World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013

Transcription

1 World Small Hydropower Development Report SLOVAKIA

2 Disclaimer Published in 2013 by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) UNIDO and ICSHP All rights reserved This report was jointly produced by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) to provide information about small hydropower. The document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentations of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of UNIDO and ICSHP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as developed, industrialized and developing are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process: Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO or its partners. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained in the articles are the responsibility of the author(s) and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO and its partners. While every care has been taken to ensure that the content is useful and accurate, UNIDO and ICSHP and any contributing third parties shall have no legal liability or responsibility for the content or the accuracy of the information so provided, or for any loss or damage caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with reliance on the use of such information. Copyright: Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint. Recommended citation: Liu, H., Masera, D. and Esser, L., eds. (2013). World Small Hydropower Development Report United Nations Industrial Development Organization; International Center on Small Hydro Power. Available from

3 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Slovakia European Small Hydropower Association, Stream Map; Jana Imrichova, United Nations Industrial Development Organization Key facts Population 5,483,088 Area 49,036 km 2 Climate Temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters Topography Rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the south Rain pattern The total average precipitation is about 740 mm. 2 Electricity sector overview In 2011, Slovakia produced 28,135 GWh and imported 727 GWh more electricity than it exported (from neighbouring countries). 3 The energy mix of Slovakia is very heterogeneous with the majority covered by two nuclear plants, followed by gas and fossil fuels and finally renewable sources (figure 1). Imported Electricity Other Hydropow er Thermal Nuclear 2.52% 10.36% 13.88% 19.84% 53.40% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Slovakia Source: Slovenskej elektrizačnej prenosovej sústavy 3 At the national level, Slovenské Elektrárne is the biggest electricity provider with coverage of 82 per cent of the country s generation market. It is the main supplier of electricity for the three biggest regional distribution companies in Slovakia (ZSE, Západoslovenská energetika, SSE, Stredoslovenská energetika and VSE, Východoslovenská energetika) and also supplies electricity to large businesses. 4 Due to the closure of some nuclear reactors, the country has gone from being net exporter to net importer of electricity. Small hydropower sector overview and potential In 2010, Slovakia had 279 small hydropower plants and a total installed capacity of 80 MW, generating 303 GWh per year (figure 2). By 2020, the aim is to have 380 plants with a total installed capacity of 140 MW generating 443 GWh. Among the existing hydropower plants, an installed small hydro capacity of 32 MW is privately owned. Sixty MW is planned over next 10 years. Most small hydropower planned is located on rivers Hron and Vah. 5 SHP installed capacity SHP potential 80 MW 140 MW Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Slovakia Source: Stream Map 5 Note: Potential is based on planned capacity by Up to the end of the last ruling Government, there had not been sufficient support from the State for small hydropower as 50 per cent of the renewable energy sources support was directed to solar power plants, causing an unprecedented boom (480 MW in photovoltaic plants) and a significant rise in electricity prices. This widely criticized policy was abandoned by the new Government and better times for small hydro are expected. 5 The following relevant strategic documents have been issued since 2007: 5 The strategy for Higher Use of Renewable Energy Sources in the Slovak Republic, Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic, dated 4 April The Strategy of Energy Security of the Slovak Republic (Resolution No. 732/2008). Act of 19 June 2009 on the Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources and High-efficiency Cogeneration and on amendments to certain acts, Coll. Acts of Law, 309/2009. National Action Plan on Renewable Energy Sources of the Slovak Republic, (Resolution No. 677/2010). The Concept of Utilizing the Hydropower Potential of Water Courses of the Slovak Republic until Resolution No. 178/2011 of the Slovak Republic. The significance of this last document is to be emphasized as it represents a detailed inventory of all existing and planned plants with their main parameters and assessment of environmental constraints included. The Government is committed to achieve the 2020 target using the hydropower sector as a significant component of the renewable energy mix. This commitment can be clearly seen in the hydropower development master plan a highly competent and comprehensive document developed by the Research Institute of Water Management which was recently adopted by the Slovak Government as a National Policy Strategic Act (Resolution No. 178/2011). It can be seen from this and other official documents that the plans for 1

4 further large hydro development on the Danube and Váh rivers are consequently supported and small hydro is ever more welcome. 5 Renewable energy policy Slovakia has encouraged renewable projects by offering tax incentives and keeping current feed-in tariffs relatively low. The renewable energy target of Slovakia by 2020 is 14 per cent of energy consumption, according to its National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP). 6 The electricity from renewable sources is promoted through a feed-in tariff, based on the Renewable Energy Sources Act No. 309/2009 (Act on the Support of Renewable Energy Sources). In December 2010, the Slovak Parliament adopted an Amendment to the Renewable Energy Sources Promotion Act. Effective of 1 February 2011, only solar rooftop facilities or solar facilities on the exterior wall of buildings with capacity not exceeding 100 kw are promoted in the form of additional payment on a feed-in tariff after the Amendment to the Act. 7 Legislation on small hydropower Small hydropower plant owners enjoy additional payment for electricity supplied within the period of 15 years from putting the facility into operation or from the year of reconstruction or upgrade of a technological part of the facility. The energy price resulting from additional payment is calculated as a percentage of the base price announced by the Regulatory Office of Network Industries (URSO). The typical value of the base price is 6-11 euro cents/kwh depending on plant capacity. URSO establishes the price individually for each facility based on the submitted proposal, taking into account various factors, including time passed since the re-commissioning and investment assistance have been granted. The support is granted in full value in for power plants with capacity up to 10 MW. In case of higher capacities, the additional payment is granted for electricity production from the 10 MW. water authority consent is sufficient. If the installed capacity exceeding 1 MW, a declaration of project compatibility with the long term energy policy concept is required. 5 In the past few years, there has been stronger opposition against further development of cascades at some rivers. 5 References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from 2. European Small Hydropower Association (2008). Small Hydropower Energy Efficiency Campaign Action Strategic Study for the Development of Small Hydro Power in the European Union. 3. Slovenskej elektrizačnej prenosovej sústavy (2011). Annual Report Slovenské Elektrárne (2012). Slovak Energy Sector. Available from Accessed November European Small Hydropower Association (2012). Stream Map Small Hydropower Roadmap. Available from 6. Beurskens, L.W.M., Hekkenberg, M., Vethman, P. (2011). Renewable Energy Projections as Published in the National Renewable Energy Action Plans of the European Member States. Energy Centre of the Netherlands. November. 7. Clean Energy Portal -Reegle (2012). Slovakia Country Overview. Available from Accessed November Barriers to small hydropower development The small hydropower sector in this country is relatively weak compared to large hydro. There is also no representation of the small hydropower sector in Slovakia although some efforts to establish a national association have been reported by the Hydropower Association of the Czech Republic. 5 Small hydropower projects with capacity over 5 MW; dams with leveling height of over 3 metres as well as reservoirs of sufficiently high volume capacity or free surface area may be subject to an EIA or ascertaining procedure. In case of erecting a small hydropower plant without changes in the civil engineering structures, 2

5 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Wagramer Straße 2, 1220 Vienna Austria International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) 136 Nanshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China