ethane, propane, and radon. Please Note These Photos May Also Represent Baseline Conditions

57 PADEP determined cause is related to Natural Gas PADEP determined cause is NOT related to Natural Gas Blue Dots - PADEP still evaluating Keyword 243 cases

58 What caused or is causing 77% of the problem? Is this NOT important? Answer NO One seems to be asking! Stated Cause Drilling 84 Impoundment Leak 1 Spill/ Surface Containment Issue 1 LEL > 10% LEL in wellhead 4 Presumption The Operator was presumed to be at fault 20 % Temporary Problem that resolved 26 % (but still a problem for a period of up to a year)

59 Not Just a Marcellus Shale Issue and in some cases other Private Wells are Part of the Problem

60 Legacy Issues Oil / Abandon Oil and Gas Well Older Conventional Gas Plays in Western Pennsylvania

61 Action as a Student Learn about How Your Family Use Energy Implement Energy Conservation Switch Bulbs, Close the Door Turn the Lights Out- Unplug Your Charger Put a Coat On, Put on Some Soaks, Where a Sweater Anything But Turning Up the Heat or the AC on. Help to Educate the Community. Be an example - Conserve Energy, Recycle, Reuse- Get the Facts. Get a Good Education and Make a Difference in Your Community

62 Changes in the Regulations Require Lined Sites with Containment. Require Cement Bond Logging. Require Cementing to Surface for all strings and production casing. Require Monitoring Private Wells During Drilling Process Field Screening Only Increase Baseline Testing Zone, but not a Circle. Require Closed Loop Drilling Require Disclosure Using Frac Focus More Cased Zones Multiple Cement Casing New Strings Placed Based on Local Geology and Well Survey Shallow Freshwater Deeper Freshwater Saline Zone Casing

63 New Community Resource Helping To Take Action Also: 1. We are Working on a Regional Citizen Water Quality Database. 2. We provide informational water testing- not Certified Test- Screening Testing Post Drilling Add Your Data to the Citizen Database

64 SUPPORTING the SPONSORS! Private Well Owners You may want to visit Pennsylvania Residents Consider Visiting the Keystone Clean Water Team! Educators Check Out The Water Research Center Career Training, Continuing Education, Professional Development Hours

65 Thanks

66 Presented by: Mr. Brian Oram, Professional Geologist (PG), Soil Scientist, Licensed Well Driller B.F. Environmental Consultants Inc. Water Research Center Keystone Clean Water Team Prepared For Shalefield Justice Spring Break

67 Certificate of Completion Training Event The Energy Balance The Marcellus Shale Factor Working as a Community Actions for Young Adults 2/26/ hour PDH or 0.2 CEUS Presented by Mr. Brian Oram, PG B.F. Environmental Consultants Inc 15 Hillcrest Drive Dallas, PA More Online

68 Most Contamination appears to be associated with Total Coliform Bacteria Insects, Larvae and Nests / Egg Masses Mouse Colonies Snakes Beehives Mud - when casing to close to ground Therefore In some cases - the Private Wells are Facilitating Groundwater Contamination.

69 Broad to Narrow Valleys Rounded Hills and Valleys Associated with Glaciation Valleys filled by glacial fluvial material Appalachian Plateau Province Y Un Un Younger (Y) Older (O) O Y Unconsolidated Material (Un) O

70 Ridge and Valley Province Bedrock has been folded into a series of anticline and synclinal structures. O Y O Y O Syncline Anticline

71 Edge Ridge and Valley Province Rt 309- Dallas, PA Llewellyn Bedding Planes with Seepage Pottsville Mauch Chunk

72 O L D E R Time 0 to 1.8 million years Geological Sequence Northeast PA Deposit or Period Rock Type Quaternary Glaciation sand, silt, clay, and gravel Not present (eroded and 1.8 to 290 million Tertiary to Permian weathered) million Pennsylvanian million Mississippian million Devonian million Silurian Llewellyn (coal) and Pottsville ( minor coal) Mauch Chunk Pocono and Spechty Kopf Catskill Formation Trimmers Rock Formation Mahantango Formation Marcellus Formation (Black Shale)- Target Onondaga Formation (calcareous sandy shale)

73 Active Marcellus Production Site Frac Fluid Chemistry Typically Frac Water is comprised of clean water with a low probably for scale formation, but treated effluents and other sources being evaluated. The components include: Friction Reducer anionic polymer high molecular weight (hold frac sand and other particles) Wetting Agent- nonionic surfactant reduce surface tension and improve frac water flowback. Biocides- control growth or regrowth of microorganisms. Scale Inhibitor phosphate based chemicals to inhibit precipitate formation and scale formation.

74 Private Wells Not Regulated Private Wells Are Not Regulated under Safe Drinking Water Act EPA NO PADEP NO County Very Few Counties in PA Townships some have basic ordinance on placement- some have comprehensive requirements

75 How Contaminants Can Get In to the Aquifer (Surface) Ungrouted Well Pit Sanitary Well Poorly Sealed and Sited Private Wells Facilitate Contaminant Migration

76 Gas Fingerprinting Upper Devonian Coal Gas Test Well Water for Methane, Ethane, and Propane- expensive and may need large volumes of samples and reference samples.

77 Private Wells/ Springs/ Water Systems in Pennsylvania What?

78 Methane in Water Methane has been a hidden issue in NEPA. The gas is colorless, tasteless, and odorless and there are no known health effects. Potential concerns relate to flammability/ explosiveness of gas. Background appears to range from non-detect to over 20+ mg/l (highly variable) in Northeast Pennsylvania

79 This is why the term Fairway is being used to describe the play. Source- Cabot Marcellus Shale Thickness Map

80 Migration Concepts- Multiple Casements and Recreate Confining Layers- Need Good Cement Bonds- Cement up to Deepest Casement or Surface Private Well Younger Water Table Confining Layer More Conventional Reservoir Older Target

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82 Protective Casing Do it Right!

83 Document 2015 by B.F. Environmental Consultants Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of B.F. Environmental Consultants Inc. For permission Contact Mr. Brian Oram, PG