Concept, Necessity, and Application of Capacity Development for Environmental Management

Transcription

1 Jakarta OE Workshop on ooperative Approach to apacity Development for Environmental Management oncept, Necessity, and Application of apacity Development for Environmental Management October 23, 2007 Yoshi Takahashi raduate School for International Development and ooperation, Hiroshima University Presentation outline onceptual framework development by our OE Necessity of capacity development Application to environmental management and international environmental cooperation 1-2

2 Problem recognition Previous researches on environmental issues and sustainability Environmental Kuznets urve DPSIR model (OED 1999) onceptual framework development by our OE DPSIR+: D=Driving orce; P=Pressure; S=State; I=Impact; R=Response; =apacity: as the missing link. Application to environmental management and international environmental cooperation Supporting planning and implementation of environmental policy 1-3 Environmental Kuznets urve Environmental pollution Latecomer s advantage Per capita income 1-4

3 Implication from EK Inverse U realized automatically without efforts? Environmental damage cannot wait for the turning point. Or it might not be easy to realize Inverse U without efforts at society level. To realize Inverse U or hasten the turning point, social response and capacity to sustain effectiveness of response 1-5 DPSIR OED (1999) Necessity of effective enforcement of responses through capacity development Driving orces Population Economy Life style Distance traveled of car Pressures Increase in environmental loads from car traffic Policies to control generation e.g. re-construct social system Policies to reduce env. loads e.g. law, institution () compliance and PI () Tech dev., PI () Policies to absorb pollution e.g., reen space () voluntary plantation () State Responses law, institution economic measure Urban air quality technology enlightenment oncern about environmental issues Impact Impacts on human and ecosystem 1-6

4 DPSIR+ apacity Driving orces Population Economy Life style Distance traveled of car Pressures Increase in environmental loads from car traffic Zheng and ujiwara (2006) Policies to control generation e.g. re-construct social system Policies to reduce env. loads e.g. law, institution () compliance and PI () Tech dev., PI () Policies to absorb pollution e.g., reen space () voluntary plantation () State Responses law, institution economic measure Urban air quality technology enlightenment oncern about environmental issues Impact Impacts on human and ecosystem ap dev. ap impact 1-7 Definition of capacity apacity is the self initiated problem-solving abilities. It is necessary to realize output and outcome effectively through the process of individual, organizational, and society wide efforts. If a certain ability can be regarded as the potential, it cannot be called as capacity at that moment. Self initiation is indispensable to secure sustainability and autonomy in the long term D process. Modified from JIA (2006) 1-8

5 oncept of capacity development apacity development (D) refers to the ongoing process of enhancing the problemsolving abilities for continuous improvement by taking into account all the factors at the individual, organizational, and societal levels (comprehensiveness). The concept of D attaches great importance to proactive and endogenous efforts (ownership) on the part of the developing countries. Modified from JIA (2006) 1-9 ap filling vs. D ap filling Level of capacity Requirement to solve problems apacity Dev. Transferring capacity from the outside Sharing knowledg e urrent level of capacity urrent level of capacity Transferring knowledge from the outside (filling the gaps with external support) Modified from JIA (2006) apacity development (providing support for self-initiated problem solving) 1-10

6 Definition of SEM Mass media International org. Scientist/exper t International org. Local community NPO/NO Mass media Scientist/expert ov. capacity irm capacity itizen capacity interaction omprehensive capacity to to deal deal with with environmental issues with with continuous learning, toward sustainable state as as the the whole society through interaction process among three coexisted actors, g o v e rr n m e n t t,, ff ii rr m,, a n d c ii tt ii z e n 1-11 SEM development Subjective factors <governance factor> Tool: strategy, rule of law Performance: transparency, responsiveness, equity, effectiveness and efficiency Process: accountability, consensus building, participation Objective factors <actor> government, firm, and civil society <factor> organization, human res., financial res., infrastructure, information, knowledge, technology ov. Recognition Learning itizen irm Zheng and ujiwara (2006) SEM 1-12

7 Indicator development: cities for analysis ities in Millennium ities Database North America (15) Europe East (6) West (35) Middle East (3) Asia Wealthy (7) Others (11) Africa (8) Latin America (10) Oceania (5) 1-13 Indicator development: cities for analysis ities in Millennium ities Database 51 countries and 100 cities 1-14

8 Indicator development: model estimation ause-effect Relationships I= AI= Sample= 88 apacity of ivil Society Land Use apacity of overnment 0.81 * 0.73 * ) *: significant at 95% level 2) _: parameter set to unity during estimation 3) All the parameters are the standardized values apacity of irm Environmental Emissions * 0.13 * 0.67 * Transport Supply 0.92 Transport Demand 1-15 Indicator development: model estimation Each Actor s apacity Indicator apacity Indicator Dakar airo Tunis ape Town Johannesburg hennai Miumbai Ho hi Minh Harare Beijing Jakarta Manila Shanghai uangzhou ij ηij = max{ η j = 1,...,J } Bangkok Kualalumpur Budapest racow Prague Bogota Mexico ity Santiago Sao paulo uritiba Rio de Janeiro Tehran Riyadh Tel Aviv Brisbane wellington Melbourne Perth Sydney Toronto Montreal Ottawa algary Vancouver San Diego Phoenix Los Angeles Houston Atlanta hicago Denver New York Washington San Seoul Taipei Hong Kong Singapore Sapporo Osaka Tokyo Athens Newcastle Manchester lasgow Madrid Barcelona London Berlin Milan Rome Lille Bologna Brussels Amsterdam Helsinki Marseille raz Nantes Ruhr Stockholm openhagen Hamburg Oslo Vienna Stuttgart Paris Lyon Berme Dusseldorf eneva Zurich rankfurt Munich ij Africa Developing Asian Region Eastern Latin Europe America MiddleOceania East Region North America Wealthy Asian Region Western Europe apacity of ivil Society apacity of irms apacity of overnment 1-16

9 SEM development process SEM system making system working self management apacity Entry Point Exit Point DPSIR+ DPSIR+ D1 D2 D3 Driving orces P1 Pressures P2 apacity P3 S1 State S2 S3 Responses I3 I2 enligtenment Impact I1 R3 R2 R1 市民 ap build ap impact 1-17 time Application to environmental management and international environmental cooperation Air pollution actory emission Motor vehicle traffic Water pollution actory effluents Household wastewater Agricultural drainage Solid waste mgt Harmful SWM Household garbage Ecosystem conservation reen space Wetland conservation Desertification orest resources Biomass lobal warming Subsurface environment 1-18

10 Air pollution control (industrial emmision) D P S I R economic growth, industrialization, energy consumption increase SO 2 NO 2 emission SO 2 NO 2 density, air quality deterioration asthma, acid rain fuel conversion, energy saving, desulfurization equipment policy formulation and implementation, technology development, participation of citizens 1-19 Solid waste management (household waste) D P S I R economic growth, life style change solid waste increase, garbage incineration increase harmful substance increase (environmental endocrine disrupter, heavy metal) health damage, effect on ecosystem recycling law, recycle system development policy formulation and implementation, technology development, participation of citizens 1-20

11 References Japan International ooperation Agency, Institute for International ooperation The report towards capacity development (D) of developing countries based on their ownership concept of D, its definition and its application in JIA projects (in Japanese with English summary). Zhang, Junyi and Akimasa ujiwara Development of DPSIR+ ramework for Measuring Social apacity of Environmental Management. OE Discussion Paper