NECESSITY AND CONCEPT OF THE CLOSED TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEM

Transcription

1 NECESSITY AND CONCEPT OF THE CLOSED TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEM Toyoki Kozai, C. Kubota, C. Chun, F. Afreen and K. Ohyama Chiba University Japan An increasing number of transplants is needed for solving the global issues on environmental conservation and shortages of food, feed, energy and natural resources. Transplants Natural Resource Oil, Gas, etc. Environment Water Agricultural Area Recreational Area Industrial Area Residential Area

2 In order to meet huge demands for transplants of various plant species, production systems having the following characteristics need to be developed: Desired characteristics Minimum uses of resources (fossil fuels, labor, time and space), Minimum emission of pollutants, Optimum environments for workers and production process.

3 Production Systems: Open (or One-way) VS. Closed (or Recycling) Open (or One-Way) Production System (open to the environment) Resources Open System Products (containing pollutants) By-products (containing pollutants)

4 Transplant production system as a production system Resources Products By-products Re-usable Pollutants (Wastes) Costs Initial Operational Values Quantitative Qualitative The conventional micropropagation system is a typical open production system which: 1) requires much resources, 2) emits much pollutants, and 3) produces low quality transplants, 4) resulting in high production costs.

5 Resources required in conventional micropropagation Human resource Electricity Vessels Vessel caps Sugar Other nutrients and PGRS Fuels Agar Water Explants Space, structure and supplies for culture and acclimatization Time Estimated Percents of Wasted Resources (By-products) as Pollutants Heat 100 Damaged vessels 5 Damaged vessel caps 5-50 Sugar Other nutrients and PGR Agar 100 Plants (dead and unused) Polluted Water 100 Broken lamps 0.1 CO 2 100

6 Current photoautotrophic micropropagation system is a type of open production systems which: 1) requires less resources, 2) emits less pollutants, and 3) produces higher quality transplants 4) at lower costs, compared with photomixotrophic (sugar-containing) micropropagation system. Photoautotrophic (Sugar-free) Micropropagation: No sugar in the culture medium Leafy explants containing chlorophyll Promotion of photosynthesis by environmental control Air porous supports instead of agar No plant growth regulators in the culture medium

7 Closed production system needs less resources and emit less pollutants by recycling useful by-products. Resource Useful By-products Closed system Products Minimum Pollutants Ideal closed system needs least resources and emits no pollutants Resource Production system Products containing no pollutants to other production systems Useful Secondary Products Reproduction subsystem (By-products)

8 Closed systems are advantageous over open systems with respect to: Minimum uses of resources such as fossil fuels, Minimum emission of pollutants, Minimum disturbance of production system by the weather. Open Transplant Production System Using Natural Light (Greenhouse) VS. Closed Transplant Production System Using Artificial Light

9 Open transplant production system using natural light (I.e., greenhouse) Plug transplants Closed Transplant Production System: Opaque and thermally insulated walls, Minimized exchanges of mass/energy Use of Artificial light The inside environment is not affected by the weather

10 In closed systems with thermal insulation walls, heat from outside is shut off, so that heat from lamps is a major cooling load of air conditioner. Lamps Air Conditioner Heat from Lamps Heat from Outside

11 Percent electricity consumption by equipment in the closed transplant production system: Lamps 75% Air conditioners 20 % Others 5% Amounts of light energy required for transplant & annual crop productions are expressed by a product of : Light intensity x Period x Area

12 The ratio of light energy required in transplant production to that in annual crop production is: Light intensity Period Area (0.2 to 0.5) (0.05 to 0.2) (0.005 to 0.05) to = 0.05% to 0.5%. In fact, the electricity energy needed for lighting and cooling is only about MJ (= kwh), which is equivalent to about 1-2 Yen per transplant. Price of electricity is 1/3 in Canada/USA and 1/20 in Egypt Compared with that in Japan.

13 Resources required in transplant production in open systems Greenhouse structure Heating system Ventilation sys. Thermal screen Shading system Benches or Beds Labor Oil for heating Fertilizer Water Pesticides Electricity In order to use the free-of-cost natural light, we have to pay for: Greenhouse structure Heating system Ventilation system Thermal screen Shading system Benches/Beds Oil for heating Much water Much Fertilizer Much pesticide

14 Resources required in transplant production in closed systems with artificial light Opaque structure Lamps Cooling system Multi-shelves (Forced Ventilation system) Electricity Labor By use of the closed system with artificial light, we could: reduce the water consumption by 90% and thus pollutants, use 90% of supplied CO 2, improve the transplant quality, and shorten culture period by 30%, improve our working environment.

15 By use of quality transplants, we can save resources for high yield/quality in the fields High Yield & Quality, No Environmental Pollution Closed Transplant Production System Resource Saving Farming Cultivation Fields Quality Transplants Tolerable to Stressful Environments and Pests Conclusion (1) Closed transplant production systems with minimum emission of pollutants will be commercialized for producing a quantity of quality transplants using minimum resources.

16 Conclusion (2) Closed transplant production systems will contribute to solving the global issues on environmental conservation and shortages of food, feed, energy and natural resources. During this symposium, you will find much experimental data which support the statements in this presentation.

17 We all are helping Kozai a lot Thank you Enjoy the Symposium! Population (billion) World Population Developing Countries Developed Countries Year

18 Global Shortages per person in the 21st Century Due to World Population Increase: Food and Natural Resources including Fossil Fuel and Water Phyto-mass (Plant Bio-mass) causing Environmental Pollution Bioengineering Shortages of Food & Feed Bioindustry Shortages of Phytomass Shortages of Natural Resources Environmental Pollution

19 Industries in Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals, Machinery, Food, Feed, Energy, Livestock, & Information Green Tourism Quality of Life Horticulture Agriculture Aquaculture Bioengineering Bioindustry Biotechnology Forestry Urban Rural Landscape Environmental Engineering Economics Thermal Radiation Humans Fossil Fuel Solar Radiation CO2 Animals Micro-organisms Plants Flows of Energy and Carbon in the Earth

20 Transplant Production in Closed Ecosystems The transplants include those of : Food and Feed crops Forest trees Industrial crops Bio-fuel plants Horticultural plants Ground-cover and medicinal plants Plants for phytoremediation Because, in the photoautotrophic system, the following resources are not necessary and thus not wasted as pollutants: Sugar Agar Small vessels Vessel caps Plant growth regulators