Dichloroethane---contd. MRK-value, 35, 36 TRK-value, 36 Dioctyl phthalate, plasticizer, 52 Domestic refuse, PVC waste, Dust, PVC, emissions, 40

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1 SUBJECT INDEX Acetylene manufacture, 19 manufacture of VCM from, 24-25, Amalgam chlorine, mercury emission, 97 Amalgam process, 97 for chlorine production, 5, 7, 11 Asbestos content of spent diaphragms, 97 of vinyl tiles, 61 Asbestosis in chlorine production, 14 Barium stabilizers in PVC processing, 50 Blendability of plastics, 80 Blow-moulded articles, 2-3 Bottles, recycling, difference between PVC and PET, 93 Cadmium stabilizers, in PVC processing, SO, 51 Calcium stabilizers, for window profile PVC, 56 Calendered floor coverings, Carcinogen, maximum allowable, see TRK-value Caustic soda solution, 97 in chlorine production, emission from mercury, 33 manufacture, 5, 7, 9-11 Chlor-akali electrolysis, 97 Chlorine amalgam process, 5, 7, by-products, 5-11 diaphragm process, 5-7, emission from mercury, 33, 34, 35 manufacture, 5-18,97-98 manufacture of VCM from, membrane process, plant capacities, 5-11 processes, 5-8 production, 5-11 in PVC production, 97 starting products, 5 Chromium Consumption of chlorine, 6 of PVC window profiles, 55 of PVC within country, 1-2 of sodium hydroxide, Conversion of PVC within country, 1-2 Copper Cushioned vinyls, production, 59 Cyclohexanone solvent for PVC wastes, 76 Diaphragm process, 97 for chlorine production, 5-7, Dichloroethane emissions from PVC manufacture, emissions into effluent, 38 formation, 5, 20

2 104 Dichloroethane---contd. MRK-value, 35, 36 TRK-value, 36 Dioctyl phthalate, plasticizer, 52 Domestic refuse, PVC waste, Dust, PVC, emissions, 40 E-PVC, application, 47 Ecobalance data, PVC, 40 Effluent, emissions into, Emissions caused by PVC manufacture, 33-44, , 2-dichloroethane, by-products, chlorine, 35 ecobalance, into effluent, mercury, vinyl chloride, VCM production, 54 ecobalance, Energy requirements ethylene production, 18 plastics processing, 45 for recycling, 73 Ethylene formation, 5 manufacture, manufacture of VCM from, 22-24, production, energy requirements, 18 Exhaust air, mercury emissions into, 34 Export of chlorine, 6 Exports of PVC, 1 Flexible PVC, application, 47 Flexible/rigid, quantity produced, 2 Floor coverings from PVC, calendered, 57, cushioned vinyls, 57, nature of covering, 57 particular use, recycled, 92 spread coated, 57, vinyl asbestos tiles, 61 Harmful substances, PVC waste contributing to, Hydrocracking PVC waste, 82 plant investment, 82 Hydrocyclone in PVC waste separation, 77 laboratory scale, 77 Hydrogen emission from mercury, 33 in PVC production, 97 Hydrogen chloride emissions from PVC processing, 53 formation, 5 use, 5 Impact modifiers added to PVC, 99 Import of chlorine, 6 Incineration of PVC emissions caused, 40, 43 waste, 83-8~ pollutant remains, Industry, manufacturing, PVC waste, Injection moulded articles, 2-3 Landfills mercury in, PVC waste, Lead stabilizers in PVC processing, 48, 49 Liver tumour caused by vinyl chloride, 36, 98 MAK-value 1,2-dichloroethane, 35, 36 for PVC dust, 40 Manufacture of PVC, 5-31 PVC waste, Mass PVC, application, 47 Maximum allowable work place concentrations,see MAK-value Membrane process, 97 for chlorine production, 7, 16-18

3 105 Mercury emission from PVC manufacture, 33-35,97 intq exhaust air, 34 into products, 33 into waste water, in landfills, Micro-S-PVC, application, 47 Nickel Oxychlorination, integrated, as by-product, 39 Phthalic acid plasticizers, 52 Phthalocyanines, for PVC colouring, Pigments in PVC processing, inorganic, 51 organic, Plants for recycling, 79 hydrocracking, 82 prices, Plasticizers emissions from PVC processing, 53 for PVC, 99 used in PVC processing, 52 Plastics processing, energy requirements, 45 Polyethylene terephthalate bottles, separation from PVC, 76, Polymerisation VCM emissions, vinyl chloride, Polyvinyl chloride emissions, ecobalance,~43 manufacture, emissions caused by, properties, 97 mw materials, 97 see also Emissions: Processing: Production Processing PVC, additives, application of types, 47 composition of compounds, types of PVC, 47 emissions, see also Emissions methods, pigments, plasticizers, 52 stabilizers, summary, 99 Production chlorine, 5-11 PVC, emissions caused, ~43 within country, 1-2 range, 2-3 sodium hydroxide, 7, 10 vinyl chloride, 20-21, acetylene route, 20, from chlorine, from ethylene, thermal cracking of dichloroethane, 20 Products, PVC, examples, 3, 45, 46, 47, 49,54-61 Pyrolysis of PVC containing scrap, 81 Range of products, 2-3 Recycling of PVC waste, bottles, cables, 94 calorific value, 85 current activities, energy required, 73 floor coverings, 92 hydrocracking, 74, 75-76, 82, 82 hydrocyclone, 77 incineration, 83 list of firms processing, medical articles, 94 pipes, 93 pyrolysis, 81 records,94 recyclates for prime PVC, 73

4 106 Recycling of PVC waste-contd. roofmg sheets, 94 separation of mixed plastics scrap, density,77 operations, 78 single material, 73, 75 solvent extraction, 76 summary, use for electric power, 85 wallpapers, 94 window sections, 92 without separation, market, 80 quality of products, 80 Refuse, domestic, PVC waste, Retention of PVC within country, 1-2 Reuse of PVC waste, 66 see also Recycling Rigid PVC, application, 47 Rigid/flexible, quantity produced, 2 Single material recycling, summary, Sodium carbonate, caustification, 9 Sodium chloride availability, 9 electrolysis, 5 recovery from PVC waste, 85 Sodium hydroxide as associated reaction product, 9-11 use, 11 Solvent extraction, PVC wastes, 76 Spread coated floor coverings, formulation, Stabilizers emissions from PVC processing, used in PVC processing, barium, 50 cadmium, 50, 51 calcium, 50 lead, 48, 49 quantitative, 49 thio-tin, 49 tin,49-50 Stabilizerr-contd. used in PVC processing-contd. zinc, 50 for window profile PVC, 56 Suspension PVC application, 47 for window profiles, 56 TA-Luft directive, 36,40 Tetrahydrofuran solvent for PVC wastes, 76 Tin in PVC waste, 70 Tin stabilizers in PVC processing, TRK value for I, 2-dichloroethane, 36 Vinyl asbestos tiles, 61 Vinyl chloride by-products in manufacture, carcinogenicity, 36, 98 consumption, 21 emissions from PVC processing, 36-38,53 emissions from VCM production, emissions into effluent, 38 export, 21 import, 21 manufacture, plant capacities, production capacities, 20 polymerisation, emulsion, mass, plant capacities, production capacities, suspension, processing, summary, 98 TRK-value,36 Waste, PVC in, contribution to harmful substances content, occurrence in manufacturing industry, occurrence of residues, retention, 65

5 107 Waste, PVC in--contd. reuse, 66 scrap occurring in domestic refuse, Water, waste, mercury emissions into, Window profiles, PVC, consumption, 55 formulation, production, 54 Window sections recycled, 92 Zinc stabilizers, in PVC processing, 50 for window profile PVC, 56