CHANGE OF SUMMER THERMAL CONTROL USE IN HOMES AFTER ELECTRICITY SHORTAGE CAUSED BY 3.11 DISASTER IN JAPAN

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1 CHANGE OF SUMMER THERMAL CONTROL USE IN HOMES AFTER ELECTRICITY SHORTAGE CAUSED BY 3.11 DISASTER IN JAPAN 5D.4 Xioayong Lin and Noriko Umemiya * Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan 1. INTRODUCTION Electricity shortages prevailed in many areas of Japan after the earthquake that occurred in Tohoku on March 11,. Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant reactors caused explosions after tidal waves resulting from the earthquake destroyed their cooling systems. Subsequently, atomic generation safety was questioned. Almost all electricity generation by nuclear plants was halted in Japan after the disaster. Electricity conservation was requested by government in the national interest. Excessive air-conditioning and illumination were discouraged. Circumstances were most severe in the Kansai area, where half of the electricity generation capacity was done by nuclear power generation. In summer, electric utilities in Kansai asked businesses and households to reduce electricity consumption by up to 15 percent. Surveys of Japanese residents energy use are exemplified as follows. Enai et al. (1978) presented a method to estimate kerosene consumption according to the degree-days. Ojima et al. (1980) surveyed the actual situations of energy use for electricity, gas, and kerosene of nine cities throughout Japan and various building types. Hong (1993) analyzed the relationships between annual energy use and the housing attributes for four apartments in Tokyo and found the effects of the floor space, the number of family members, the * Corresponding author address: Noriko Umemiya, Osaka city university, Department of Engineering, , Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka city, Japan, ; umemiya@arch.eng.osaka -cu.ac.jp income, and the cooling and heating systems on energy use. Sawachi et al. (1994) introduced estimation formulae of energy use expressed as a function of cooling degree-days, the number of family members, the supplied water temperature, the annual mean outdoor temperature, the of bathing and showers, and household income based on surveys of eight cities throughout Japan. Suzuki et al. (1995) compared the effects of apartment s thermal performance, living styles and energy conservation consciousness on monthly energy use among Sapporo, Kyoto and Naha. Mae et al. (2002) found 5 standard patterns of cooling time-zone and strong relation between cooling-application and outdoor air temperature for apartments in Hyogo prefecture. Mori et al. (2005) analyzed life style and energy consumption for detached houses in Kobe city and estimated energy consumption by heating and cooling pattern in consideration of dweller's energy- action and life style. Lin et al. (2007) compared summer energy costs of urban Osaka apartments by age of the residents and found that younger residents under 40 years old open windows more frequently when asleep, use electric fans more frequently, save electricity more and their cooling costs were lower than older residents. This study was undertaken to clarify the following: 1) change of electric charge and setting temperature, 2) change of degrees of subjective evaluation of air conditioner use and window opening and habits of electricity, and 3) factors related to cooling charges and setting temperatures.

2 2. METHODS Surveys were conducted in and in southern Osaka city. Apartment buildings that had more than six floors and a hundred apartments facing south, west, and east were selected. Questionnaire sheets were distributed to all apartments in the buildings. Owned and rented, public and private buildings were selected almost evenly. The number of buildings was 24, to which 1,681 sheets were distributed in ; 290 of them responded by mail. Aher survey of the same items was conducted at the same apartment buildings after the summer period of electricity conservation in. The questionnaire items were related to cooling behaviors, apartment attributes, evaluation of the residential environment, respondent attributes, and habits and ways of thinking about thermal comfort, thermal control usage, ecology and problems of urban warming. Table 1 shows the questionnaire items and categories. Living environments were evaluated subjectively in three categories. Frequency of air conditioner use and of window opening were evaluated subjectively on five-point scales. Electricity use and charging were reported both in terms of kilowatt hours and yen for May and August. The range of air conditioner temperature was also reported. Table 1 Items and categories Table of the questionnaire 1 Items and categories of the questionnaire ATTRIBUTE of the APARTMENT USE of FANS living area, area of veranda, number of rooms, floor number of fans built year, living length, number of family, ownership of use (5) direction of the openings USE of AIR CONDITIONERS EVALUATION of LIVING ENVIRONMENT number of air conditioners (too much, well, neutral, poor) year of the purchase sunshine (a lot of, neutral, little) of use (5) view (, neutral, poor) satisfaction to the performance (5) glance from outside (anxious, neutral, free) discontent to the performance outdoor air (clean, neutral, dirty) cooling cost (anxious, free) crime prevention (anxious, neutral, free) cooling cost (economizing, free) noise outside (noisy, neutral, quiet) cooling cost in Yen and kwh for May noise from neighbor apartment (noisy, neutral, quiet) cooling cost in Yen and kwh for August dew on the windows or walls (a lot of, neutral, little) cooling cost in Yen and kwh for September humid or odor indoors (in close, neutral, released) cooling temperature mold (a lot of, neutral, little) use of air conditioner when asleep insects (a lot of, neutral, little) ways of thinking for air conditioning solar heat in summer (anxious, neutral, free) (positive, neutral, negative) glare of sunshine inside (a lot of, neutral, little) mechanical cooling (effective, neutral, effective) USE of OPENINGS heat inside in summer (bearable by natural cooling, use of openings when awaken in summer (4) neutral, intorelable without mechanical cooling) use of openings when asleep in summer (4) overall satisfaction (5) width of open (5) of open when air conditioning (4) ATTRIBUTE of the RESPONDENT of keeping open the front door (4) age, sex, place of born and raised, chlonic illness use of front screen door (3) constitutions (tolerance to heat, cold, flu ) living styles (time, meals, energy use) Numbers in parentheses show the numbers of categories ways of thinking for thermal control, comfort and nature

3 states of health states of health tolerance to cold tolerance to cold main direction main direction ownership ownership area of living area (m2) area of living area (m2) age of apartment (year) age of apartment (year) < p=.825 p= < north p=.0477 west north p=.0477 west east east 16.2 south south >= p<.0001 >= p< < < public rent public rent p=.3854 private rent 5.1 private rent 7.1 p=.3854 public owner public owner private owner private owner Fig.1 attributes of the Fig.1 apartments Attributes of the apartments ill slightly bad ordinal p=.336 ill p=.336 p= weak weak slightly bad ordinal strong strong p=.0151 Fig.2 attributes of Fig.2 respondents Attributes of the respondents 3. RESULTS 3.1 Surveys In, 1681 sheets were distributed to 24 apartment buildings; 290 were returned. In, 1669 sheets were distributed; 185 were returned. The return rate was 17.3% in ; it was 11.0% in. 3.2 Apartments Figure 1 shows attributes of the surveyed apartments. Living areas of m 2 were approximately 60%. Those of m 2 were approximately 30% in both years. Directional facing of apartments differed slightly between years (p=0.0477). South-facing units were 53.5% in and 63.7% in. No significant difference was found in house ownership. Public housing and private housing were each approximately 40%. Mean numbers of family members were 2.66 in and 2.36 in. 3.3 Respondents Basic attributes In, respondents were 32.4% male and 67.6% female; in, 46.2% were male and 53.8% were female. The mean age of respondents was 46.5 years in and 54.3 years in Constitution and state of health Figure 2 shows the distribution of tolerance to cold and distribution of states of health. Respondents constitution such as tolerance to heat and illness, and living styles such as regularity of living time and meals were

4 electricity electricity urban warming urban warming sensitivity to temp. sensitivity to temp. yearn for natural life yearn for natural life p=.1153 p=.1153 sensitive at all 7.14 sensitive at all sensitive sensitive sensitive sensitive very sensitive very sensitive yearn at all yearn at all yearn yearn 19.4 yearn 22.9 yearn strongly yearn strongly yearn p= p= p=.4749 p=.4749 p=.4749 at all at at 5.95 all all much much much much p=.1901 realized at all realized at all 3.16 realized realized realized realized very realized very realized p= Fig.3 consciousness about environment Fig.3 Consciousness of the environment p=.0041 p=.0041 bad bad frequencu frequencu polluted polluted clear crime prevention p=.5997 general general satisfaction satisfaction p=.028 p=.028 crime prevention p=.5997 careful for 10.6 satisfied at all 2.2 satisfied at all crime careful for crime cime 12.5 satisfied 3.9 satisfied neutral neutral 19.1 careful for satisfied crime careful for satisfied 55.6 crime 40.6 very satisfied very satisfied Fig.4 Fig.4 Subjective evaluation of evaluation living environment of living (continued) environments (continued) clear outside outside air p=.0577 air p= outside noise outside p=.4257 noise p=.4257 noise noise from neighbours from neighbours p=.0007 p=.0007 quiet 21.6 quiet 37.2 quiet quiet noisy 31.8 noisy 35.4 noisy noisy insects p=0557 mold p=.0139 mold p=.0139 insects p= moldy appeared appeared 59.7 moldy moldy 11.1 appeared appeared moldy rerlative rerlative

5 degree of use degree of use degree of opening degree of opening degree of use degree of use degree of opening degree of opening solar radiation solar radiation p< disdurbing disdurbing p< summer heat of of house p=.1522 summer heat of house p=.1522 I can passable endure 23.8 I can endure without without AC AC AC 32.3 passable I can endure with I can endure with AC with AC AC passable with I can endure with NV I can endure 8.3 natural with NV 7.1 efficacious heating efficacy p=.8306 heating efficacy p= efficacious efficacious efficacious glare of sunlight p<.0001 glare of sunlight p< glaring 23.5 glaring sometime 47.5 s glaring glaring 59.8 glaring glaring sunshine p=.5779 sunshine p= poor 4.7 poor cooling efficacy p=.6206 cooling efficacy p= efficacious efficacious efficacious 43.5 efficacious Fig.4 Fig.4 evaluation Subjective of living evaluation environment of living environments AC use p=.573 AC use p=.573 use use rarely rarely frequently frequently very frequently very frequently opening when awake p=.3225 opening when awake p= open open electric fan use p<.0001 electric fan use 5.6 p<.0001 use use 5.6 rarely rarely frequently 44.4 frequently very frequently very frequently opening opening when when asleep asleep p=.1734 p= open 11.5 open Fig.5 Subjective evaluation of the degree of thermal control use Fig.5 degrees of thermal control use different between and, except for tolerance to cold (p=0.0151). No differences were found in states of health between and Consciousness of the environment Occupants degrees of consciousness related to the environment were also compared during. Figure 3 presents a comparison of the sensitivity to temperature, preference for natural

6 electric charge (Yen) electric charge (Yen) electric charge (Yen) electric charge (Yen) y = x y = x R² = R² = y = x R² R² = = electric use use (kwh) Fig.6 Fig.6 Electric electric use use and and electric charges life, habit of electricity and realization of urban warming. Little difference was found in respondents consciousness of the environment, except for yearning for a natural life (p=0.0211). Degrees of subjective habits of electricity did differ between and (p=0.4749). 3.4 Subjective evaluation of living environment Figure 4 presents a subjective evaluation of living environments. Ventilation (p=0.0041), mold appearance (p=0.0139), noise from neighboring apartments (p=0.0007), disturbance by solar radiation (p<0.0001) and disturbance by glare by sunlight (p<0.0001) differed. Ventilation was poorer, mold appearance was less, and solar radiation heat and glare of sunlight were more in than in. General satisfaction with the apartment was higher in than in (p=0.028). Weather conditions in summer in and were as normal as those of an average year, although solar radiation and glare were evaluated as more in than in. 3.5 Thermal control use Subjective evaluation of thermal control use Figure 5 shows a subjective evaluation of the degree of thermal control use. The degree of electric fan use increased significantly in (p<0.0001), but degrees of AC use and window opening did differ significantly between and (p=0.5753) Electric charge Figure 6 presents a comparison of the relations between electricity use (E u) and electricity charges (E c) in and. Regression equations are also shown in the figure. Subtraction of E c in from E c in produced 104 yen in average, 346 yen in maximum and -79 yen in minimum. These equations show that the electricity charge can be estimated by electric use. The difference between years can be ignored. The response rate of electric use in kilowatt hours was as low as 27.2% in and 28.6% in, probably because of the difficulty of checking old billing figures. The ratio of responses for electric charges was 75.5% in and 53.5% in. Therefore, electricity charges were examined in this study < May May May <1000 < Aug Aug. Aug Aug < < Fig.7 Fig.7 Frequency distribution of of electric cooling charges, electric charges in August and May,

7 reasons of dissatisfaction attitude toward AC use AC use when asleep AC use when asleep reasons of dissatisfaction charge of AC charge of AC attitude toward AC use number of Air Conditioners number of Air Conditioners satisfaction of AC satisfaction of AC E c=25.358e u (r 2 =0.9969) in (1) E c=24.798e u (r 2 =0.9979) in (2) The difference between May and August was defined as the electricity charge for cooling in this study because cooling was the main reason for the increase in August. Figure 7 presents a comparison of the distribution of electric charge in May and August and cooling cost between and. The electricity charge in May was 515 yen (6.0%) lower in than in. The electricity charge in August was 2253 yen (23.7%) lower in than in. The cooling charge was 1811 yen (43.8%) lower in than in Air conditioner use Air conditioners Figure 8 presents a comparison of air conditioner use between and. More respondents were satisfied with AC in than in (p<0.0001). The of satisfied responses was 61.5% in and 57.1% in, but very satisfied responses increased from 5.3% to 21.1%. The dissatisfaction rate of AC was lower for almost all items, except for cool and windy. Dissatisfaction with high electric charge for cooling season decreased from 72.9% to 55.6%. The AC performance might be improved or occupants might have become more familiar with p= p= worry 6.4 p= stuffy expensive to worry maintenance worry and 34.7 high charge worry but hing else to do allergy dry skin smell hot exhaust stuffy 5.6 windy maintenance noisy high charge cool allergy 2.8 too 12.5 cool dry skin smell hot exhaust positive p=.0281 windy noisy 8.3 neutral cool 25.0 negative too cool satisfied at all satisfied all 0.6 p<.0001 satisfied satisfied 7.4 neutral neutral satisfied very satisfied very satisfied positive worry neutral expensive to worry worry and negative Fig.8 evaluation of Air Conditioners Fig.8 Numbers and subjective evaluation of air conditioners p= p= worry but hing 38.7 else to do no AC in BR no AC in BR use 15.6 use use use when when awake 0.6 awake by heat by heat 2.2 use timer 18.9 use timer depends days very frequently very frequently use use p<

8 setting setting temperature (degree C) C) Fig.9 Setting temperatures of air conditioners AC use during and. However, more than half of respondents expressed concern about electricity charges during the cooling season. Regarding electricity charges during the cooling season, the respective frequencies of worry but hing else to do and worry and responses were 41.6% and 42.5% in, and 38.7% and 34.7% in. However, the of expensive to worry increased from 11.0% to 20.2%. This result also demonstrates that electricity charges by AC were unloaded during. Respondents came to think more positively about AC use in. Negative responses decreased from 80.7% to 69.7% and neutral and positive increased. However, 70% of the respondents still thought negatively about AC use in. The response of very frequently of AC use when asleep increased from 27.1% to 31.7%, although depends on the day increased from 17.0% to 30.0%. However, use a timer decreased from 38.4% to 18.9%. This survey does clarify whether very frequently use includes use a timer or. Moreover, timers might be difficult to use. Timers might be regarded as effective or comfortable Setting temperatures of AC Figure 9 presents a comparison of the distribution of setting temperatures between and. The setting temperature is defined as the central temperature of the reported cooling temperature ranges in this study. Most frequent setting temperatures were 27.0 C in and 27.5 C in. However, the distributions were entirely different. The setting temperature was higher in. Settings were 17.0 C to 29.0 C in, and were 23.5 C to 30.0 C in. Regarding temperature settings, 10.5% in and 8.6% in did respond or responded as unknown. The mean setting temperature was 26.0 C in and 27.5 C in. In the government s electricity-conservation campaign after the disaster, cooling temperatures was requested to be set at 28 C. This result attests to the success of the government campaign. 4. COMPARISONS OF COOLING CHARGES 4.1 Comparison by thermal control use Figure 10 shows mean cooling charges by the degree of thermal control use in and. The cooling charge increased along with the degree of AC use in (p<0.0001) and (p<0.0001), although the difference in responses of cooling charges of very frequently and frequently was smaller in. Cooling charges were related to the degree of window opening when awake, p= in and in. The relation between the cooling charge and degree of window opening was stronger when asleep than when awake: p= in and p< in. Effects of the use of natural were stronger in, especially when asleep. The of responses increased from 32.4% in to 42.3% in. The cooling charge for in was approximately half of that in. However, the of when awake was 68.4% in and 67.6% in, as shown in Figure Comparison by living environment evaluation Figure 11 shows mean cooling charges by degrees of living environment evaluation in and. Cooling charges increased as the degree of disturbance of solar radiation indoors

9 summer heat of house summer heat indoors summer heat indoors soler radiation indoors soler radiation indoors soler radiation indoors degree of opening when asleep degree of opening when asleep habits of electricity electricity electricity electricity degree of opening when awake attitude toward AC use attitude toward AC use degree degree of AC of use AC use consciousness of electric charge consciousness of electric charge use use rarely rarely frequently very frequently 628 1, ,875 2, ,595 2,100 1,595 p<.0001 p<.0001 p<.0001 p< ,035 3,911 4,941 4,0354,603 4,941 very frequently , , ,433 5,734 4,433 5,000 open 5,734 4,667 open 5,000 4,667 4,297 6,713 4,297 2,394 6,713 4,269 p= ,394 p= ,269 p= p= cooling 4000 charge 6000 (Yen) ,130 4,130 4,840 4,840 open 3,948 3,948 5,133 open 5,133 3,755 3,755 5,846 5,846 1,664 3,565 1,664 p<.0001 p< , p= p= cooling cooling charge charge (Yen) (Yen) Fig.10 mean Fig.10 coling Mean charge cooling by degree charges of thermal by control TC use bad bad 1,462 p= ,462 2,735 p= ,735 p=.1066 p= ,423 4,973 9,423 4,973 3,006 3,0064,906 4, p=.6149 p=.6149 p=.6149 p=.0024 p=.0024 p= ,150 3,150 4,110 4,110 3,361 3,361 3,361 4,607 4,607 2,801 2,801 6,093 6, I can I can endure I can endure without endure without AC without AC AC 3,911 Fig.11 mean Fig.11 cooling charge Mean by cooling living evaluation charges 5,428 5,428 5,751 5,751 I can endure wuth 2,680 2,680 I can I can endure endure with AC with AC AC 4,629 4,629 I can pass with NV 1,154 1,154 I can endure with NV p=.0002 I can endure with NV 1,154 2,228 2,228 2,228 p=.0013 p= p= cooling (Yen) by living environment evaluation 7,462 worry worry 1,352 1,352 5,294 5,294 expensive expensive to worry to worry 1,657 1,657 2,815 2,815 p<.0001 worry worry and and 2,464 2,464 p< ,001 4,001 worry worry but hing but hing else to else do to do 5,020 5,020 6,244 6,244 p< p<.0001 cooling cooling charge charge (Yen) (Yen) positive 5,081 p=.0016 p= ,018 positive 5,081 4,102 7,018 neutral 5,794 neutral 4,102 5,794 negative negative 2,341 2,341 4,486 4,486 p= p=.0087 cooling charge charge (Yen) (Yen) p= ,163 at all 7,102 electlicity p= ,163 3,704 7,102 at all 27.5 slightly electricity at all 3,704 5,631 8,163 5,631 7, slightly ,061 3,704 electricity 3,061 4,347 4,347 5, ,163 3,061 electricity 2, p=.0620 much 4,347 4,086 p=.0172 much much 2, p=.0620 p= , p= p= cooling cooling 4000 charge charge 6000 (Yen) (Yen) setting cooling temp. charge (degree) (Yen) Fig.12 mean cooling charge by consciousness and habits Fig.12 Mean cooling charges by consciousness and habits increased in (p=0.0024). However, no relation was found for (p=0.6149). The evaluations of solar radiation indoors were greatly different between and (p<0.0001) and of was 35.7% in and 9.9% in, as shown in Figure 4. Disturbances of solar radiation indoors increased in. Effects of the disturbances on cooling charges do appear in. Effects of the glare of sunlight indoors on cooling charges in and were similar. Relations between the degree of and cooling charge were small in and in, p= in and p= in. Mean cooling charges were the highest, 9,423 yen for in, where charges were almost identical for and in. The of decreased and that of increased in, as shown

10 in Figure 4. The distribution differed between years, but the effects of on the charge were so different. Occupants who evaluated of the houses as, neither nor bad might have the chance of feeling the of the houses because they depended on AC. Cooling charges related to the degree of summer heat indoors both in (p=0.0013) and (p=0.0002). Cooling charges were almost equal in and. They were 5,751 yen in and 5,428 yen in for I can endure without AC. Frequency distribution of summer heat evaluation indoors was different between and, as shown in Figure 4. However, mean charges for I can endure with AC and I can pass with natural in were about half of those in. 4.3 Comparison by consciousness and habits related to cooling Figure 12 shows mean cooling charges by degrees of consciousness and habits related to cooling in and. Cooling charges differed greatly by consciousness of cooling charge (p< for both years) and attitude toward AC use (p= in and in ). However, cooling charges were only slightly different by habits of electricity, especially in. p= in, although p= in. Electric charges in May were also only slightly different by habits of electricity in (p=0.0612). It can be said that habits of electricity had only slight effects on electric charges and cooling charges in. 5 COMPARISONS OF TEMP. SETTINGS 5.1 Comparison by thermal control use Figure 13 shows mean temperature settings by degrees of thermal control use in and. Temperature settings increased as the degree of AC use decreased in both (p=0.0183) and (p=0.0320). However, there was little difference by the degree of opening windows especially in : p= when awake and when asleep in, but when awake and.0572 when asleep in. The relation between the set temperature and the degree of thermal control use was stronger in than in. 5.2 Comparison by living environment evaluation Figure 14 shows mean setting temperatures by the degree of living environment evaluation in and. Setting temperatures did differ by living environment evaluation. 5.3 Comparison by consciousness and habits related to cooling Figure 15 presents mean temperature settings by degrees of consciousness and habits related to cooling in and. Responses related to temperature settings for worry and and worry but hing else to do were different in and. They were, respectively 0.6 K in, and 0.5 K in. The temperature settings were unrelated to habits of electricity both in (p=0.3353) and in (p=0.2776). Although the temperature difference between and was greater for than for slightly : 2.1 K for and 0.8 K for slightly. 6 CONCLUSIONS Summer thermal control use in apartments in Osaka in Japan was examined in and. 1) Electricity charges were lower in by 6.0% in May and by 23.7% in August. The cooling charge was lower by 43.8%. The mean setting temperature was 26.0 C in and 27.5 C in. 2) Degrees of air conditioner use and window opening and habits of electricity did differ. 3) Cooling charges related to the degree of window opening stronger when asleep than when awake. Habits of electricity showed only slight effects on electric charges and cooling charges in. 4) Relations between temperature settings and the degree of thermal control use were stronger in than in. Temperature settings did differ by living environment evaluation or habits of electricity either in or in.

11 summer heat of house summer summer heat heat indoors indoors solar radiation solar radiation indoors solar radiation indoors opening windows when sleep opening windows when sleep degree of electricity electricity electricity opening windows when awake opening windows when awake attitude toward AC use attitude toward AC use degree of AC use degree of AC use consciousness of electric charge consciousness of electric charge 28.3 rarely 27.3 rarely frequently frequently very frequently 25.5 p=.0320 very frequently 27.0 p= p= p= setting 25 26temp. 27(degree) setting temp. (degree) p=.8146 open p= open p= p=.0647 setting temp. (degree) setting temp. (degree) 27.7 p= p= open open p= p= seting temp (degree) seting temp (degree) Fig.13 mean setting temperature by degree of thermal control use Fig.13 Mean setting temperatures. by TCuse bad p=.1616 p=6724 p= p= bad setting tempe. (degree) p= p=.9007 setting tempe (degree) 26.1 p=.9665 p= setting temo. (degree) p= p= I can I can endure without setting temp. (degree) without AC AC I can endure wuth 27.5 I can 27.5 AC endure with AC I can endure without AC I can pass with NV 28.4 I can I can endure endure with with NV AC I can endure 23with NV setting temp. temp. (degree) p= Fig.14 mean setting p=.4819 temperature by setting living temp. evaluation (degree) Fig.14 Mean setting temperatures by subjective evaluation of living environments worry 27.1 p= p=.0340 expensive worry to worry expensive 28.1 worry to worry and worry and 27.8 worry but hing else to do worry but hing else to do p= p= setting 25 temp (degree) setting temp. (degree) positive positive neutral neutral p=.2776 at all 27.5 p=.3353 electlicity at all slightly electricity slightly electricity much much electricity 27.9 p= p= setting temp. (degree) setting temp. (degree) Fig.15 Mean setting temperatures Fig.15 mean setting temperature by consciousness and habits by consciousness and habits of cooling REFERENCES ) Enai, M. and Aratani, N., 1978: Actuasituation of the thermal environment in theliving rooms, Journal of AIJ, 264, ) Hong, W., 1993: Analysis on the annual energy use and the housing property in the apartment houses, Journal of AIJ, 445, ) Lin, X. and Umemiya, N., 2007: Bearing the summer heat in urban Osaka apartments: Analysis by age, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation and Energy Conservation in Buildings, Ⅲ, ) Lin, X., Inoue, G., Umemiya, N., Nishioka, T. and Okura, R., 2005: Survey of life style in summer for apartment house occupants in Osaka City, Summaries of Technical Papers Of Annual Meeting AIJ, D-1, p= p= negative p= p=.0003 setting setting temp. temp. (degree) (degree) 5) Mae, M., Nabeshima, M., EMura, K., Nagai, T., Nimiya, H. and Kamata, M., 2002: Study on Application of Cooling in Apartment -House,

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