Proposed emission standards for TCE, DCM and PCE

Transcription

1 Proposed emission standards for TCE, DCM and PCE Industrial Air Pollution Division Air Quality and Noise Management Bureau Pollution Control Department Bangkok, Thailand 29 February 2008

2 Environmental and Emission Standards Ambient air quality VS emission standards Ambient air quality standards To protect public from health risk posed by air pollution To set as national air quality goal To evaluate the air quality status To assess the success of control measures Emission standards To control source emission subsequently to attain ambient air quality standard

3 NAAQS for 9 VOCs (annual average) Benzene 1.7 µg/m 3 Vinyl Chloride 10 µg/m 3 1,2 Dichloroethane 0.4 µg/m 3 Trichloroethylene 23 µg/m 3 Dichoromethane 22 µg/m 3 1,2 Dichloropropane 4 µg/m 3 Tetrachloroethylene 200 µg/m 3 Chloroform 0.43 µg/m 3 1, 3 Butadiene 0.33 µg/m 3 Source: Notification of the National Environment Board, no 30, B.E. 2007, Dated September 14, B.E (2007), published in the Royal Government Gazette Vol. 124, special Part 143D dated September 28, 2550 (2007).

4 Trends of VOCs consumption in Thailand Net Consumption = Import - Export + Production - Use Consumption (tons) TCE DCM PCE Source: Year

5 TCE DCM PCE CAS #: Chemical formula C 2 HCl 3 CH 2 Cl 2 C 2 Cl 4 Chemical structure Physical State nonflammable colorless liquid, sweet odor nonflammable colorless liquid, sweet odor nonflammable colorless liquid, sweet odor Boiling point 87 C 40 C 121 C Melting point: -73 C C - 22 C Relative density: Vapor 20 C 7.8 kpa 47.4 kpa 1.9 kpa Molecular weight

6 Use of TCE, DCM, & PCE TCE DCM Vapor degreasing of metal parts Used as an extraction solvent for greases, oils, fats, waxes, and tars Paint removers/strippers, adhesives, spot removers, and rug-cleaning fluids. Paint strippers and removers Metal cleaning and finishing solvent in electronics manufacturing Used as a process solvent in the manufacture of drugs, pharmaceuticals, and film Source: Shin Okamoto (JICA Expert). Emission from degreasing facility. Presentation at PCD, July 20, 2007.

7 Use of TCE, DCM, & PCE PCE Dry cleaning and textile processing Chemical intermediate Vapor degreasing in metal-cleaning operations Source: Shin Okamoto (JICA Expert). Emission from degreasing facility. Presentation at PCD, July 20, 2007.

8 Industrial Degreasing Facilities: Evaporation and Condensation Freeboard ratio = b/a Source: modify from Manual for Voluntary Control in Industrial Cleaning Process, Ministry of the Environment, Japan and Japan Industrial Conference on Cleaning and Asahi Research Center, March 2007 (published in Japanese Language)

9 Industrial Degreasing Facilities: VOC Emission Control Technology Typical 3 bath cleaning system Source: modify from Manual for Voluntary Control in Industrial Cleaning Process, Ministry of the Environment, Japan and Japan Industrial Conference on Cleaning and Asahi Research Center, March 2007 (published in Japanese Language)

10 Industrial Degreasing Facilities: Emission Control Techniques Local ventilation system Optimize air volume/velocity Use vapor recovery/trap system (activated carbon) Degreasing Bath system Condenser, freeboard Proper operation use of lid/cover, dwell time

11 TCE Consumption Estimation by Sectors Machineries-Others 19% Others 2% Auto/Auto part 6% Electric/Electronics 28% Metal plating 34% Compress and mold 11% Note: Estimation based on preliminary survey and questionnaires, 2007

12 TCE: Estimated Emission Machineries-Others 19.4% Others 0.7% Auto/Auto part 6.5% Electric/Electronic 28.2% Metal plating 34.3% Compress and mold 10.9% Total emission ~7,640 tons Note: Estimation based on preliminary survey and questionnaires, 2007

13 DCM Consumption Estimation by sectors Machinery and metal 4% Others 16% Auto part and automobile 12% Electronic and electric 68% Note: Estimation based on preliminary survey and questionnaires, 2007

14 DCM: Estimated Emission Machineries 1% Others 9% Auto/Auto part 14% Electric/Electronics 76% Total emission ~5,583 tons Note: Estimation based on preliminary survey and questionnaires, 2007

15 Proposed TCE/DCM Emission Standards Target industry Electric/Electronics, Auto/Auto part, Machinery and? Thresholds Factory using target solvent more than xx tons/yr Options Option 1 (Design standards) Use Degreasing Bath (Chiller, Condenser) Use Ventilation system with Activated Carbon. Stack height of more than x meters Option 2 (Concentration standards) To achieve National Ambient Air Quality Standards Application of modeling to study environmental impact and health risk assessment based on current estimated emission

16 Considerations of Proposed Emission Standards Industry type Threshold Design Standard Concentration Standard Advantages Possible to covers 90+% of estimated emission (major sources) Does not pose financial burden for small polluter. Incentive for industry to use less solvent. Compatible with occupational health standard Can predict the concentration level to meet ambient standard Disadvantages Small factory may have no control Identifying target factory may require new/modified system May require investment cost and O&M costs Dilution by large volume of air is need to be taken care of accordingly

17 Emissions from Dry Cleaning Facilities Evolution of Dry Cleaning Machines ( Generations) Generation Characteristics 3rd - developed in late 70s - early 80s - Built-in refrigerated condensers - Closed system 4th - additional vapor recovery unit (activated carbon) 5th - Does not use chlorinated solvent

18 PCE Emission mechanism Schematic diagram of PCE dry cleaning Emission may result from: Solvent spills Fugitive leaks from piping Vapor emitted when removing clothes from machines Source: Shin Okamoto (JICA Expert). Emission from dry cleaning facilities. Presentation at PCD, December 4, 2007.

19 Emission control Use machine that complete cycle from cleaning to drying. Use machines that can recover solvent or install such system. Source: Shin Okamoto. (JICA Expert) Emission from dry cleaning facilities. Presentation at PCD, December 4, 2007.

20 PCE Estimated Emission Machineries 0.4% Dry Cleaning:Hotel (medium to large) 70.1% Total emission ~ 1,210 tons Dry Cleaning: Independent shop 29.5% Note: Estimation based on preliminary survey and questionnaires, 2007

21 PCE Emission Standards Simulation by METI-LIS: - to determine current situation of PCE concentration from Hotel and dry cleaning facilities Options Option 1 (Design standards) Requires to install condensers / regenerators, or Activated carbon Requires stack height of more than 10 meters Option 2 (Concentration Standards) Source: Shin Okamoto. (JICA Expert). Emission from dry cleaning facilities. Presentation at PCD, December 4, 2007.

22 PCE Proposed Emission Standards Options Options Advantages Disadvantages Option 1 Design standard Easily meet as old machines replaced May requires cost for shops. Require to determine threshold? (weight of cloth washed?) Option 2 Concentration standard Easily Meet with control devices Need to determine the concentration High administrative cost for implementation Source: Shin Okamoto. (JICA Expert). Emission from dry cleaning facilities, Presentation at PCD, December 4, 2007.

23 Future plan Source identification for TCE/DCM (more input data) Review and update consumption and estimated emission correlation Determine the appropriate emission control approaches such as emission standards or control measures i.e. code of practice, design/operation requirement Stakeholder discussion including government agencies, private and public sector Preventive measures: advance technology for emission control or chemical substitution to less hazardous compounds