Overview on Status, Sources and Impacts of Air Pollution in Asia Pacific. Dr. Supat Wangwongwatana

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1 Overview on Status, Sources and Impacts of Air Pollution in Asia Pacific Dr. Supat Wangwongwatana Member of CCAC Scientific Advisory Panel Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University Member of Pollution Control Board of Thailand Former Director General of the Pollution Control Department, Thailand

2 WHO reported that 90 percent of world population breathing bad air, causing one in nine deaths globally Paris/France, January 2017 London/UK, London/UK, January 2017 January

3 Delhi/India,

4 NEWS on 27 January 2017 Mongolians protest over air pollution: 'Wake up and smell the smog' 4

5 A study by the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay has found that air pollution contributed to a total of 80,665 premature deaths of adult over 30 years in Mumbai and Delhi, a two fold jump from According to a Times of India, in economic terms, air pollution cost the two cities USD billion in 2015, which is equivalent to about 0.71 percent of the country s GDP. The national capital recorded more premature deaths due to inhalation of fine particulate matter from vehicle exhaust, construction dust and other industrial processes. Delhi/India,

6 Fires and resulting smoke haze in the Riau Province, Indonesia in Feb 2014 Source: NASA Earth Observatory (2014)

7 Global distribution of fire occurrences over a 10-day period: Source: MODIS Rapid Response System Latest fire risk products

8 Haze: Singapore, 2015

9 Haze from Land and Forest Fires in Northern ASEAN (Mekong) Sub-region Forest Fire Hotspot and Smoke Haze detected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) on the Terra satellite Rice Husk/Straw Burning Hot Spot Smoke Haze Garbage Burning Smoke Haze Hot Spot

10 PM 10 Concentration (μg/m 3 ) 97% of cities in Asia with unhealthy air quality levels Less than half (229) with PM 10 levels within IT1 > Developing cities Developed cities WHO IT WHO AQG < Data collected from publicly available sources compiled by CAA and WHO. Data for the last available year in the period Clean Air Asia, 2016 Total of 493 cities 436 developing Asian cities 57 developed Asian cities 10

11 91% SE Asia cities breathe unhealthy air (above WHO AQG for PM 10 ) 19% SE Asia cities above WHO Interim Target -1 for PM 10 11

12 TSP (mg/m 3 ) No. of Vehicle: Mil. vehicles PM10 (ug/m 3 ) No. of vehicle: Mil. vehicles CO (ppm) No. of vehicle: Mil. vehicles Trend of Air Quality in Bangkok Other Truck Light duty diesel Roadside CO Bus Motorcycle Passenger car Ambient Trend of Air Quality in Bangkok Other Bus Truck Motorcycle Light duty diesel Passenger car Roadside Ambient 1 year Std. TSP Trend of Air Quality in Bangkok Other Bus Truck Motorcycle Light duty diesel Passenger car Roadside Ambient 1 year Std. PM

13 SO 2 (ppb) NO. of Vehicle: Mill. Vehicles NO 2 (ppb) No. of vehicle: Mil. vehicles Ozone (ppb) No. of Vehicle:(Mil. Vehicle Trend of Air Quality in Bangkok Trend of Air Quality in Bangkok Truck Bus Light duty diesel Roadside 1 year Std. NO 2 Other Motorcycle Passenger car Ambient Other Truck Light duty diesel Roadside Bus Motorcycle Passenger car Ambient O Trend of Air Quality in Bangkok Other Truck Light duty diesel Roadside Standard Bus Motorcycle Passenger car Ambient SO

14 1,3-Butadiene (mg/m 3 ) Benzene (mg/m 3 ) Trend of Air Toxics in Bangkok 10 8 Benzene Annual Average Standard = 1.7 mg/m ,3-Butadiene Annual Average Standard = 0.33 mg/m ERTC รพ.จ ฬาลงกรณ โชคช ย 4 ราชภ ฏบ านสมเด จฯ ด นแดง พ.ศ พ.ศ พ.ศ พ.ศ พ.ศ พ.ศ พ.ศ พ.ศ พ.ศ

15 Exhaust Emission Standards Enforcement in Thailand (past 2016) Vehicle type Before 1995 Reference Standard (Euro Standard) Enforcement LDC gasoline Pre-Euro Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV LDC diesel MC ECE Pre-Euro Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV ECE CO 13 g/km HC 5 g/km CO 4.5 g/km HC+NOx 3 g/km White Smoke 30% Evaporative 2 g/test (for < 110cc.) CO 3.5 gm/km HC+ NOx 2 g/km White Smoke 15% Evaporative 2 g/test (for 150cc.) HDV Pre-Euro Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro III 15

16

17 5 March 2014

18 26 December 2016

19 Outdoor Air Pollution and PM are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1)!!! In October 2013, IARC of WHO has classified outdoor air pollution and particulate matter (PM) as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), not only a major risk to health in general.

20 WHO - News release on 25 March In 2012, around 7 million people died 1/8 of total global deaths as a result of outdoor and indoor air pollution exposure. - This finding is more than doubles of previous estimates and confirms that air pollution is now the world s largest single environmental health risk. - Reducing air pollution could save millions of lives.

21 WHO (2014) Global Burden of Disease (GBD) In 2012, around 7 million people died globally 1/8 of total global deaths as a result of outdoor and indoor air pollution exposure. Exposure to PM 2.5 worldwide in can cause [ ] million premature deaths/year More than 2/3 of the deaths occur in the Western Pacific and South East Asian regions

22 Number of deaths Number of deaths attributable to ambient air pollution in 2012, by region Wpr LMI : Western Pacific Rim Low- and middle -income Sear: South-East Asia Region Afr Amr LMI Amr HI Emr LMI Emr HI Eur LMI Eur HI Sear Wpr LMI Wpr HI Amr: America; Afr: Africa; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Sea: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMI: Low- and middle-income; HI: High-income

23 China and India GBD in 2013 China India Air pollution is among top ranking risk factors!!!

24 Global Ranking of Risk Factors for total Deaths from all causes for all ages and sexes in 2015 Household air pollution 10 State of Global Air, 2017 Among risk factors for global total deaths, ambient particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) was the 5 th highest ranking, responsible for 4.2 million deaths from heart disease and stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease and respiratory infection. Additional 254,00 deaths were attributable to exposure to O 3 and its impact on chronic lung disease. Ozone ranked 33 rd on the chart. Household air pollution from the burning of solid fuels ranked 10 th and is responsible for a substantial burden of disease in lowand middle- income countries.

25 HEI and IHME Report on State of Global Air/2017 Annual PM 2.5 concentration compared to WHO Guideline Asia and Pacific State of Global Air, 2017

26 HEI and IHME Report on State of Global Air/2017 Death due to PM 2.5 Asia and Pacific State of Global Air, 2017

27 Encourage Governments 1 st UNEA in June 2014 Air Quality Resolution 1. To take action across sectors to improve air quality to protect human health and the environment, reduce negative impacts [ ]; 2. To formulate action plans and establish and implement nationally determined ambient air quality standards [ ] and to establish emission standards for significant sources of air pollution; 3. [ ]

28 On September 25 th, 2015, countries adopted a set of 17 goals with 169 targets to be achieved over the next 15 years to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development which officially came into force on 1 January 2016.

29 SDGs adopted in 2015 Goal 3 : GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING (Ensure healthy lives) Target 3.9 : By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination Goal 11 : SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES (make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable) Target 11.6 : By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management

30 World Health Assembly Resolution on Air Pollution and Health in 2016 WHO to Implement the Road Map adopted in 2016 to equip the health sector to work with other sectors so as to prevent airpollution related diseases and obtain health co-benefits through; Expanding the knowledge base Monitoring and reporting Global leadership and coordination Institutional capacity strengthening

31 Intergovernmental Processes on Air Pollution World Health Assembly Resolution - Health and the Environment: Addressing the health impact of air pollution Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) : Goal 3 and Goal 11 having targets relevant to air quality United Nation Environment Assembly (UNEA) Resolution on Air Pollution Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) Tripartite Agreements on Air Pollution NEASPEC Long Range Transport of Air Pollution (LTP) Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC) CAR Sub-regional Response EANET Malé Declaration Regional Forum on Environment and Health in Southeast and East Asian Countries ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution

32 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION