REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL VISIT OF SARDAR SAROVAR PROJECT

Transcription

1 REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL VISIT OF SARDAR SAROVAR PROJECT ACADEMIC YEAR: On 28 th Sept 2015 ORGANISED BY LAXMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SARIGAM. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (DEGREE/ DIPLOMA). NUMBER OF STUDENTS VISITED : 78

2 Acknowledgement We all express our sincere thanks to our faculty Mr. Amit R Chauhan, Mr. Shailendra Prajapati, Ms. Divya Patel for Designation, Course coordinator from guiding us right from the beginning till the successful completion of the SARDAR SAROVAR PROJECT visit. We sincerely acknowledge our faculty for extending their valuable guidance and support during our visit. We would also thanks to our head of the department Mrs. Rashmi Patel, Mr. Bhavik Desai (TCCPC-CO ORDINATOR) as our supporting faculty for arranging such visit of this project.

3 GROUP PHOTO OF INDUSTRIAL VISIT FOR SARDAR SAROVAR PROJECT

4 INDEX 1. Introduction 2. Location 3. Dam bureaucracy 4. Dam details 5. Associated infrastructure 6. Construction schedule 7. Details of structure in SSP 8. Claimed benefits 9. Financial cost 10. How to meets Gujarat s water needs 11. Advantages of construction of dam(artificial reservoir) 12. Disadvantages of construction of dam 13. Conclusion

5 1.Introduction In the history of human endeavor to intervene and harness the natural resources for its welfare, Sardar Sarovar Project emerges as one of the very few projects across the globe that have played a significant role in bettering the quality of life for millions. With its unique features and unparallel dimensions, SSP has undoubtedly occupied a remarkable position on the world atlas of water resources development. Apart from its manifold benefits in terms of long term water, energy and food security and thereby sustainable development of Gujarat State, SSP has overcome many engineering and technological challenges during its journey from concept to its present stage. In the true sense it is the engineering marvel. The Narmada River, which originates at the town of Shahdol in the state of Madhya Pradesh, flows for 1,300 km through Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh - the three states of western and central India and empties into the Arabian Sea. It has 41 tributaries and its basin is home for more than 20 million people. The plan for harnessing the river for irrigation and power generation in the Narmada basin was initiated in Seven projects including the Bharuch project were identified during the initial Survey and 4 projects Bharuch (Gujarat), Bargi, Tawa and Punasa in Madhya Pradesh were given top priority for investigation. After the completion of investigation, the proposed dam at Gora in Gujarat with the full reservoir level (FRL) 161 ft (49.80m) was selected and the foundation stone was laid by the late Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on 5th April, 1961.

6 In 1964, to resolve the dispute about sharing of the Narmada Waters between the Governments of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, the Government of India appointed an expert committee under the Chairmanship of late Dr. Khosla which recommended a higher dam with FRL 500 ft (152.44m) in However, Govt. of M.P. was not agreeable to development of Narmada water as per Khosla Committee report and hence the Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal (NWDT) was constituted by the Government of India in October 1969, under the Inter State River Water Disputes Act, NWDT gave its final award in December The Sardar Sarovar Dam is a gravity dam on the Narmada River near Navagam, Gujarat, India. It is the largest dam and part of the Narmada Valley Project, a large hydraulic engineering project involving the construction of a series of large irrigation and hydroelectric multi-purpose dams on the Narmada River. The project took form in 1979 as part of a development scheme to increase irrigation and produce hydroelectricity. It is the 30th largest dams planned on river Narmada, Sardar Sarovar Dam (SSD) is the largest structure to be built. It has a proposed final height of 163 m (535 ft.) from foundation. The project will irrigate more than 18,000 km 2 (6,900 sq. mi), most of it in drought prone areas of Kutch and Saurashtra. The dam's main power plant houses SIX 200 MW Francis pumpturbines to generate electricity and afford a pumped-storage capability. Additionally, a power plant on the intake for the main canal contains FIVE 50 MW Kaplan turbine-generators. The total installed capacity of the power facilities is 1,450 MW.

7 2.Location The Sardar sarovar dam is on the Narmada River in Gujarat state, 170 kilometer upstream from where the river flows into the gulf of khambhat in the Arabian Sea. The Narmada is the largest westward flowing river in India. A few kilometers downstream from the dam site on the north bank are Kevadia Colony, the town built to house the construction workers and related bureaucracy. Vadgam, the first village behind the dam, starts around one kilometer from the dam site and stretches out for several more kilometers along the north bank. About 15 km upstream on the south bank a small tributary running into the Narmada forms the Gujarat-Maharashtra border. On the eastern (Maharashtra) side of the creek is the village of Manibeli, a focus of resistance to the project where the Narmada Bachao Aandolan (NBA save the Narmada Movement) maintains an office. The coordinates of this project of dam is N E.

8 3.Dam bureaucracy To oversee the implementation of the dams on the Narmada the NWDT set up the Narmada Control Authority (NCA) composed of senior representatives of the governments of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh (MP) and Rajasthan, and chaired by the Water Resources Secretary (the top civil servant in the central government Ministry of Water Resources). The NCA has established Environment and Rehabilitation Subgroups, chaired respectively by the Secretaries of the central government Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Ministry of Welfare. SSP is being implemented by the Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd (SSNNL or 'the Nigam'), a corporation wholly owned by the Government of Gujarat. The construction of the dam is contracted to Jay Prakash (J.P.) Associates, who have a virtual monopoly over major dam projects in India, and the construction of the canals to a number of smaller contractors.

9 4.Dam details The dam is a 1210 m (3970 feet) long wall of concrete across the valley. It is designed to impound a reservoir with a full level of m ( feet) above sea level (ASL). The middle section of the dam is planned to reach a height of m (481 feet) ASL. The maximum height above the deepest foundation level of dam is 163 m ( feet). The top R.L. of dam is about 146.5m (481 feet). The catchment area of river above dam site is 88000km 2. There are total 30 spillway gets are fixed in the dam. o For chute spillway Radial gates, 7 in number and size 60' x 60' and for service spillway, 23 Radial gates of size 60' x 55' are to be provided to negotiate the design flood. The spillway capacity of this structure is cumecs (30 lakh cusecs). The reservoir which is made by the construction of dam is o Length of reservoir: km o Width of reservoir: km o Average width of reservoir: km 10 number of temporary construction sluices, each of size 2.15 m x 2.75 m. are provided in the spillway at RL 18 m. Another set of 4 permanent river sluices are provided at RL 53.0m.

10 5.Associated infrastructure The main canal leading from the reservoir is scheduled to be 582 km ( miles) long, eventually reaching the state of Rajasthan. It is 250 m (820 feet) wide at its head near the dam and planned to be 100 m (328 feet) wide at the Rajasthan border. A network of secondary canals totaling 75,000 km (46,600 miles) in length is planned to deliver the irrigation water to farmers. Large electric powered pumping stations will need to be built to deliver water to the Saurashtra and Kutch branches of the canal system. A large powerhouse containing turbines and related machinery is being built at the dam and a smaller one at the head of the canal. A weir is to be built at Garudeshwar, around 16 kilometers downstream of the dam, with a capacity to store six hours of the maximum flow through the Sardar Sarovar turbines. This water can be pumped back into the reservoir at times of low daily electricity demand and then released through the turbines again to generate electricity at times of peak demand.

11 6.Construction schedule Completion of the dam is scheduled for The canal network will not be finished until 2025 at the earliest. The annual construction schedule varies between different official sources. At the start of the monsoon in June 1993 p; The end of the 1992/93 construction season p; The lowest blocks of the dam were at 61 m asl (the sides of the dam are much higher). The lowest blocks are currently (mid May, 1994) at 6970 m with the rest of the middle section of the dam at 80 m.

12 7.Details of structure in SSP The project of Sardar sarovar consists of following major and minor constructions such as: Sardar sarovar reservoir Sardar sarovar dam Hydro power house Tunnel to RBPH Narmada main canal Statue of unity Canal distribution system Command area development Sardar sarovar reservoir: - Capacity Active capacity Catchment area Surface area Normal elevation Reservoir length Max. reservoir width m 3 ( acre ft) 5,800,000,000 m 3 (4,702,137 acre ft) 88,000 km 2 (34,000 sq mi) km 2 ( sq mi) 138 m (453 ft) 214 km (133 mi) km (10.00 mi) The Full Reservoir Level (FRL) of the Sardar Sarovar Dam is fixed at RL meters (455 feet). The Maximum Water Level is meters (460 feet.) while minimum draw down level is meters (363 feet.). The normal tail water level is meters (85 feet.). The gross storage capacity of the reservoir is 0.95 M. ham. (7.7 MAF) while live storage capacity is 0.58 M.ham. (4.75 MAF). The dead storage capacity below minimum draw down level is 0.37 M. ha. m. (2.97 MAF). The reservoir would occupy an area of 37,000 ha and would have a linear stretch of 214 kilometer of water and an average width of 1.77 kilometer.

13 The submergence at Full Reservoir Level (FRL) is 37,690 ha. (86,088 acres), which comprises 11,279 ha agricultural land, 13,542 ha forests and 12,869 ha river bed and waste land. In all 245 villages of the three states viz. 193 Villages of Madhya Pradesh, 33 villages of Maharashtra and 19 villages of Gujarat are affected. The following data showing reservoir level Vs submergence area for SSP. Sr. NO. Reservoir level in M. Submergence area in HA MDDL FRL MWL The following data showing reservoir level Vs storage capacity in MCM (million cubic meters). Sr. No. Reservoir level in M. Storage capacity in MCM (million cubic meters) FRL MWL

14 Sardar sarovar dam: - (Image from view point no.3) Length of main concrete gravity dam m Maximum height above deepest foundation level m Top R.L. of Dam m Catchments area of River above dam site 88,000 Sq. km Live storage Capacity M.Ha.m 4.75 MAF Length of Reservoir km Maximum width km Average width 1.77 km Spillway gates Chute Spillway 7 Nos. 60 x 60 Service Spillway 23 Nos. 60 x 55 Spillway Capacity cumecs (30 lakh cusecs)

15 A concrete gravity dam, 1210 meters (3970 feet) in length and with a maximum height of 163 meters above the deepest foundation level, is under construction across river Narmada. The dam will be the third highest concrete dam (163 meters) in India, the first two being Bhakra (226 meters) in Himachal Pradesh and Lakhwar (192 meters) in Uttar Pradesh. In terms of the volume of concrete involved for gravity dams, this dam will be ranking as the second largest in the world with an aggregate volume of 6.82 million cu.m. The first is Grand Coule Dam in USA with a total volume of 8.0 million cu.m. This dam with its spillway discharging capacity of 87,000 cumecs (30.70 lakh), will be the third in the world, Gazenba (1.13 lakh cumecs) in China and Tucurri (1.0 lakh cumecs) in Brazil being the first two. For chute spillway Radial gates, 7 in number and size 60' x 60' and for service spillway, 23 Radial gates of size 60' x 55' are to be provided to negotiate the design flood. 10 number of temporary construction sluices, each of size 2.15 m x 2.75 m. are provided in the body of the spillway at RL 18 m. Another set of 4 permanent river sluices are provided at RL 53.0 m. The lower sluices were closed in February, The design of the dam allows for a horizontal seismic coefficient of 0.125g and it also covers an additional risk due to reservoir induced seism city. Most sophisticated seismological instruments for monitoring and evaluation of the stresses in the body of the dam as well as the effect on the periphery of the reservoir are under installation.

16 Hydro power house: - Power station Operator Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited Commission date June June 2006 Turbines Dam 6 x 200 MW Francis pump-turbine Canal 5 x 50 MW Kaplan-type Installed capacity 1,450 MW There are two power houses for the Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP). Power benefits are shared among Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat in the ratio of 57:27:16 respectively. River power house Canal head power house 1200MW 250MW River bed power house: -

17 The RBPH is an underground power house stationed on the right bank of the river located about 165 meters downstream of the dam. It has six number of Francis type reversible turbine generators each of 200 MW installed capacity. The T.G. Sets are supplied by M/S Sumitomo Corporation, Japan and M/S BHEL. These units can operate at minimum reservoir water level of meters. These six units have been commissioned in a phase manner during Feb-05 to June-06. The generation of energy depends upon inflow of water from upstream projects and need of water for irrigation in Gujarat. In this power house, the water is fallen on the single turbine from the height of 350 feet from the penstock of starting diameter of 25 feet and ending diameter is 7.61 feet. The weight of single turbine is 90 tone and cost approximately 150 million and to repair this turbine the Crain of 250 tones is placed there. Canal head power house: -

18 The CHPH is a surface power station in a saddle dam on right bank of the reservoir having total installed capacity of 250 MW (5 x 50 MW). These five units have been commissioned in a phased manner during Aug-04 to Dec-04. These units can be operated with minimum reservoir water level of meters. The CHPH is being operated in consultation and as per advice of NCA/WREB based on irrigation requirement of Gujarat/Rajasthan and availability of water in reservoir and release from upstream project of Madhya Pradesh. The energy generated from both the power houses is to be evacuated through 400 KV level through interconnecting transformers at GIS, situated in RBPH switch yard. The 400 KV Switchyard is indoor type having Gas Insulated Switch Gear and Bus bars. The energy is transmitted to party states i.e. Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh in the proportion of 16:27:57 respectively

19 through 400 KV double circuit transmission lines, namely SSPKasor, SSP-Asoj, SSP-Dhule and SSP-Nagda respectively. All the transmission lines are commissioned and charged. The flowing chart shows the energy generation per year till March Year CHPH (MUs) RBPH (MUs) Total (MUs) March Where MUs = Million units of energy (giga watt hour)

20 Tunnel to RBPH: - (Tunnel to RBPH before construction) The tunnel is made to reach at the location of the turbine placed in its position. The tunnel is 1.2 km long and has a diameter of 23 meter. For this tunnel the mount is excavated up to 56 meter.

21 Narmada main canal: - Fully supply level at H.R m (300 feet) Length up to Gujarat- Rajasthan border 458 km Base width in head reach 73.01m Full supply depth in head reach 7.60 m Design discharge capacity: - In head reach 1133 cumecs 40000cusec At Gujarat- Rajasthan border 95.7 cumecs 3379 cusec Narmada Main Canal is a contour canal. It is the biggest lined irrigation canal in the world. It is about 458 km. long up to Gujarat-Rajasthan border. The canal extends further in the state of Rajasthan to irrigate areas in Barmer and Jhalore districts of Rajasthan. The Main Canal is lined with plain cement concrete to minimize seepage losses to attain higher velocity and to control the water logging in future. The lining work is carried out with the mechanized pavers. Such a large scale paving of concrete lining is done for the first time in India. The Main Canal in its journey has to negotiate several water streams, rivers, roads, railways etc.

22 This is possible by constructing appropriate structure on the canal. In all, there are 598 structures on the Narmada Main Canal. Narmada Main Canal as on today is completed up to 458 Km. and water has flown through it and has reached the state of Rajasthan. Statue of unity: - The Statue of Unity is a planned 182 meters (597 ft) monument of Vallabhbhai Patel that will be created directly facing the Narmada Dam, 3.2 km away on the river island called Sadhu Bet near Vadodara in Gujarat. This statue is planned to be spread over square meters of project area. It will also be surrounded with a man-made lake spread across 12 km of area. The flowing image shows the place where statue of unity will be constructed.

23 Canal Distribution system: - No. of branches 38 Length of distribution system KM Culturable command area lakh hac. (Map of branck canal network) Water for irrigation will be conveyed to 8 ha. Blocks through a km. network of conveyance and distribution system consisting of branch canals, distributaries, minors and sub-minors. There will be 38 branch canals off-taking from main canal, out of which Miyagam, Vadodara, Saurashtra and Kachchh branch canals will be the major branches having a capacity of more than 75 cumecs (2650 cusecs). The distribution system would cover culturable command area of lakhs ha. (45.57 lakhs acres) spread over in 3112 villages in 73 talukas of 15 districts of Gujarat.

24 The branch canals and the distribution system network up to 8 ha. Block will be lined. The Canal Systems up to the village levels (called village Service Area) will be operated by the Central Authority i.e. Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd. Below the village levels, the systems will be fully operated by the organizations of farmers to be explicitly formed for the purpose. With the system affixed annual water allowance pre-decided and pre declared for various parts of the command area, is easy to convert this water allowance into numbers of actual watering that the farmers would get from the system at the village levels. For example, on an average about 6 to 7 annual watering can is made available to the farmer s Associations at village levels. It is the need-based privilege of the farmers associations to plan what number of watering that they would like to avail in the Kharif (monsoon) season and what number of watering they would like to use in the non-monsoon (winter) season. They would take decisions on the basis of rainfall and its distribution. Once the farmers make their schedules, it would be easy to aggregate these at the level of distributaries and branches of the systems.

25 Command area development: - Sardar Sarovar (Narmada) Project (SSP covers Cultural Command Area (CCA) of lakh ha within Gujarat. With extensive studies on the subject, detailed elaborate and micro level plan has been evolved to deal with the development of SSP command. Entire command area is divided into 13 agro climatic zones and each zone is further subdivided in to irrigation and drainage blocks ranging from 4000 to 10,000 ha. Involvement of farmers in the construction activities and thereafter for irrigation management is aimed at to ensure efficient user friendly uses. The system below the VSA outlets will be managed by the Water Users' Associations (WUAs) based on Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM). One of the unique feature is that the Irrigation Water in the command area of SSP would be delivered to farmer's groups (Water Users Association (WUA) and not to individual farmers. It would be for the farmers groups to manage distribution within their block called village service Area (VSA). The corollary to this management is that the minors, sub minors and field channels will be owned and looked after by these WUAs. Involvement of farmers/ngos in the construction of micro level canal network system would ensure 'owners' amongst the beneficiary farmers. A suitable system called Rotational Water Supply (RWS) - Varabandhi would be implemented to ensure timely, and assured and equitable supplies. Another important feature is the volumetric supply of water instead of conventional area approach. The micro level canal systems with appropriate structures are being designed and constructed to ensure timely and equitable distribution of water. This would guard against the most commonly observed problem of overuse of water by initial command blocks, leaving less supply to the tail Enders. To ensure efficient water uses, the evaluation would be based on delta basis. Water intense crops would be discouraged.

26 Micro irrigation system like drip and sprinkler would be encouraged for efficient water uses. An interesting as well as innovative feature of the SSP's irrigation plan is to supplement canal water supply by conjunctive use of ground water. This would augment total water availability and stretch the irrigation benefit to more area. It will also prevent water logging by regarding excess ground water and thereby protecting command against water logging and soil salinity.

27 8.Claimed benefits SSP's backers claim the project will irrigate a 'command area' of 1.8 million hectares (4.45m acres) in Gujarat and 75,000 hectares (185,000 acres) in Rajasthan; Have an installed power generation capacity of 1450 megawatts; Provide domestic water to over 2.35 million people in 8235 villages and 135 towns in Gujarat; And prevent flooding downstream. Narmada Flow: o The NWDT allocated the Narmada water on the assumption that in three out of every four years at least 28 million acre feet (MAF) (34.5 billion cubic meters) of water flowed down the river. However measurements of the actual flow between 1948 and 1993 show that the 75% dependable flow has been only MAF. This reduces the share of water available to Gujarat by at least 16%. Irrigation Efficiency: o o o The irrigation efficiency of SSP (the amount of irrigation water which actually reaches crops) is assumed in project documents to be 60%. Experience with existing irrigation schemes and independent studies of the SSP irrigation plans indicate that this is unrealistically high. The World Bank's 1991 'India Irrigation Sector Review' states: "Irrigation efficiency in India has often been assumed at 60%, whereas a worldwide sample of irrigation commands indicates 3740% efficiency in areas of low rainfall under reasonably good management, and in higher rainfall zones, an average of 23%. Most irrigation commands in India probably have an irrigation efficiency of 2035%. If assumed efficiency is 60% and actual efficiency is 30%, actual water availability will be half the assumption at design."

28 Narmada Sagar: o The potential benefits of SSP are based on the assumption that it will be able to exploit regulated releases of water from the Narmada Sagar Projects (NSP) upstream in Madhya Pradesh. NSP (which consists of one major dam (Narmada Sagar) and two medium ones (Omkareshwar and Maheshwar) and SSP are supposed to work as part of a single system. The NWDT stated that MP should "complete the construction of Narmada Sagar Dam... concurrently with or earlier than the construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam." Water Intensive Crops: o Despite assertions from Government of Gujarat that water intensive sugar cane growing will not be allowed in the SSP command area, five large sugar cane factories are being built close to the head of the main canal. Whilst the area to be irrigated has been calculated on the assumption that an average of 320 mm of water will be delivered to the fields each year, sugar cane requires up to 3000 mm. If water is heavily consumed by sugar cane plantations in the initial reaches of the canal system, much less water will be available for users further from the dam. Little Water for Most Drought Prone Areas: o The project proponents claim that SSP will solve the severe drought problems of Kutch and Saurashtra, the two driest parts of Gujarat. However only 1.6% of the total cultivable land of Kutch and 9.24% of the cultivable land of Saurashtra are in the SSP command area. Both these areas are at the tail end of the canal system and will be severely affected by the water shortages in the system p; All the available water is likely to be consumed by the less needy areas of central Gujarat before it ever reaches Kutch and Saurashtra.

29 Power Benefits: o The power from SSP is to be generated from a 1200 MW powerhouse at the dam and a 250 MW powerhouse at the head of the canal. o However the power actually produced will be much less than the installed capacity, mainly because increasing amounts of water will be diverted into the canals, reducing the volume of water available to flow through the turbines at the dam. Drinking Water: o No plans have been completed for how the drinking water is to be delivered to consumers, nor has any money been allocated for this component of the project. Flood Control: o SSP will severely restrict downstream flows, encouraging people to move into the areas now prone to flooding. o The reservoir, however, has not been designed to hold back the occasional large floods at the end of the monsoon, when the reservoir will already have been filled in preparation for the next dry season and will therefore have no spare flood storage capacity.

30 9.Financial cost There are no firm estimates for the total financial cost of SSP. In 1983 the project authorities' submission to the World Bank estimated the cost at `42,040 million in prices, including the canals but not the infrastructure for supplying drinking water. In 1985 the World Bank estimated the cost as `136, 400 million. In 1991, Government of Gujarat revised its estimate upwards to `90, 000 million. In 1993 it was revealed that this figure does not include interest of over `17, 000 million. In 1985 the World Bank calculated the values of different parameters at which the project's net financial benefit would become zero. Some of these are: o Total cost +15% o Total benefits 13% o Power benefits 38% o Dam implementation period +22% o Irrigated yield 15%

31 10. How to meet Gujarat s water needs As the project is clearly not going to perform as claimed, what are needed are not 'alternatives' to SSP, but ways of solving Gujarat's water crisis, and especially the water shortages in Kutch and Saurashtra. Several plans have been developed by engineers and economists (with a minuscule fraction of the resources put into planning SSP) which show how Gujarat could fulfill the promised benefits of SSP without its massive financial, human, and environmental costs, and much more quickly. Government of Gujarat's own water agencies have stated that it is possible to deliver water to Kutch and Saurashtra much more cheaply and quickly than could be possible with SSP.

32 11. Advantages of construction of dam(artificial reservoir) No fuel charges. Running cost almost nil. No stand by losses. Highly reliable. Efficiency does not decrease with time. Construction and operation wise very simple. Maintenance cost very less. Starts quickly and synchronizes fast. Minimum staff when plant is operational. No ash problems thus pollution frees. Also useful in flood control and irrigation and drinking water purpose. Comparatively quiet long life.

33 12. Disadvantages of construction of DAM Higher initial cost. Takes long time of erection. Plants are setup at distant places so transmission losses increase. Totally dependent on the availability of water. Larger area required. Period of installation time is high. 13. Conclusion We conclude that while going through the entire industrial visit of Sardar Sarovar Dam, we know the different features nature and new components of dam structure and practically analyzed the method used in storage of water, construction of component part of dam, and distribution of water through the canal and also know how to use the nature s features in better way. The dam is worked in a well and systematic manner such that all three states include in the construction of dam get the conspicuous advantages of generated power and water and other state s which have the scarcity of water also get the advantage by the canal system.