Realizing a Renewable Energy Future through Power-to-Gas

Transcription

1 Realizing a Renewable Energy Future through Power-to-Gas California Fuel Cell Partnership UCLA, Los Angeles, CA Jack Brouwer, Ph.D. Associate Director April 25, 2017

2 Earth Energy Balance Earth Radiation, Eer (to space) C.V. Solar Radiation Es Reflected Solar Radiation DE earth = Es Esr - Eer 2/25

3 Earth Energy Resources Primary Energy: All Comes from the Sun Energy sustainability requires conversion of resources at the same rate at which they are naturally replenished on earth without externalities Courtesy: BMW Group, /25

4 Earth Energy Resources Primary Energy: All Comes from the Sun physics.ucsd.edu, 2016 Fossil Fuels Energy sustainability requires conversion of resources at the same rate at which they are naturally replenished on earth without externalities Courtesy: BMW Group, /25

5 Cost of Solar Power Good News! Solar PV costs are dramatically falling 5/25

6 Cost of Solar/Wind Power Solar Cost Considerations ~20 % capacity factor effectively 5-times the cost/kwh At $1-$2/W $5,000-$10,000/kW for equivalent continuous generator Location Considerations Need significant transmission and distribution infrastructure Cost, aesthetics, legal NREL, /25

7 Dynamics of Solar, Wind and other Renewables Power (kw) Solar most regular, predictable and widely available Wind is more dynamic, somewhat complements solar Together these will eventually meet almost all demands Must be balanced with loads PV Power 7.9 kw EZ Power (In) 4.2 kw FC Power (Out) Grid Power Time (One Week) Increased GT ramping Significant curtailed generation 7/25 Reduced GT capacity factor

8 Energy Storage Need Gedankenexperiment consider a completely solar world Do as much conservation & efficiency as possible How much storage is needed? World Total (Mtoe) kwh/toe kwh TWh 9,301 11, E ,171 Total Storage Needed Daily shifting only: 237 [Key World Statistics, IEA, 2015] Batteries needed, but, cannot do it all! Massive cost (connected power & energy scaling) Self discharge (measured performance in utility applications) Seasonal shifting: 28,846 [SGIP Impacts Eval., Itron, 2016] 8/25

9 Electrolysis A Flexible Load Electrolyzers (PEM, alkaline) produce hydrogen & oxygen from water Provide load when wind or solar would otherwise be curtailed Fast response allows for use with variable input (<2 sec) Fast response can provide other ancillary services (e.g., regulation, Volt/VAR support) Sizes range from 10 s of KW to several MW (today) 9/25

10 Hydrogen Energy Storage CHBC White Paper HES Better for long-term energy storage 10/25

11 Hydrogen Energy Storage Dynamics Compressed Hydrogen Storage complements Wind & Power Demand Dynamics in Texas Oct. 2 Oct. 3 Oct. 4 Oct. 5 Oct. 6 Oct. 7 Oct. 8 Load shifting from high wind days to low wind days Hydrogen stored in adjacent salt cavern Maton, J.P., Zhao, L., Brouwer, J., Int l Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38, pp , /25

12 Pressure (Bar) Hydrogen Energy Storage Dynamics Temperature (K) Pressure (Bar) Temperature (K) Weekly storage and seasonal storage possible with hydrogen and fuel cells/electrolyzers all zero emissions! Weekly Seasonal Pressure Temperature Pressure Temperature Maximum Pressure Maximum Pressure Minimum Pressure Minimum Pressure Oct. 2 Oct. 3 Oct. 4 Oct. 5 Oct. 6 Oct. 7 Oct Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 280 But what can we do if we don t have a salt cavern? Maton, J.P., Zhao, L., Brouwer, J., Int l Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38, pp , /25

13 LINE 1027 LINE 1028 LINE 6900 LINE 6000 LINE 6902 LINE 6903 Natural Storage & Transmission/Distribution Resource Natural Gas Transmission, Distribution & Storage System LINE 800 Southern California Gas Company Facilities W LINE 1010 S E GOLETA LINE 7000 LINE 85 VALLEY SYSTEM (150 MMCFD) LINE 247 LINES 1003,1004,1005 COASTAL SYSTEM (120 MMCFD) N LEGEND VENTURA STATION LINE 7200 LINE 225 LINE 119 GREATER LOS ANGELES METROPOLITAN AREA LINE 7039 ALISO CANYON RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR STATION KERN RIVER STATION WHEELER RIDGE (680 MMCFD) LINES 404/406 HONOR RANCHO QUIGLEY PLAYA DEL REY LINE 335 LINE 235 LINES 3000, 3003, 3008, 1180, 1181, 1192 PACIFIC GAS & ELECTRIC KERN/MOJAVE ADELANTO LINE 1185 CHI NO LINE 4002 YORBA DANA POINT LINE 235 LINE 5000 LINE 2001 LINE 2000 LINE 4000 MORENO STATION NEWBERRY LINE 2001 LINE 2000 LINE 5000 HECTOR RD. (50 MMCFD) KELSO CACTUS CITY KERN LINE 1030 LINE 235 LINE 3000 CALIF NEV NORTH NEEDLES (750 MMCFD) MOJAVE DESERT CENTER TOPOCK (540 MMCFD) TRANSWESTERN COLORADO RIVER BLYTHE (1210 MMCFD) EL PASO EL PASO ARIZONA CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR STATION PRESSURE LIMITING STATION SAN DIEGO STORAGE FIELD TRANSMISSION BACKBONE NOT TO SCALE 4/00 Carmona, Adrian, M.S. Thesis Project, UC Irvine, J. Brouwer advisor, /25

14 LINE 1027 LINE 1028 LINE 6900 LINE 6000 LINE 6902 LINE 6903 Natural Storage & Transmission/Distribution Resource Natural Gas Transmission, Distribution & Storage System LINE 800 Southern California Gas Company Facilities W LINE 1010 S E GOLETA LINE 7000 LINE 85 VALLEY SYSTEM (150 MMCFD) LINE 247 LINES 1003,1004,1005 COASTAL SYSTEM (120 MMCFD) N LEGEND VENTURA STATION LINE 7200 LINE 225 LINE 119 GREATER LOS ANGELES METROPOLITAN AREA LINE 7039 ALISO CANYON RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR STATION KERN RIVER STATION WHEELER RIDGE (680 MMCFD) LINES 404/406 HONOR RANCHO QUIGLEY PLAYA DEL REY LINE 335 LINE 235 LINES 3000, 3003, 3008, 1180, 1181, 1192 PACIFIC GAS & ELECTRIC KERN/MOJAVE ADELANTO LINE 1185 CHI NO LINE 4002 YORBA DANA POINT LINE 235 LINE 5000 LINE 2001 LINE 2000 LINE 4000 MORENO STATION NEWBERRY LINE 2001 LINE 2000 LINE 5000 HECTOR RD. (50 MMCFD) KELSO CACTUS CITY KERN LINE 1030 LINE 235 LINE 3000 CALIF NEV NORTH NEEDLES (750 MMCFD) MOJAVE DESERT CENTER TOPOCK (540 MMCFD) TRANSWESTERN COLORADO RIVER BLYTHE (1210 MMCFD) EL PASO EL PASO ARIZONA CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR STATION PRESSURE LIMITING STATION SAN DIEGO STORAGE FIELD TRANSMISSION BACKBONE NOT TO SCALE 4/00 Carmona, Adrian, M.S. Thesis Project, UC Irvine, J. Brouwer advisor, /25

15 P2G Accomplishment: Lab-Scale Electrolyzer Dynamics HOGEN-RE proton exchange membrane electrolyzer Hydrogen production dynamics (with and without clouds) 15/25

16 P2G Accomplishment: Hydrogen Pipeline Injection Pressure (inh2o) H2 injection into existing natural gas infrastructure (low pressure) NG, H2/NG mixtures, H2 leak at same rate NG 10% H2 H Day of Test 16/25

17 P2G Accomplishment: Hydrogen Leakage Assessment H2 and H2/NG mixture leakage rates Test apparatus with fixed small orifice 17/25

18 P2G Accomplishment: Leak Mitigation Evaluation Pressure (inh2o) H2 injection into existing natural gas infrastructure (low pressure) Copper epoxy applied (Ace Duraflow ) After application Original Day of Test H2 10% NG H2 - Original NG - Original 10% H2 - Original 18/25

19 P2G Accomplishment: Electrolysis Alternatives kwh/kg-h2 Solid Oxide Electrolysis and Co-Electrolysis Comparison to PEMFC (lower activation losses, higher ohmic losses) 60 Electrolysis Efficiency Comparison Current Density (A/cm2) 0% CO2-10% H2 60% CO2-10% H2 PEMEC 19/25

20 P2G Accomplishment: Pipeline Materials Impacts Simulation of H2 embrittlement and fatigue crack growth with UIUC Fatigue crack growth in 6 SoCalGas pipeline h a wall thickness: ( h 0.188" 4.8 mm) ri ro Hydrogen gas Air cr a h cr a h 20/25

21 P2G Accomplishment: UCI Microgrid Simulation P2G could significantly increase renewable percentage at UCI 35.31% Renewable Energy Integration! 21/25

22 P2G Accomplishment: Large Electrolyzer Deployment APEP/NFCRC 6kW Electrolyzer First H2 Pipeline Injection Small Electrolyzer 66kV Edison MacArthur Substation Thermal Storage 4,500,000 Gal 60,000 Ton-Hour Central Plant: 8 chillers Gas turbine: 13.5 MW Steam turbine: 5.5 MW Large Electrolyzer National Fuel Cell Research Center /25

23 P2G Accomplishment: Large Scale Electrolyzer Injection and combustion of H2/NG mixture in NGCC (400 psi line) 23/25

24 P2G Accomplishment: Large Scale Electrolyzer Injection and combustion of H2/NG mixture in NGCC (400 psi line) ~0.24 volume % H2 in natural gas 24/25

25 Power-to-Gas Economics Producing hydrogen from otherwise curtailed renewable power is economically attractive 25/25

26 Power-to-Gas Economics Various Pathways Levelized Cost of Returned Energy (LCORE) Future Costs & Efficiencies 50% capacity factor for all equipment Battery Energy Storage $14.14/GJ ~ $41.68/GJ $50.80/MWh ~ $149.69/MWh $57.21/GJ ~ $109.88/GJ $205.48/MWh ~ $394.62/MWh $21.44/GJ ~ $59.80/GJ $76.99/MWh ~ $214.77/MWh Electrolyzer $59.37/GJ ~ $924.32/GJ $8.38/kg H2 ~ $130.51/kg H2 Legacy NGCC $5.60/GJ ~ $10.36/GJ $5.90/MMBtu ~ $10.90/MMBtu $10.83/GJ ~ $19.18/GJ $11.40/MMBtu ~ $20.19/MMBtu 26/25

27 27/25

28 28/25

29 SoCalGas P2G Support & UC Irvine Major Actions and Accomplishments in Lab-scale H 2 production dynamics by direct-dc & AC PV electrolysis 2. Hydrogen injection into existing natural gas distribution system infrastructure leakage assessment 3. Evaluation of one customer-side leakage mitigation strategy 4. Evaluated alternative electrolysis technologies (PEME, SOE, REP) 5. Collaboration with SoCalGas to evaluate hydrogen and hydrogen blend leakage rates 6. Simulation of pipeline materials impacts (embrittlement, fatigue) 7. Simulation of P2G impacts in grid and microgrid 8. Full-scale hydrogen production & injection into 400 psi line 9. Combustion of P2G gas in NGCC 10. Economic analyses 29/25

30 P2G Accomplishment: Lab-Scale Electrolyzer Dynamics Cell Voltage HOGEN-RE proton exchange membrane electrolyzer Performs best when hot (summer vs. winter) C 25-26C 27-30C 31+ C <20 C Current Density (ma/cm) 30/25

31 P2G Accomplishment: Detailed Economic Analyses Levelized Cost of Returned Energy (LCORE) Future Costs & Efficiencies 50% capacity factor for all equipment 31/25

32 P2G Accomplishment: Detailed Economic Analyses Levelized Cost of Returned Energy (LCORE) Pathways compared here: Electr. + Fuel Cell + Electricity to egrid Electrolyzer + H2 to gas grid Electr. + Methanator + NG to gas grid Battery ES + Electricity to egrid 32/25

33 P2G Accomplishment: Lab-Scale Electrolyzer Dynamics HOGEN-RE proton exchange membrane electrolyzer Installed, connected, evaluated with PV direct-dc and 220V AC Sunny and cloudy days Overall performance Efficiency in various operating modes BoP losses DC vs. AC Dynamics Hydrogen uses (1) vented (2) stored (3) pipeline injected (4) end-use consumed 33/25

34 P2G Accomplishment: Lab-Scale Electrolyzer Dynamics Power (Watts) Efficiency HOGEN-RE proton exchange membrane electrolyzer Balance of Plant loss dynamics (direct-pv mode) :00:00 9:28:48 DC/DC Power Loss 9:57:36 PV Power 10:26:24 Stack Power 10:55:12 11:24:00 DC/DC Conversion Efficiency 34/25

35 P2G Accomplishment: Electrolysis Alternatives Reformer Electrolyzer Purifier (REP) concept of FuelCell Energy 35/25

36 P2G Accomplishment: Electrolysis Alternatives Reformer Electrolyzer Purifier (REP) concept of FuelCell Energy 36/25