Mars Curiosity Rover Site

Transcription

1 Mars Curiosity Rover Site

2 SEPARATION OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER - LEGAL ISSUES

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4 UPPER SAN PEDRO RIVER

5 Courtesy U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

6 GW-SW interaction - San Pedro Natural cycle: groundwater recharges river Today: increased groundwater withdrawls influence stream Arizona Water Issues The University of Arizona HWR203 6

7 SIMPLE MODEL OF GROUND-WATER FLOW S T RE AM WETLA ND S INFLOW FROM SURFACE WATER BEDROCK OUTFLOW AS BASE FLOW TO STREAM AND TO VEGETATION BEDROCK Water is being removed from storage faster than it is being replaced Water table is being lowered over time Combined demands are greater than natural recharge

8 Annual Groundwater Deficit: Without management measures in place -For 2002: 10,000 acre-feet -By 2011: 13,000 acre-feet -Each year affects of deficit on aquifer are cumulative

9 Federal Legislation National Defense Authorization Act for 2004 Section 321 Identifies the need to restore and maintain the sustainable yield of the aquifer by Recognizes the Partnership and the importance of collaborative water use management. Requires that measurable annual goals for reduction in overdraft are set.

10 Sustainable Yield of Groundwater the development and use of groundwater in a manner that can be maintained for an indefinite time without causing environmental, economic, or social consequences Illustration courtesy of USGS

11 Adaptive Management Toward Sustainable Yield Iterative Process: Management Action Monitoring Analysis

12 The Challenges... Lack of formal power and authority Ongoing funding challenges Time required to develop strong science Different agendas, organizational cultures, and expectations Time required to implement larger complex projects

13 The Partnership s bottom-up collaborative approach to water management has resulted in: Increased availability of pooled and leveraged financial resources for science and project implementation A higher level of informed decisionmaking A strong foundation of science, technical tools, and monitoring data Increased project implementation

14 UPPER VERDE RIVER

15 Fig. 1 Arizona active management areas (AMAs) and the study area. Bob Bolin, Timothy Collins, Kate Darby Fate of the verde: Water, environmental conflict, and the politics of scale in Arizona?s central highlands Geoforum Volume 39, Issue

16 Fig. 2 Big Chino project and area Well fields. Fig. 3. Little Chino aquifer water declines.

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18 Fig. 4 Reported annual PrAMA groundwater pumpage, 1940?1997 (source: ADWR, 2000, 2005a). Timothy W. Collins, Bob Bolin Characterizing vulnerability to water scarcity: The case of a groundwater-dependent, rapidly urbanizing region Environmental Hazards Volume 7, Issue

19 Sources of Base Flow in the Upper Verde River By Laurie Wirt Chapter F Geologic Framework of Aquifer Units and Ground- Water Flowpaths, Verde River Headwaters, North- Central Arizona Edited by Laurie Wirt, Ed DeWitt, and V.E. Langenheim, USGS, Open- File Report

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22 SANTA CRUZ RIVER

23 Impacts: Groundwater-stream interactions Drawdown of aquifer causes Santa Cruz River to dry out and destroys riparian vegetation along stream banks Arizona Water Issues The University of Arizona HWR203 23

24 Fig. 2 Diagram showing a generalized response of riparian vegetation to the process of arroyo downcutting and widening of alluvial channels from about 1880 to the present. Fig. 4 Expected stages of capture of ground-water outflow to a riparian area and stream. (A) Stage I?near the onset of pumping, water pumped comes from storage around the well and the stream/aquifer system functions as it did prior to pumping. Gr... Robert H. Webb, Stanley A. Leake Ground-water surface-water interactions and long-term change in riverine riparian vegetation in the southwestern United States Journal of Hydrology Volume 320, Issues 3?

25 ROSEMONT MINE

26 Global Copper Production, 2008 Total: Zambia, 560 Russia, M metric tons Australia, 850 Units: 1,000 metric tons China, 1,000 Other, 3,080 Poland, 430 Chile, 5,600 US, 1,310 Indonesia, 650 Mexico, 270 Peru, 1,220 Zambia Russia Australia China Poland US Indonesia Mexico Peru Chile minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/copper

27 World Reserves: Top 10 Producers Total: 550 M metric tons Units: Million metric tons Chile Other Zambia 220 Peru Russia Australia Poland China US, 35 Mexico * 260 M identified; 290 M undiscovered Indonesia minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/copper Zambia Russia Australia China Poland US Indonesia Mexico Peru Chile Other

28 Global Copper Prices (10 yrs) minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/copper/

29 US Copper Production & Mines

30 Rosemont Copper Mine Predicted Groundwater Level Drawdown 1,000 Years after End of Operation (from TetraTech/Rosemont Copper GW model Report, 2010)

31 Rosemont Copper Mine Modeled view at completion (TetraTech/Rosemont Copper Geochemical Pit Lake Model report, 2010)

32 Rosemont Mine after 19 yrs

33 Magma Mine Resolution Copper Resource (2010) billion tons at a grade of 1.47% Cu and 0.037% M Total economic impact on the state of Arizona is estimated at $46.4 billion over the project's projected lifespan. Annual impact of the mine is approximately $536.6 million during the years of peak mine production. Peak annual economic impact on the state projected at $798.2 million if the additional development of residential, commercial and industrial land is considered. The project would generate federal, state, county and local tax revenue exceeding $10.7 billion. Projected employment figures include:* 1,200 mine employees and 200 contract workers on site during peak production 2,603 jobs accounting for $178.7 million in wages from annual mine operations, including indirect and induced jobs 5,808 jobs and $305 million in wages annually from job creation in industrial and commercial businesses in support of the mine when added to mine related employment * A conservative copper price of $1.30 per pound was used to calculate estimates.

34 Magma Mine Caving Scheme