Korean Water Quality Standards for the Protection of Human Health and Aquatic Life

Transcription

1 Korean Water Quality Standards for the Protection of Human Health and Aquatic Life Youn-Joo An (Dept. Environ. Sci., Konkuk University) Jae-Kwan Lee (National Institute of Environ. Res.) Soon Cho (Korean Ministry of Environment ) Contents 1 Introduction 2 Outline of research Selection of chemicals for expanding the WQSs Determination of the order of priorities of chemicals Establishment of Water Quality Standards 3 Future plan

2 Project outline Development of integrated methodology for evaluation of water environment 3-year research Funded by MOE and NIER, Korea Introduction Increasing usage of chemicals Approximately 40,000 kinds of chemicals have been distributed ib t d in Korea Greater emission to Water About 400 new substances have been added to the Korean market annually (MOE, 2006) Establishment of WQS

3 Introduction-Motivation Previous Shortage Previous Weakness Previously only 9 items present As, Cd, Cr 6+, Pb, Hg, ABS, PCBs, CN, Organophosphorus values are not low enough to protect health Korea : 0.1 mg/l Pb Japan : 0.01 mg/l Pb EU : 0.05 mg/l Pb Necessary to revise the WQSs Outline of research Selection of chemicals Considering the Persistence, Bioconcentration, Toxicity of chemicals HRA Dose-response assessment Exposure assessment Determination of the order of priorities of chemicals Risk characterization Treatment Technique Analysis Best Available Technology Establishment of WQS Economical aspects

4 Selection of chemicals for expanding the WQS Heavy metals Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Se, Sb A range of 43 chemicals VOCs Etc. benzene, TCE, PCE, DCM, 1,1-dichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, chloroethane, chloroform, vinyl chloride, styrene phenol, chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, PCP, diazinone, parathion, carbaryl, alachlor, 2,4-D, 1,2-dibromo-3- chloropropane, F, NH3-N, NO3-N, TOC, B, DEHA, DEHP, benzo(a)pyrene, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid Framework of deriving Korean water quality standards for the protection of human health Dose-response assessment Exposure assessment Human Criteria Health Monitoring value Risk characterization Analyses of best available technology, analysis technique and economic aspects Determination of priority chemicals Establishment of WQS

5 Dose-response assessment (methods) U.S.EPA's equations for deriving AWQC Carcinogenecity from IRIS * Linear Low-Dose Extrapolation AWQC 6 10 BW = 4 SF DI + ( FIi BAFi i = 2 ) BW AWQC = RfD RSC + 4 DI ( BAFi ) FIi i=2 Source of input parameters - SF, RfD : IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System) - BAF : U.S. EPA s human health criteria calculation matrix (2002) - BW, DI, FI : Korean standard values Dose-response assessment (results) Deriving of 20 water quality criteria for Human health chemicals Cancer effects ncance r effects chemicals Cancer effects Unit : ug/l ncancer effects Zn - 4,000 Ethylbenzene - 1,300 TCE 1.9-1,2-dichloroethane PCE Chloroform DCM Vinyl chloride ,1-dichloroethylene ,4-dichlorophenol - 39 Benzene ,4,6-trichlorophenol Carbon tetrachloride PCP Phenol - 8,900 EDHP Se Benzo(a)pyrene Toluene - 1,800 Sb - 4.7

6 Derivation of ecological risk criteria Australia/New Zealands acute and chronic ecological criteria were calculated (High) Reliability (Low) (Moderate) Depending on the availability of necessary ecotoxicity data, three levels of ecological risk criteria were derived < BurrliOZ program > Derivation of ecological risk criteria AFM < Assessment Add Your Factor TextMethod > PEC HQ = PNEC SSD < Statistical Extrapolation Method > SEM Moina macrocopa Selenastrum capricornutum

7 Exposure assessment Han river Dokdo Geum river Monitoring Data Nakdong river Youngsan river Jeju Island water quality monitoring data from 4 major rivers in Korea were used. (2004~2005 year, 85~113 sites) Risk characterization & Determination of priority chemicals Chemicals Criteria (A) Monitoring value (B) Ratio (ug/l) Detection frequency (%) Detection concentration (ug/l) (B/A) Order DEHP Carbon tetrachloride ,2-dichloroethane PCE Sb DCM Benzene Chloroform Vinyl chloride TCE PCP ,4,6-trichlorophenol Zn Se Phenol ,1-dichloroethylene ,4-dichlorophenol Toluene Ethylbenzene Benzo(a)pyrene

8 Establishment of Water Quality Standards Criteria Scheme of establishment of Water Quality Standards 1. Treatment Technique 2. Best Available Technology 3. Economical aspects WQS Scheme of establishment of Water Quality Standards D Yes Yes D>R R R te consideration of R Ultimat A phase in the new policy Yes D: BAT & TT D: Economical o ca aspects Reservation Yes / unavailable D Yes R: BAT & TT R: Economical aspects Reservation Yes / unavailable R D: drinking water standard= application of neutralizing value out of Korean drinking water standard (D K ) and WHO drinking water standard (D WHO ) R: value of risk assessment BAT: Best Available Technology TT: Treatment Technique

9 Future Plan for WQS Expansion in Korea Past Present 2009 year 2015 year (Plan) Addition of 6 new items Addition of 2 new items 9 items 15 items 17 items 30 items Arsenic (50ug/L) Chromium (Ⅵ) (50ug/L) ABS (500ug/L) Cadmium (10ug/L) Lead (100ug/L) Cyanide (t Detected) Mercury (t Detected) Organophosphorus compound (t Detected) PCB (t Detected) Arsenic (50ug/L) Chromium (Ⅵ) (50ug/L) ABS (500ug/L) Cadmium (5ug/L) Lead (50ug/L) Cyanide (t Detected) Mercury y( (t Detected) Organophosphorus (ND) PCB (t Detected) Benzene (10ug/L) Chloroform (80ug/L) Dichloromethane (20ug/L) Carbon chloride (4ug/L) 1,2-dichlroethane (30ug/L) Tetrachloroethylene (40ug/L) Arsenic (50ug/L) Chromium (Ⅵ) (50ug/L) ABS (500ug/L) Cadmium (5ug/L) Lead (50ug/L) Cyanide (t Detected) Mercury (t Detected) Organophosphorus (t Detected) PCB (t Detected) Benzene (10ug/L) Chloroform (80ug/L) Dichloromethane (20ug/L) Carbon chloride (4ug/L) 1,2-dichlroethane (30ug/L) Tetrachloroethylene (40ug/L) Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (8ug/L) Antimony (20ug/L)