WATER QUALITY. Mailing: P.O. Box 43020, Phoenix, AZ Street: N. Seventh Street, Phoenix, AZ Phone: az.

Transcription

1 Central Arizona Project ANNUAL WATER QUALITY REPORT Mailing: P.O. Box 43020, Phoenix, AZ Street: N. Seventh Street, Phoenix, AZ Phone: Web: az.com Arizona s single largest resource for renewable water supplies

2 ANNUAL WATER QUALITY REPORT Prepared by the Water Control Department June 2006 Contributing Efforts by: CAP Environmental Compliance University of Arizona Arizona State University CAP Photographs by: Philip Fortnam

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION... 5 Water Quality Standards Historical Water Quality Information CAP CANAL WATER QUALITY DATA... 7 Water Quality Program Grab Sample Schedule CAP Sampling Location Map Real-Time Water Quality Program Tabular Results of Weekly Grab Sample Program Graphical Results of Weekly Grab Sample Program LAKE PLEASANT WATER QUALITY DATA Lake Pleasant Reservoir Lake Pleasant Sampling Lake Pleasant Depth Profiles Agua Fria Inflow Graphs Schematic of Seasonal Flow Directions at Lake Pleasant Graphical Results of Lake Pleasant Depth Profiles Tabular Results of Lake Pleasant Water Quality Samples GENERAL DISCUSSION Discussion of Water Quality Sampling Results Summary of Water Quality Analytes and Regulatory Levels Water Quality Impacts from the Bill Williams River Taste and Odor Research Program Lake Pleasant Fall Release Strategy Comprehensive Watershed Management for the Valley of the Sun Perchlorate Groundwater Recharge Projects SUMMARY Contact Information Page 3

4 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURES Figure 1.0 Canal Grab Sample Dissolved Oxygen Results...19 Figure 1.1 Canal Grab Sample Temperature Results...20 Figure 1.2 Canal Grab Sample ph Results...21 Figure 1.3 Canal Grab Sample Turbidity Results...22 Figure 1.4 Canal Grab Sample TDS Results...23 Figure 2.0 Lake Pleasant Hydrology Winter Figure 2.1 Agua Fria Monthly Flows...29 Figure 2.2 Lake Pleasant Inflows From Agua Fria Annual Volumes Figure 2.3 Lake Pleasant Depth Profile, Temperature...34 Figure 2.4 Lake Pleasant Depth Profile, ph...35 Figure 2.5 Lake Pleasant Depth Profile, Dissolved Oxygen...36 Figure 3.0 Alamo Dam Releases November 2004 April Figure 3.1 CAP Real-Time Turbidity Data...43 Figure 3.2 Bill Williams Inflows vs Turbidity at Lake Havasu January 2005-April Figure 3.3 CAP/ASU Weekly Samples Fall 2005, MIB...47 Figure 3.4 CAP/ASU Weekly Samples Fall 2005, Geosmin...48 Figure 3.5 CAP/ASU Weekly Samples Fall 2005, Cyclocitral...49 Figure 3.6 Lake Pleasant Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Fall TABLES Table 1.0 Lake Havasu Grab Sample Results...13 Table 1.1 Little Harquahala Pumping Plant Grab Sample Results...14 Table th Avenue Grab Sample Results...15 Table 1.3 Mckellips Rd. Grab Sample Results...16 Table 1.4 Brady Pumping Plant Grab Sample Results...17 Table 1.5 San Xavier Pumping Plant Grab Sample Results...18 Table 2.0 Lake Pleasant Operations Summary Table 2.1 Lake Pleasant Grab Sample Results Table 3.0 CAP Canal Sampling Results for MIB, Geosmin, Cyclocitral Page 4

5 INTRODUCTION The Central Arizona Project (CAP) delivers Colorado River water from Lake Havasu on Arizona's western border to central and southern Arizona. The total CAP system is 336 miles long and consists of open canals, siphon pipelines, tunnels, pumping plants, check structures, and turnouts. CAP is Arizona's largest supplier of renewable water. CAP is a multi-purpose project with a design capacity of 1.5 million acre-feet of water delivered each year to cities, industries, Indian communities, and agricultural customers as it crosses the arid desert. Colorado River water offsets groundwater mining, which benefits the state in water conservation, long-term storage for future use, supplementing surface water supplies, and complying with the Arizona Groundwater Management Act. CAP also provides flood control, power management, recreation, and fish and wildlife benefits. Other water-limited areas of Arizona or other states such as California, Nevada, and New Mexico can benefit from CAP through water exchanges. The CAP canal system is connected to the Salt River Project (SRP) canal system. This allows transfers and delivery of Colorado River water to SRP for customer use and direct recharge. SRP manages and operates a storage reservoir and canal system, which supplies water to a 240,000-acre service area within the metropolitan area of Phoenix, Arizona. Water Quality Standards CAP does not provide potable water directly to the public. CAP is a raw water supplier and delivers Colorado River water to municipal water treatment plants. These plants perform primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment of the water to remove suspended particles and bacteria. The treated water is delivered through the municipal distribution system for domestic use. CAP has developed a water quality-monitoring program, which consists of three areas: 1) Ongoing monitoring of primary pollutants and general water chemistry 2) Ongoing corrosion and materials studies 3) Customers' parameters of interest Water quality monitoring provides data and information to CAP staff and customers about patterns and trends in the canal and Lake Pleasant water quality. The data can also be used to identify potential water contaminant sources. Water comes from two basic sources: (1) Colorado River, and (2) Lake Pleasant. As previously mentioned, the Colorado River is the main source of CAP water, but Agua Fria River inflow from rainfall/runoff on the Lake Pleasant watershed mixes with Colorado River water that is stored in the reservoir. Page 5

6 The CAP canal system has cross-drainage overchute structures, which are designed to minimize the offsite runoff from entering the canal. However, some limited urban offsite runoff results from bridges crossing the CAP aqueduct. Historical Water Quality Information Prior to 1996, the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and the Central Arizona Water Conservation District (CAWCD) had cooperated with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for a water quality sampling program. The USGS collected monthly and quarterly grab samples at three sites on the CAP canal system: (1) Planet Ranch Road bridge (MP 8) (2) 7th Street bridge (MP 162) (3) County Road bridge just upstream of the Santa Rosa Turnout (MP 252) The water quality program tested and analyzed over 50 parameters. Historical CAP water quality data is available in the annual USGS Water Resources Data for Arizona reports. The period of record for the historical data is October 1985 through September The cooperative agreement with the USGS sampling program expired on September 30, Copies of the USGS annual reports can be obtained by contacting the USGS Tucson Office at (520) CAP began publishing an annual water quality report in Copies of the annual reports since 1996 can be obtained by contacting the CAP Water Control Department at (623) Page 6

7 CAP CANAL WATER QUALITY DATA

8 CAP CANAL WATER QUALITY Water Quality Program CAP's water quality program consists of scheduled grab samples, which are analyzed by a commercial laboratory, and real-time water quality data from sensors installed at various locations along the canal system. The water quality program consists of scheduled, unscheduled and real-time water quality sampling. Grab Sample Program In January 1999, CAP contracted with Montgomery Watson Laboratory, a State of Arizona licensed and certified laboratory, to perform the water quality grab sample tests. This program includes the following constituents and sampling sites: Water Quality Constituents: General Parameters: Temperature (field measured) ph (field measured) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (field measured) Conductivity (field & lab measured) Alkalinity Ammonia Nitrogen Barium Calcium Chloride Copper Ferrous Iron Iron (Total) Magnesium Manganese Orthophosphate-P Potassium (Total) Silica Sodium (Total) Specific Conductance Strontium Sulfate Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Total Phosporus-P Turbidity Page 8

9 Taste and Odor: MIB / Geosmin (as needed basis only) Pathogens: Giardia / Cryptosporidium Priority Pollutants: Heavy Metals (As,Cd,Cr,Pb,Hg,Se,Ag) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC's) Volatile Organic Aromatics (VOA's) Organophosphorus Pesticides Carbamate Pesticides Chlorinated Herbicides In 2004, CAP reviewed the grab sample program, as a result the following changes to the sampling program were made: The weekly general samples were moved to a monthly interval. The monthly samples were changed to include Sodium, Potassium, Barium, Strontium, Silica, Nitrate, Ammonia, Ortho-Phosphate, Total Phosphate, Dissolved (Ferrous) Iron. No changes were made to the Quarterly samples that include the priority pollutants. These changes were made to make better use of CAP resources without reducing the amount of data that is available to our customers. The general parameters, priority pollutants, and pathogens were sampled according to the attached grab sample schedule. Water Quality Sampling Sites: Mark Wilmer Pump Plant 0 Little Harquahala Pump Plant 58 99th Avenue 149 McKellips Road 194 Brady Pump Plant 254 San Xavier Pump Plant 319 CAP Canal at Milepost Included is a map that identifies the grab sample locations. Water quality data is presented in the tables The data represents the measured values for each month per site. Figures are included which provide a graphical representation of site versus time comparisons. The results for the grab sample program are updated monthly on CAP s website. Page 9

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11 2005 Grab Sample Schedule Month Havasu Little Harq. Lake Pleasant 99th Ave. McKellips Brady San Xavier JAN G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H FEB G, PP, GC H (2/2) G, H G, PP, GC H (2/14) G, PP, GC H (2/7) G, H G, H G, PP, GC H (2/9) MAR G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H APR G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H MAY G, PP, GC H (5/17) G, H G, PP, GC H (5/9) G, PP, GC H (5/11) G, H G, H G, PP, GC H (5/10) JUN G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H JUL G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H AUG G, PP, GC H (8/10) G, H G, PP, GC H (8/30) G, PP, GC H (8/11) G, H G, H G, PP, GC H (8/23) SEP G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H OCT G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H NOV G, PP, GC H (11/2) G, H G, PP, GC H (11/16) G, PP, GC H (11/7) G, H G, H G, PP, GC H (11/8) DEC G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G, H G= General Chemistry: alkalinity, ammonia nitrogen, barium, calcium, chloride, copper, ferrous iron, iron, magnesium, manganese, nitrate, orthophosphate, potassium, silica, sodium, specific conductance, strontium, sulfate, total dissolved solids (TDS), total phosphorus, and turbidity. H= HydroLab readings of temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and ph will be taken each month at Lake Pleasant. GC= Giardia/Cryptosporidium PP= Priority pollutants: metals (silver, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, selenium), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) semi-volatile organic compounds (semi-vocs), aldicarbs, herbicides, and perchlorate (beginning August 2004). The following data tables are the results of the 2005 grab sample program. Page 11

12 Real-Time Water Quality Program The real-time water quality program consists of a Hach turbidity meter and a YSI multi-probe sensor installed at each of three sites: (1) Mark Wilmer Pump Plant (Havasu Inlet) (2) Hassayampa Pump Plant (3) Waddell Pump/Generator Plant The real-time data is collected and stored in CAP's control system database and on-demand reports can be generated. The following are the real-time parameters: Hach: YSI: Turbidity ( NTU) Temperature ph Dissolved Oxygen Conductivity Total Dissolved Solids Turbidity (0-50 NTU) Real-time water quality data is available to the public by calling an automated voice/data program on the CAP control system. The number is (623) The real-time and grab sample water quality data are also available on the CAP website at: Page 12

13 Lake Havasu 2005 at Mark Wilmer Pumping Plant, Parker Arizona General Chemistry Analytes Units Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Temperature F ph Dissolved O2 mg/l NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Field conductivity us/cm Alkalinity in CaCO3 units mg/l Ammonia Nitrogen mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Barium, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l Calcium, Total, ICAP mg/l Chloride mg/l Copper, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 2.4 Iron, Dissolved, ICAP mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Iron, Total, ICAP mg/l Magnesium, Total, ICAP mg/l Manganese, Total, ICAP mg/l Nitrate as Nitrogen by IC mg/l ND ND 0.31 ND ND ND 0.21 ND ND ND Orthophosphate-P mg/l ND ND ND ND ND Potassium, Total, ICAP mg/l Silica mg/l Sodium, Total, ICAP mg/l Specific Conductance us/cm Strontium, ICAP mg/l Sulfate mg/l Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/l Total phosphorus-p mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND Turbidity NTU Quartely Analytes Detected Arsenic ug/l Cryptosporidium ND ND ND ND Chromium, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l Giardia ND ND ND ND Lead, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l 0.6 Perchlorate ug/l ND ND ND ND NA = Analyte not Sampled ND = Analyte not Detected These Results are the Priority Pollutants that are Reported by Exception as Detected by the Quarterly Samples Data Recovered with Hydrolab in Field General Chemistry Data Sampled Monthly Priority Pollutants Sampled Quarterly Table 1.0 Lake Havasu Grab Sample Results

14 Little Harquahala Pumping Plant 2005 General Chemistry Analytes Units Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Temperature F ph Dissolved O2 mg/l NA NA 12.9 NA 9.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Field conductivity us/cm Alkalinity in CaCO3 units mg/l Ammonia Nitrogen mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.07 Barium, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l Calcium, Total, ICAP mg/l Chloride mg/l Copper, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l ND 2.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Iron, Dissolved, ICAP mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Iron, Total, ICAP mg/l ND ND ND Magnesium, Total, ICAP mg/l Manganese, Total, ICAP mg/l ND ND Nitrate as Nitrogen by IC mg/l ND 0.30 ND ND ND 0.27 ND ND ND ND ND ND Orthophosphate-P mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND Potassium, Total, ICAP mg/l Silica mg/l Sodium, Total, ICAP mg/l Specific Conductance us/cm Strontium, ICAP mg/l Sulfate mg/l Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/l Total phosphorus-p mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND Turbidity NTU Quartely Analytes Detected These Results are the Priority Pollutants that are Reported by Exception as Detected by the Quarterly Samples Arsenic ug/l 3.1 Perchlorate ug/l ND Data Recovered with Hydrolab in Field NA = Analyte not Sampled ND = Analyte not Detected General Chemistry Data Sampled Monthly Priority Pollutants Sampled Quarterly Table 1.1 Little Harquahala Pumping Plant Grab Sample Results

15 99th Avenue Bridge 2005 General Chemistry Analytes Units Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Temperature F ph Dissolved O2 mg/l Field conductivity us/cm Alkalinity in CaCO3 units mg/l Ammonia Nitrogen mg/l ND ND ND 0 ND ND ND ND ND 0.08 Barium, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l Calcium, Total, ICAP mg/l Chloride mg/l Copper, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l ND ND ND ND 2.6 ND ND ND Iron, Dissolved, ICAP mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Iron, Total, ICAP mg/l ND Magnesium, Total, ICAP mg/l Manganese, Total, ICAP mg/l ND Nitrate as Nitrogen by IC mg/l ND 0.27 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Orthophosphate-P mg/l ND ND ND ND Potassium, Total, ICAP mg/l Silica mg/l Sodium, Total, ICAP mg/l Specific Conductance us/cm Strontium, ICAP mg/l Sulfate mg/l Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/l Total phosphorus-p mg/l ND ND ND ND Turbidity NTU Quartely Analytes Detected Arsenic ug/l Chromium ug/l Chloroform (Trichloromethane) ug/l 0.5 Naphthalene ug/l 1.0 Total THM ug/l 0.5 Cryptosporidium ND ND ND ND Giardia ND ND ND ND Perchlorate ug/l ND ND ND ND Data Recovered with Hydrolab in Field General Chemistry Data Sampled Monthly Priority Pollutants Sampled Quarterly NA = Analyte not Sampled ND = Analyte not Detected These Results are the Priority Pollutants that are Reported by Exception as Detected by the Quarterly Samples Table th Avenue Grab Sample Results

16 McKellips Rd General Chemistry Analytes Units Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Temperature F ph Dissolved O2 mg/l Field conductivity us/cm Alkalinity in CaCO3 units mg/l Ammonia Nitrogen mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Barium, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l Calcium, Total, ICAP mg/l Chloride mg/l Copper, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l ND ND 2.8 ND ND ND ND ND Iron, Dissolved, ICAP mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Iron, Total, ICAP mg/l Magnesium, Total, ICAP mg/l Manganese, Total, ICAP mg/l Nitrate as Nitrogen by IC mg/l ND ND 0.24 ND 0.18 ND ND ND ND 0.26 Orthophosphate-P mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND Potassium, Total, ICAP mg/l Silica mg/l Sodium, Total, ICAP mg/l Specific Conductance us/cm Strontium, ICAP mg/l Sulfate mg/l Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/l Total phosphorus-p mg/l ND ND ND ND ND Turbidity NTU Quartely Analytes Detected These Results are the Priority Pollutants that are Reported by Exception as Detected by the Quarterly Samples NO QUARTERLY SAMPLES ARE TAKEN AT THIS LOCATION Data Recovered with Hydrolab in Field General Chemistry Data Sampled Monthly Priority Pollutants Sampled Quarterly NA = Analyte not Sampled ND = Analyte not Detected Table 1.3 McKellips Rd. Grab Sample Results

17 Brady Pumping Plant 2005 General Chemistry Analytes Units Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Temperature F ph Dissolved O2 mg/l Field conductivity us/cm Alkalinity in CaCO3 units mg/l Ammonia Nitrogen mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Barium, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l Calcium, Total, ICAP mg/l Chloride mg/l Copper, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l ND 2.9 ND ND ND ND ND ND Iron, Dissolved, ICAP mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Iron, Total, ICAP mg/l Magnesium, Total, ICAP mg/l Manganese, Total, ICAP mg/l Nitrate as Nitrogen by IC mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.26 Orthophosphate-P mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Potassium, Total, ICAP mg/l Silica mg/l Sodium, Total, ICAP mg/l Specific Conductance us/cm Strontium, ICAP mg/l Sulfate mg/l Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/l Total phosphorus-p mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Turbidity NTU Quartely Analytes Detected These Results are the Priority Pollutants that are Reported by Exception as Detected by the Quarterly Samples NO QUARTERLY SAMPLES ARE TAKEN AT THIS LOCATION Data Recovered with Hydrolab in Field General Chemistry Data Sampled Monthly Priority Pollutants Sampled Quarterly NA = Analyte not Sampled ND = Analyte not Detected Table 1.4 Brady Pumping Plant Grab Sample Results

18 San Xavier Pumping Plant 2005 General Chemistry Analytes Units Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Temperature F ph Dissolved O2 mg/l Field conductivity us/cm Alkalinity in CaCO3 units mg/l Ammonia Nitrogen mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Barium, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l Calcium, Total, ICAP mg/l Chloride mg/l Copper, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l ND ND ND ND 3.3 ND 2.4 ND ND ND Ferrous Iron mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Iron, Total, ICAP mg/l ND ND Magnesium, Total, ICAP mg/l Manganese, Total, ICAP mg/l ND Nitrate as Nitrogen by IC mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.22 Orthophosphate-P mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Potassium, Total, ICAP mg/l Silica mg/l Sodium, Total, ICAP mg/l Specific Conductance us/cm Strontium, ICAP mg/l Sulfate mg/l Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/l Total phosphorus-p mg/l ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Turbidity NTU Quartely Analytes Detected Arsenic, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l Cryptosporidium ND ND ND ND Giardia ND ND ND ND Perchlorate ug/l ND ND ND ND Data Recovered with Hydrolab in Field NA = Analyte not Sampled ND = Analyte not Detected These Results are the Priority Pollutants that are Reported by Exception as Detected by the Quarterly Samples General Chemistry Data Sampled Monthly Priority Pollutants Sampled Quarterly Table 1.5 San Xavier Pumping Plant Grab Sample Results

19 Central Arizona Project 2005 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) /15-3/31/2005 DO(mg/L) Lake Pleasant Flood Operations triggered Deliveries of 100% Lake Pleasant Water 60% LAKE PLEASANT 40% COLORADO % CR 100% COLORADO RIVER 100% COLORADO RIVER 0.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 99th Ave McKellips Brady San Xavier Figure 1.0 Canal Grab Sample Dissolved Oxygen Results

20 Central Arizona Project 2005 Canal Water Temperatures ( o F) /15-3/31/ Lake Pleasant Flood Operations triggered Deliveries of 100% Lake Pleasant Water Temperature (of) 60% LAKE PLEASANT 40% COLORADO RIVER % CR 100% COLORADO RIVER 100% COLORADO RIVER 30.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Havasu Little Harq 99th Ave McKellips Brady San Xavier Figure 1.1 Canal Grab Sample Temperature Results

21 Central Arizona Project 2005 Canal Water ph ph 2/15-3/31/ Lake Pleasant Flood Operations triggered Deliveries of 100% Lake 60% LAKE PLEASANT 40% COLORADO Pleasant Water 100% CR 100% COLORADO 100% COLORADO RIVER 6.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Havasu Little Harq 99th Ave McKellips Brady San Xavier Figure 1.2 Canal Grab Sample ph Results

22 Central Arizona Project 2005 Canal Water Turbidity (ntu) /15-3/31/ Lake Pleasant Flood Operations triggered Deliveries of 100% Lake Pleasant Water % LAKE PLEASANT 40% COLORADO 100% CR 100% COLORADO 100% COLORADO RIVER Turbidity (ntu) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Havasu LHQ 99th Ave Mckellips Brady San Xavier Figure 1.3 Canal Grab Sample Turbidity Results

23 Central Arizona Project 2005 Canal Water TDS (mg/l) (average monthly values) TDS (ntu) 300 2/15-3/31/ % LAKE PLEASANT 40% COLORADO % CR Lake Pleasant 100% COLORADO 100% COLORADO RIVER Flood Operations triggered Deliveries of 100% Lake Pleasant Water 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Havasu LHQ 99th Ave Mckellips Brady San Xavier Figure 1.4 Canal Grab Sample TDS Results

24 LAKE PLEASANT RESERVOIR RVOIR WATER QUALITY DATA

25 LAKE PLEASANT RESERVOIR The CAP aqueduct system utilizes Lake Pleasant as a seasonal pump-storage reservoir. During a typical year, Colorado River water is pumped into the lake from November to June when water demands and electricity costs are lower. From June to November, when water demands and electricity costs are higher, water is released from the lake for customer deliveries. The Agua Fria River flows into Lake Pleasant and the inflows vary each year. During dry years on the watershed, the reservoir storage is mostly Colorado River water, and during wet years with substantial runoff, the reservoir has a blend of Colorado River and Agua Fria River water. Water enters the lake from the Agua Fria River channel on the north end of the lake. Releases to the CAP canal are made from the Waddell Pump/Generate station located below the New Waddell Dam on the south end of the lake. Consequently, inflows from the Agua Fria are not immediately released to CAP customers from Lake Pleasant. Agua Fria Inflow February 14, 2005 Page 25

26 High inflows on the Agua Fria River in early 2005 prompted flood releases from New Waddell Dam. The Agua Fria River inflow for 2005 was 223,644 acre-feet, which is approximately 573% of the expected annual inflow volume of 39,000 acre-feet. Abovenormal winter precipitation delivered 210,000 acre-feet of water to Lake Pleasant in the months of January, February, and March. Figure 2.0 shows the Lake Pleasant inflow corresponding to storm events for winter 2004/2005 events. Figures 2.1 and 2.2 show the 2005 monthly inflows into Lake Pleasant, and the annual volumes from 1993 through Lake Pleasant Sampling February 14, May 9, August 30, and November 16, 2005: The water quality of the lake represented a blend of Colorado River water and Agua Fria water. The lake was clear with turbidity levels averaging 3.5 NTU, and the TDS levels of 480 to 590 mg/l are lower than those found in Colorado River water. Lake Pleasant depth profiles indicated that stratification occurred in the summer months. The upper layer (epilimnion) was oxygen-rich, with a higher temperature, as well as having a slightly higher ph, conductivity, and TDS. The lower layer (hypolimnion), was lower in dissolved oxygen with lower temperatures and slightly lower ph and conductivity (which is a measure of TDS). The oxygen deficit conditions at the lower depths may cause sediment nutrient release through the process of reduction. If the sediment/water interface is exposed to prolonged periods of anoxia, reducing conditions allow the formation of nutrients previously unavailable for taste and odor causing organisms. This reduction may lead to sapropel formation, a compound that is high in hydrogen sulfide and methane and has a shiny, black color due to the presence of ferrous sulfide. This compound is responsible for the occasional "rotten-egg" odor associated with water releases from the hypolimnion layer through the lower portal on the intake towers. Nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous, become unbound from their ionic association with metals, such as iron, and manganese. This process may free up nutrients which contribute to algae blooms in the canal system. Precipitates of iron and manganese cause discolored water and treatment problems. Typically, the degree of stratification gradually forms during spring summer and lasts until the latter part of fall. Usually by November or December, the lake has de-stratified. This phenomenon is caused by the decrease in surface water temperatures, which increase the surface water density and result in displacement or mixing of surface water with deeper water. This mixing restores the lake to a more uniform water chemistry profile. Page 26

27 Lake Pleasant Depth Profiles The largest changes in lake water chemistry are related to seasonal changes and depth. Depth profile samples were conducted on January 25, February 14, March 15, April 12, May 17, June 15, July 12, August 10, September 7, October 4, November 1, and December 6, The water quality parameters included temperature, ph, and dissolved oxygen. All the water quality parameters evaluated on the above dates were sampled at the towers at New Waddell Dam. CAP staff used a portable Hydrolab multi-probe water quality sensor to conduct depth profile sampling. Figures 2.3 through 2.5 contain the Lake Pleasant depth profile results. The intake towers at the New Waddell Dam have sets of intake portals at two different levels, which are 100 feet apart in elevation. Adjustable operations and optimum use of the upper and lower portals offers CAP opportunities to maximize the quality of water released from the lake for customer deliveries. For years 1994 through 1997, water releases were made through the upper gates as long as possible. It was believed that this zone had the best water quality. By the end of the summer, the lake elevation was lower than the upper gates so all releases were switched over to the lower gates. At that time, the lower quality water from the bottom zone of the lake was introduced into the canal system, resulting in treatment concerns for the cities. In 1998, a new operational scheme was used to manage the water quality from the releases at Lake Pleasant. This new scheme consisted of using only the lower portals for releases during the entire summer. The use of the lower gates during the initial releases in June allowed medium-oxygenated bottom water to be released early in the release period, while prolonging the retention of the high-oxygenated epilimnion water. This minimized the volume of anoxic water, which would have been delivered from the lake during the latter part of the summer release period. Lake Pleasant sampling results are presented in the following section. Table 2.0 summarizes operations at the dam; included in the table are the approximate minimum and maximum annual elevations, and the approximate blend of Colorado River water and Lake Pleasant water that was delivered to valley cities. Figures 2.3 through 2.5 contain the Lake Pleasant depth profile results. Table 2.1 contains the Lake Pleasant grab sample results. Page 27

28 CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT Figure 2.0 Lake Pleasant Hydrology Winter 2005

29 2005 Monthly Agua Fria Inflows Inflow (Acre-feet) JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. Figure 2.1 Agua Fria 2005 Monthly Flows

30 LAKE PLEASANT INFLOW Prepared 2/16/ , , , ,000 62,557 AF (70-yr average) 26,772 AF (50 th Percentile) 300, , , ,000 TOTAL ANUAL INFLOW (AF) 100,000 50, ,000 12, ,000 6,000 14,000 73,000 16,000 15,000 25,000 5,000 28,000 43, , Figure 2.2 Lake Pleasant Inflows From Agua Fria Annual Volumes

31 2005 Lake Pleasant Operations January September 222,007 AF of gaged inflow (50% percentile inflow = 26,772 AF) March 2, 2005 Elevation = (ft) October 14, 2005 Elevation = (ft) Change in Elevation = (ft) Ran 4 generators until September 14, 2005 Date 2005 Lake Pleasant Release Summary Waddell Released (cfs) Pass-Thru (cfs) % Ratio Waddell Released/Pass-Thru 2/15 3 / /0 6/1 8/ /40 8/5 9/14* /40 *Last Day of Lake Pleasant Releases Table Lake Pleasant Operations Summary

32 "Summer" JUNE - MID SEPTEMBER CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT GENERAL LOCATION MAP Page 32 60% Lake Pleasant 40% Colorado River CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT

33 "Winter" MID SEPTEMBER - MAY CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT GENERAL LOCATION MAP Page % Colorado River Water CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT

34 Lake Pleasant Temperature-vs-Elevation (Towers) Upper Tower Gate /25/2005 2/14/2005 3/15/2005 4/12/2005 5/17/2005 6/14/2005 7/12/2005 8/10/2005 9/7/ /4/ /1/ /6/ Lake Pleasant Elevation Lower Tower Gate Figure 2.3 Lake Pleasant Depth Profile, Temperature CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT

35 Lake Pleasant ph-vs-elevation (Towers) CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT Upper Tower Gate 1/25/2005 2/14/2005 3/15/2005 4/12/2005 5/17/2005 6/15/2005 7/12/2005 8/10/2005 9/7/ /4/ /1/ /6/2005 Lower Tower Gate Lake Pleasant Elevation Figure 2.4 Lake Pleasant Depth Profile, ph

36 1710 Lake Pleasant Dissolved Oxygen-vs-Depth (Towers) Upper tower Gate 1/25/2005 2/14/2005 3/15/2005 4/12/2005 5/17/2005 6/15/2005 7/12/2005 8/10/2005 9/7/ /4/ /1/ /6/2005 Lake Pleasant Elevation Lower Tower Gate Figure 2.5 Lake Pleasant Depth Profile, Dissolved Oxygen

37 General Chemistry Analytes Units Temperature F ph Dissolved O2 mg/l Field conductivity us/cm Alkalinity in CaCO3 units mg/l Ammonia Nitrogen mg/l Barium, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l Calcium, Total, ICAP mg/l Chloride mg/l Copper, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l Ferrous Iron mg/l Iron, Total, ICAP mg/l Magnesium, Total, ICAP mg/l Manganese, Total, ICAP mg/l Nitrate as Nitrogen by IC mg/l Orthophosphate-P mg/l Potassium, Total, ICAP mg/l Silica mg/l Sodium, Total, ICAP mg/l Specific Conductance us/cm Strontium, ICAP mg/l Sulfate mg/l Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/l Total phosphorus-p mg/l Turbidity NTU Lake Pleasant 2005 Water Quality Sampling Resuts 14-Feb ND ND ND ND May ND ND ND ND ND Aug ND ND ND ND ND ND Nov ND ND ND ND ND Quartely Analytes Detected Arsenic, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l Mercury ug/l Cryptosporidium Giardia Perchlorate ug/l Data Recovered with Hydrolab in Field NA = Analyte not Sampled ND = Analyte not Detected These Results are the Priority Pollutants that are Reported by Exception as Detected by the Quarterly Samples /(Re-Sample 12/20/ ) ND ND NA ND ND ND NA ND ND ND ND ND General Chemistry Data Sampled Monthly Priority Pollutants Sampled Quarterly Table 2.1 Lake Pleasant Grab Sample Results

38 GENERAL DISCUSSION

39 GENERAL DISCUSSION Turbidity The suspended solids are very low with turbidity levels averaging 1-10 NTU. The water in the canal and Lake Pleasant is very clear, and the lake bottom can be seen at depths of feet. In general, when canal flows are lower or steady, the turbidity is low. When flow increases occur, the higher velocities cause an increase in turbidity levels. These increases in turbidity are generally very short in duration. Algae blooms in the canal also have an impact on turbidity. Blooms are generally very localized and do not contribute significantly to the overall turbidity levels of CAP water. In 2005 there were turbidity events associated with Lake Havasu inflows from the Bill Williams River. Impacts from the Bill Williams are discussed below. TDS Total dissolved solids represent the concentration of dissolved minerals in the water. The TDS levels in CAP water are high when compared to most groundwater sources. For the year, the average TDS was 616 mg/l. Measured TDS values dropped from 650 mg/l to mg/l for the months of February and March through all sections of the aqueduct. During summer releases the TDS levels were approximately 500 mg/l for all areas of the canal downstream of Lake Pleasant. The change is TDS levels are due to inflows from the Bill Williams, and Agua Fria Rivers. ph The average ph ranged from 7.4 in the Havasu area to 8.7 in the Tucson area. These ph values were within the above range at all sample points within the CAP system. Temperature Average water temperatures for the year ranged were 66 degrees Fahrenheit with minimal differences between the Havasu, Phoenix, and Tucson areas of the canal system. However, monthly and seasonal temperatures varied considerably along the canal system. Maximum temperatures reached 84 degrees Fahrenheit and minimum temperatures were about 51 degrees Fahrenheit. Note: From June to mid-september, when Lake Pleasant water is released for customer deliveries downstream of the Waddell Turnout, the canal water temperatures range from 53 to 58 degrees Fahrenheit. This water is 15 to 25 degrees cooler than normal canal water temperatures. DO The average dissolved oxygen levels were fairly uniform throughout the canal system. Most of the sampling locations were approximately 9.5 mg/l for Metals The concentrations of dissolved heavy metals are very low to below laboratory detection limits throughout the CAP canal system. Pathogens A significant amount of public drinking water in the urban areas of central and southern Arizona is treated CAP water. One of the biggest concerns is the presence of pathogens in treated water, including Giardia and Cryptosporidium. In 2005, all designated sampling sites on the CAP system produced non-detectable results for Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Page 39

40 SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY ANALYTES AND REGULATORY LEVELS (Regulatory Levels are Drinking Water Standards) US EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) (Health-based) US EPA Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (Aesthetics-based) Analyte Units Range of Detection's Average Value Temperature F ph Dissolved O2 mg/l Field conductivity us/cm Alkalinity in CaCO3 units mg/l Ammonia Nitrogen mg/l ND 0.7 Note Barium, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l Calcium, Total, ICAP mg/l Chloride mg/l Copper, Total, ICAP/MS ug/l ND 53 Note Iron, Dissolved ICAP mg/l ND Note Iron, Total, ICAP mg/l ND 5.5 Note Magnesium, Total, ICAP mg/l Manganese, Total, ICAP mg/l Nitrate as Nitrogen by IC mg/l ND 0.33 Note Orthophosphate-P mg/l ND 0.3 Note Potassium, Total, ICAP mg/l Silica mg/l Sodium, Total, ICAP mg/l Specific Conductance us/cm Strontium, ICAP mg/l Sulfate mg/l Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg/l Total phosphorus-p mg/l ND 0.24 Note Turbidity NTU Arsenic ug/l (2006) - Chromium, Total ug/l ND 6.0 Note Lead Total ug/l ND 0.6 Note Mercury ug/l ND 2.9/0.759* Note VOC's Trichloromethane ug/l ND 0.5 Note Napthlene ug/l ND 1.0 Note Perchlorate ug/l ND ND - - Total THM ug/l ND 3.5 Note Pathogens Giardia and Cryptosporidium CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT All tests resulted negative for Giardia and Cryptosporidium Note 1: Values presented are based upon laboratory method detection limits, better defined as the lowest level that the laboratory can definitively identify that the analyte exists in the sample. All method detection limits are below any existing EPA maximum contaminant level (MCL). Note 2: Average value was not calculated due to test species not being detected consistently throughout the year. See attached summary tables of priority pollutant results for locations and measured amounts. Note 3: The value reported for this constituent is for a one-time sampling event. The detection of this contaminant did not reoccur in the same calendar year. See attached summary tables of priority pollutant results for locations and measured amounts. Page 40

41 Water Quality Impact From Bill Williams River As previously mentioned, the CAP aqueduct system begins at Lake Havasu. The intake area for the Havasu Pumping Plant is located in a bay-like feature, which is at the mouth of the Bill Williams River as it flows into Lake Havasu. The Bill Williams River, together with its headwaters at Alamo Lake, forms the majority of the drainage area of west central Arizona. During periods of heavy rainfall and runoff, the flows in the Bill Williams River dominate this area of Lake Havasu, and the water quality tends to be low in TDS but very turbid with high concentrations of organic matter and suspended sediments. When the water quality deteriorates, it causes treatment problems for municipalities. If possible CAP will stop pumping from Lake Havasu until the water quality improves. In 2005, CAP curtailed pumping for several weeks. The figures below describe inflows from the Bill Williams River, and the resulting turbidity impacts measured by the CAP real-time water quality meters. Alamo Dam February 14, 2005 Page 41

42 CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT Figure 3.0 Alamo Dam Releases November April 2005

43 Figure 3.1 CAP Real-Time Turbidity Data CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT

44 Figure 3.2 Bill Williams Inflows vs Turbidity at Lake Havasu January April 2005 CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT

45 Taste and Odor Research Program Municipal water treatment plants, which treat water supplies from the CAP and SRP systems, have experienced seasonal taste and odor episodes. The water has been described as having a musty-moldy-earthy taste or odor, which is suspected of being associated with biological activity in reservoirs and canal systems. Water treatment plants can treat this water with activated carbon to reduce or eliminate the offensive tastes and odors, however treatments have significant cost. Compounds produced by Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are the suspected causes of the taste and odor problems. Two compounds of concern are Geosmin and 2- methylisoborneol (MIB) which can produce odors at levels as low as 1 part per trillion (ppt). The taste and odor constituents are an aesthetic problem and do not present a health concern at these extremely low levels. MIB detected in samples from several treatment plants appear to be due to planktonic Oscillatoria and both planktonic and periphytic Lyngbya. Geosmin detected in samples appear to come from periphytic Anabeana and Lyngbya. An ongoing cooperative research and implementation program among ASU, SRP, CAP, and the City of Phoenix has been monitoring the levels of MIB and Geosmin in the CAP and SRP canal systems. The project is titled: "Reducing Taste and Odor and Other Algae-Related Problems for Surface Water Supplies in Arid Environments." The project publishes a weekly newsletter, which contains sampling results and recommendations for treatment of MIB and Geosmin. A summary of the project and a copy of the newsletters distributed, including the most current newsletter, and a Final Report can be found at: Data gathered by the ASU project show CAP water typically to be a very low source of MIB and Geosmin to valley cities. CAP water has the potential of being used as a taste and odor management tool. In the project final report, the following recommendation was made regarding CAP water: CAP water generally has lower concentrations of MIB than SRP water. This provides an opportunity for blending the two source waters to reduce MIB concentrations in water delivered to the treatment plants. For most years, using more SRP water early in the season, and more CAP water later in the season, would improve the quality of water delivered to Phoenix s municipal customers. MIB, Geosmin, and Cyclocitral data gathered by the ASU project from Lake Pleasant, and the CAP canal are presented in the table below. Page 45

46 CAP Canal Sampling Results for MIB, Geosmin and Cyclocitral Data Compiled by Patrick Dent, CAP Water Control Department Data Collected by ASU as Part of Project: "Reducing Taste and Odor and Other Algae-Related Problems for Surface Water Supplies in Arid Environments" All units in ng/l Date Lake Pleasant (epilimnion) Lake Pleasant (hypolimnion) Waddell Canal CAP/SRP Inter-Connect Union Hills Inlet* Union Hills Outlet* MIB Geosmin Cyclocitrol MIB Geosmin Cyclocitrol MIB Geosmin Cyclocitrol MIB Geosmin Cyclocitrol MIB Geosmin Cyclocitrol MIB Geosmin Cyclocitrol 01/18/ /15/ /15/ /12/ /17/ /14/ /28/05 07/12/ /26/ /16/ /30/ /13/ /27/ /11/ /25/ /15/ /06/ * City of Phoenix, Union Hills Water Treatment Plant Table 3.0 CAP Canal Sampling Results for MIB, Geosmin, Cyclocitral

47 Lake Pleasant Fall Release Strategy As described above, Lake Pleasant thermally stratifies in the summer, which leads to anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion. In 2004, CAP proposed curtailing late summer releases and increasing the amount of Colorado River water that would be delivered to valley cities. On September 15, 2005, Lake Pleasant releases were halted and customer deliveries were made from the Colorado River exclusively. Figure 3.6 shows the summer 2005 Lake Pleasant dissolved oxygen concentration, and notes the termination of Lake Pleasant releases. CAP and ASU coordinated weekly sampling of MIB, Geosmin and Cyclociterol to compare the concentration of taste and odor compounds in Lake Pleasant to those delivered to the City of Phoenix Union Hills Treatment Plant. Figures 3.3 through 3.5 show the results of this sampling effort. Comprehensive Watershed Management for the Valley of the Sun David Walker at the University of Arizona is leading a project titled Comprehensive Watershed Management for the Valley of the Sun and Central Arizona Basins. The University of Arizona project description is as follows: Watersheds in arid regions of the Southwestern U.S. are unique in several ways. Sustained periods of drought, periodic flash flooding and devastating wildfires are defining characteristics that result in a high degree of disturbance. Rapid population growth and increased recreational use are additional stressors to an increasingly finite resource. This project examines river and reservoir systems in Central Arizona specifically the Salt and Verde Rivers and their major reservoirs, Roosevelt, Apache, Canyon, Saguaro and Bartlett; the Central Arizona Project canal and it's storage reservoir, Lake Pleasant. Presentations from the project summary meetings can be found on the Internet at: Page 47

48 Figure 3.3 CAP/ASU Weekly Samples Fall 2005, MIB CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT

49 Table 3.4 CAP/ASU Weekly Samples Fall 2005, Geosmin CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT

50 Table 3.5 CAP/ASU Weekly Samples Fall 2005, Cyclocitral CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT

51 Figure 3.6 Lake Pleasant Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Fall 2005 CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT

52 Perchlorate Perchlorate sampling was included in the group of priority pollutants sampled by CAP in The perchlorate detections and concentrations are summarized in the priority pollutant sampling result tables. Perchlorate was not detected above the laboratory detection limit of 2.0 ppb in CAP water. In addition to CAWCD s sampling efforts, the Nevada Department of Environmental Protection (NDEP) provides monthly Perchlorate sample data collected at Willow Beach, Arizona located directly upstream of the Mark Wilmer Pumping Plant. Data collected at Willow Beach provides a reasonable indicator of Perchlorate concentrations observed in Colorado River water. NDEP sampling results indicate that Perchlorate concentrations at Willow Beach have ranged from 1.7 to 3.6 ppb during the period January 2005 to April Concentrations have steadily declined from a high value of 9.7 ppb in June 1999 to the most recent value of 1.7 ppb in April 2006, a result of ongoing remediation efforts at the Kerr-McGee facility. The Arizona Department of Environmental Quality has a fact sheet on perchlorate in Arizona located on the web at: The EPA also has additional information about perchlorate available on the web at: Groundwater Recharge Projects Water Quality The following CAP direct recharge projects were in operation in 2005: 1. Avra Valley Recharge Project 2. Pima Mine Road Recharge Project 3. Lower Santa Cruz Recharge Project 4. Agua Fria Recharge Project 5. Hieroglyphic Mountain Recharge Project A portion of the permitting process and regulatory compliance for these projects requires quarterly water quality monitoring. The sampling results are compiled into an annual report, which is a matter of public record. Copies of the reports or portions of the reports are available by contacting: Brian Henning CAP Water Control bhenning@cap-az.com Page 52

53 SUMMARY