Technologies in China

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1 Clean Energy gy Developments p and CCS Technologies in China Dennis Y.C. Leung Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Hong Kong 5-year China Energy Issues in the 12th 5 year Plan & Beyond Conf February 2012 Traders Hotel, Singapore

2 Content Statistics of energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in China; Challenges ahead; Approaches to reduce CO 2 emissions; Clean energy & carbon capture technologies development ; Pros and cons of developing CCS in China; Issues to be considered for CCS implementation in China Existing CCS demonstration projects in China CCS demonstration projects with overseas collaborations Concluding remarks

3 World CO 2 emissions 2 kton Source: Wikimedia Commons

4 World CO 2 emissions China USA Russia India Year CO2 emis sion (Million Tons))

5 CO 2 emissions (absolute) Cou untry China United states India Russia Japan Germany Canada U.K. Australia Hong Kong Singapore CO2 emission (billion ton) Source: 2010 CO2 emission from Wikipedia

6 CO 2 emissions per capita Cou untry U.S.A. Australia Canada Russia Germany Japan U.K. Singapore China Hong Kong India Ton CO2/year/person Source: 2010 CO2 emission from Wikipedia

7 CO 2 emissions per GDP Co ountry China India Russia Australia United states Canada Germany U.K. Japan Hong Kong Singapore Ton CO2/Million US$) Source: 2010 CO2 emission from Wikipedia 2010 GDP data from World Bank

8 Challenges ahead China committed to reduce its CO 2 emissions per unit of GDP, or carbon intensity, by 40 to 45% of 2005 levels by 2020.

9 GDP Growth in China over the past 3 decades Average ( ): +9.9% Target (12 th 5 years plan ): +7% 12 rate % GD DP Growth Year Source: National Bureau of Statistics, China Statistical Yearbook

10 Challenges ahead (cont d) Huge demand d for electricity; it Current generation installation is about 770 GW, which will be doubled in 2020 (assuming a modest annual growth of 6%); Over 50 GW new capacity should be commissioned each year; M t f th i ti d t ti ld till Most of the existing and new power stations would still be coal predominant;

11 Power Generation Mix in China 100% 90% Percentage e 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% others hydroelectric power coal fired power 0% Year

12 Challenges ahead (cont d) Huge demand for electricity; Current generation installation is about 770 GW, which will be doubled in 2020 (assuming a modest annual growth of 6%); Over 50 GW new capacity should be commissioned each year; Most of the existing and new power stations would still be coal predominant; Without massive reduction measures, difficult to achieve the CO 2 emission i reduction target.

13 Approaches to reduce CO 2 emissions 2

14 Approaches to reduce CO 2 emissions 2 A. Increase usage of cleaner fuels B. Increase usage of renewable energy C. Adopt clean coal technologies D. Development of nuclear power E. Energy efficiency and conservation F. Geo-engineering engineering (Carbon capture & storage)

15 A. Increase usage of cleaner fuels Reduce the consumption of coal, and substituted by other cleaner or more efficient fuels (such as natural gas) CO 2 emission from natural gas is 40-50% less than that of coal; In the US, 15-20% of power generation is from natural gas, while it is only 5% for China and ~23% for Hong Kong; The technology is there but the major obstacle is the cost. Natural gas price is % higher than coal;

16 Conventional power plant From

17 A. Increase usage of cleaner fuels (cont d) Reduce the consumption of coal, and substituted by other cleaner or more efficient fuels (such as natural gas) CO 2 emission from natural gas is 40-50% less than that of coal; In the US, 15-20% of power generation is from natural gas, while it is only 5% for China and ~23% for Hong Kong; The technology is there but the major obstacle is the cost. Natural gas price is % higher than coal;

18 B. Increase usage of renewable energy Renewable energy: hydro power, wind power, biofuels Renewable Energy Policy: 15% by 2020

19 C. Clean coal technologies Coal lis the biggest energy resources in China; Advanced clean coal technologies are needed in long term; Technologies such as IGCC, PFBC exists but still need much demonstration; Tianjin IGCC demonstration power plant, part of Huaneng GreenGen 250MW project, has been put into operation in A pilot MW IGCC plant at Yantai, Shangdong Province will be constructed in 2012 with the support of World Bank; 4 commercial demonstration PFBC plants each with 80 MWe 4 commercial demonstration PFBC plants each with 80 MWe output have been built and a 150 MW demonstration unit will be built.

20 D. Development of nuclear power 9 GW on operation; (e.g.tianwan, Qinshan, Daya Bay, Yangjing) 21 GW under construction; (e.g. Haiyang, Sanmen, Ningde, Hongyanhe, Yangjiang) Planned 2020: 40GW, TWh280TWh

21 E. Energy efficiency and conservation reduce energy consumption by using more efficient devices and through energy management (mainly for building);

22 FGeoengineering F. Geo-engineering Deliberate modification of Earth's natural environment on a large scale for reducing global warming Afforestation and reforestation; Ocean storage; Carbon capture and storage (CCS);

23 Carbon capture & storage (CCS) technology Three types of carbon capture technologies: A. Pre-combustion: CO 2 is captured from a mixture of predominantly H 2 and CO 2 formed from partial oxidation of fuel (deliberate incomplete combustion). The H 2 can then be combusted directly to make electricity and heat

24 Carbon capture & storage (CCS) technology (cont d) B. Post-combustion: After the fuel is burned CO 2 is captured from the exhaust gas by absorption using solvent such as amines or chilled ammonia. The CO 2 absorbed can be released by varying the temperature and pressure.

25 Carbon capture & storage (CCS) technology (cont d) C. Oxyfuel combustion: fossil fuel is burned in the presence of pure O 2, which results in a flue gas containing predominantly CO 2 and water, which are readily separable.

26 Carbon capture & storage (CCS) technology (cont d) Ways of CO 2 storage: coal bed (for methane formation) oil field to enhance oil recovery a sand layer deep underground with salt water other applications

27 Carbon capture & storage (CCS) technology (cont d) Can reduce > 80% CO 2 from power plants Most feasible for long term mass reduction in carbon dioxide There are already over 30 CCS demonstration projects in the pipeline across the globe and the no. is increasing in China; There is a China-US research collaboration on the regional opportunity for the CO 2 capture and storage in China. The EC planned to provide up to 50m funding for the demonstration of carbon capture and geological storage technology in cooperation with China, which can act as a model for international action to combat climate change.

28 Carbon capture & storage (CCS) technology (cont d) Main obstacles: Capital cost: increase overall power plant capital costs by 20 to 25%. Energy Penalty Costs: The high energy requirements for operating CO 2 capture systems can reduce power generation output by 15% to 30%. Total costs of electricity generated: increased by 40 to 70% per MW. Carbon reduction cost by CCS today US$ 30-90/ton CO 2

29 Pros and cons of developing CCS in China Pros: Key technology for large scale CO 2 reduction; The most feasible way to achieve e emission reduction target; Position as leader and export technology-enhance economic growth; Cons: High cost; Increase energy consumption (may be > 30%); Technology not matured yet; Carbon storage may be difficult in China due to its complicated geology; Carbon transport may be difficult due to dense population

30 Issues to be considered for CCS implementation in China Environmental protection; ti Regulatory (both national and international); Technical feasibility; Economic factor; Resource; Society acceptance.

31 CCS demonstration projects Shenhua Group CCS 100, t/y (under construction) Huaneng Beijing Thermal Power Station 3000 t/y Harbin Thermal Power Plant Mt/y Jilin Oil field CO 2 -EOR 100, ,000 t/y Huaneng Shidongkou Power Station 100,000 t/y Chongqing Shuanghuai Power station 10,000 t/y Luzhou Natural Gas Chemicals 58,000 t/y Wuhan 3MW oxyfuel 10,000 t/y (under construction Hubei Ying cheng Oxyfuel 100,000 t/y (under construction)

32 CCS demonstration projects with overseas collaborations PCC (post combustion capture) project in Beijing with CSIRO, Australia EOR (enhanced oil recovery) project in Harbin with Japan organizations

33 Concluding remarks With the predicted economic growth, the demand in electricity in China will be enormous. It is a real challenge for China to reduce its carbon emission over the present level; Technologies for reducing CO 2 emissions i exist tbut very costly; Short to medium term methods to reduce CO emissions include Short to medium term methods to reduce CO 2 emissions include the increase use of cleaner fuels and renewable energy; and promote energy efficiency and conservation in buildings;

34 Concluding remarks (cont d) China will cut its carbon intensity or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by 40 to 45% below 2005 levels by 2020 Adopting more renewable energy and enhancing energy efficiency and conservation cannot fulfill this target in this time frame. CCS is a technology that can reduce great amount of CO CCS is a technology that can reduce great amount of CO 2 emissions and help to achieve the reduction target of China.

35 End of presentation Thanks for your attention