3-1 What Is Ecology? How do ecologists study ecology?

Transcription

1 3-1 What Is Ecology? How do ecologists study ecology? 1

2 This should look familiar. What is it part of? Review what is meant by a hierarchy. Define each level in the diagram below. Levels of Organization Biosphere Biome Ecosystem Community Population (Species) Individual (Organism) 2

3 4-1 The Role of Climate What are the two components of climate? How does climate relate to certain soil characteristics? How does soil relate to the producer community? How does the producer community relate to the consumer community? 3

4 The Greenhouse Effect Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Is the greenhouse effect good or bad? Why? Is global warming (climate change) good or bad? Why? Does the yellow arrow coming from the Sun represent light, heat, or both? Label it. What is light? (A form of.) What is heat? (A form of.) List some examples of greenhouse gasses. Which is the most concerning greenhouse gas and what is causing it to increase? What are fossil fuels? Atmosphere Earth s Surface 4

5 This diagram is a visual explanation for why the The Effect of Latitude on Climate tropics are hotter than polar regions. Explain why by briefly describing the most significant aspect(s). Sunlight 90 N North Pole Arctic Circle Sunlight Most direct sunlight 66.5 N Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Temperate 23.5 N 0 Tropical 23.5 S Sunlight Temperate Antarctic Circle Sunlight Polar 66.5 S 90 S South Pole Polar 5

6 This diagram is a visual explanation for why The Effect of the Earth's Tilt on Climate seasons change. Explain why by describing the most significant aspect(s). 6

7 WINDS 66.5 N Easterlies Westerlies Northeast Trade Winds 23.5 N 0 Polar Heat Transport in the Atmosphere Equator Southeast Trade Winds Westerlies 23.5 S 66.5 S Polar Easterlies Prevailing winds (key) What transports heat in the atmosphere? What are prevailing winds and what produces them? In the smaller diagram, notice the air currents shown along the right edge of the Earth. These transport heat from the equator to the poles. What are these circular currents called and what produces them? 7

8 OCEAN CURRENTS Heat Transport in the Hydrosphere 66.5 N 23.5 N 0 Equator 23.5 S S Warm currents Cold currents What is the hydrosphere? What property of water makes it good for transporting heat? The warm currents flow near the surface, while the cold currents run deep. The smaller diagram summarizes global heat transport by ocean currents, known as the Great Ocean Conveyor. What do you think would happen to the climate in Europe if the conveyor were 8 to shut down?

9 Competitive Exclusion & Niche Partitioning Community Interactions Feeding height (m) Cape May Warbler Bay-Breasted Warbler Yellow-Rumped Warbler Define ecological niche. Use one species from this diagram as an example. Explain the competitive exclusion principle. Use this diagram as an example. What is niche partitioning and how does it relate to competitive exclusion, using this diagram. 9

10 Symbiotic Interactions (Coevolution) Define ecological symbiosis. Note that each figure on the left corresponds with the cartoon on the right. Identify and label each example of symbiosis on the left. Down the middle, label each level with the form of symbiosis it represents and define it. Which form of symbiosis is most common and why? 10

11 Ecological Succession This diagram represents primary (rock) succession. Write a caption for each panel that describes what it shows, the types of species involved and the cause of change. Define pioneer species. Define climax community. Give an example of when primary succession would take place. How Is secondary succession different? Give an example of when secondary succession would take place. 11

12 Pond/Lake Succession The left diagram represents the natural succession from lake to meadow. Briefly describe this process. The diagram on the right represents an acceleration of the process known as cultural 12 eutrophication. Describe how.

13 Carcass Succession Explain how the process shown in the diagram of a decomposing whale is a form of succession. Explain how the organisms involved in human carcass succession can be useful forensic evidence. 13

14 The Major Biomes 60 N 30 N 0 Equator 30 S 60 S Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tropical dry forest Desert Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Mountains and ice caps Northwestern coniferous forest Boreal forest (Taiga) Tundra Define biome. Notice the pattern of distribution of these major biomes. What relationship explains this? 14

15 Average Precipitation (mm) Average Temperature ( C) Biomes and Climate What is this type of graph, representing climate, known as? What two factors determine climate? How do you think our own climate in NE Ohio compares to that of New Orleans? 15

16 How is this graph similar to the climatogram on the previous slide? Biomes and Climate How is it different? According to this graph, which biome is opposite the tropical rain forest? 16

17 Microclimate Define microclimate. Explain how the graph at left is an example of microclimate. Explain how a hollow log, like the one pictured below, is an example of microclimate. Think of your own example. 17

18 Climate, Soil & Community From left to right, these maps represent climate, soil, and community. Can you find any pattern when comparing these distributions? Explain this! Soil Type 18

19 For the next 6 slides, underline or highlight descriptions of climate and soil. Terrestrial Biomes Tropical rain forest Abiotic factors: hot and wet year-round; thin, nutrient-poor soils Dominant plants: broad-leaved evergreen trees; ferns; large woody vines and climbing plants; orchids and bromeliads Dominant wildlife: herbivores such as sloths, tapirs, and capybaras; predators such as jaguars; anteaters; monkeys; birds such as toucans, parrots, and parakeets; insects such as butterflies, ants, and beetles; piranhas and other freshwater fishes; reptiles such as caymans, boa constrictors, and anacondas Tropical dry forest Abiotic factors: generally warm year-round; alternating wet and dry seasons; rich soils subject to erosion Dominant plants: tall, deciduous trees that form a dense canopy during the wet season; drought-tolerant orchids and bromeliads; aloes and other succulents Dominant wildlife: tigers; monkeys; herbivores such as elephants, Indian rhinoceroses, hog deer; birds such as great pied hornbills, pied harriers, and spot-billed For the next 6 slides, DO NOT underline/highlight all pelicans; insects such as termites; reptiles such as snakes and monitor lizards listed species. Instead, highlight only major 19 representatives or find a way to summarize the community.

20 Tropical savanna Abiotic factors: warm temperatures; seasonal rainfall; compact soil; frequent fires set by lightning Dominant plants: tall, perennial grasses; sometimes drought-tolerant and fire-resistant trees or shrubs Dominant wildlife: predators such as lions, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, and jackals; aardvarks; herbivores such as elephants, giraffes, antelopes, and zebras; baboons; birds such as eagles, ostriches, weaver birds, and storks; insects such as termites Terrestrial Biomes Temperate grassland Abiotic factors: warm to hot summers; cold winters; moderate, seasonal precipitation; fertile soils; occasional fires Dominant plants: lush, perennial grasses and herbs; most are resistant to drought, fire, and cold Dominant wildlife: predators such as coyotes and badgers historically included wolves and grizzly bears; herbivores such as mule deer, pronghorn antelopes, rabbits, prairie dogs, and introduced cattle historically included bison; birds such as hawks, owls, bobwhites, prairie chickens, mountain plovers; reptiles such as snakes; insects such as ants and grasshoppers 20

21 Terrestrial Biomes Temperate forest Abiotic factors: cold to moderate winters; warm summers; year-round precipitation; fertile soils Dominant plants: broadleaf deciduous trees; some conifers; flowering shrubs; herbs; a ground layer of mosses and ferns Dominant wildlife: Deer; black bears; bobcats; nut and acorn feeders such as squirrels; omnivores such as raccoons and skunks; numerous songbirds; turkeys Temperate woodland and shrubland Abiotic factors: hot, dry summers; cool, moist winters; thin, nutrient-poor soils; periodic fires Dominant plants: woody evergreen shrubs with small, leathery leaves; fragrant, oily herbs that grow during winter and die in summer Dominant wildlife: predators such as coyotes, foxes, bobcats, and mountain lions; herbivores such as blacktailed deer, rabbits, and squirrels; birds such as hawks, California quails, warblers and other songbirds; reptiles such as lizards and snakes; butterflies 21

22 Northwestern coniferous forest Abiotic factors: mild temperatures; abundant precipitation during fall, winter, and spring; relatively cool, dry summer; rocky, acidic soils Dominant plants: Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, western hemlock, redwood Dominant wildlife: bears; large herbivores such as elk and deer; beavers; predators such as owls, bobcats, and members of the weasel family Terrestrial Biomes Boreal forest (Taiga) Abiotic factors: long, cold winters; short, mild summers; moderate precipitation; high humidity; acidic, nutrient-poor soils Dominant plants: needleleaf coniferous trees such as spruce and fir; some broadleaf deciduous trees; small, berry-bearing shrubs Dominant wildlife: predators such as lynxes and timber wolves and members of the weasel family; small herbivorous mammals; moose and other large herbivores; beavers; songbirds and migratory birds 22

23 Tundra Abiotic factors: strong winds; low precipitation; short and soggy summers; long, cold, and dark winters; poorly developed soils; permafrost Dominant plants: ground-hugging plants such as mosses, lichens, sedges, and short grasses Dominant wildlife: a few resident birds and mammals that can withstand the harsh conditions; migratory waterfowl, shore birds, musk ox, Arctic foxes, and caribou; lemmings and other small rodents Terrestrial Biomes Desert Abiotic factors: low precipitation (<25cm/yr); variable temperatures; soils rich in minerals but poor in organic material Dominant plants: cacti and other succulents; creosote bush and other plants with short growth cycles Dominant wildlife: predators such as mountain lions, gray foxes, and bobcats; herbivores such as mule deer, pronghorn antelopes, desert bighorn sheep, and kangaroo rats; bats; birds such as owls, hawks, and roadrunners; insects such as ants, beetles, butterflies, flies, and wasps; reptiles such as tortoises, rattlesnakes, and lizards 23

24 Mountains and ice caps (Polar) Mountain ranges can be found on all continents. On mountains the abiotic and biotic conditions vary with elevation. As you move up from base to summit, the climate changes. Therefore, the types of plants and animals also change. If you were to climb the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, for example, you would begin in a grassland. Then, an open woodland of pines. Next, a forest of spruce and other conifers. Near the summit, open areas of wildflowers and stunted vegetation resembling tundra. Finally, ice fields occur at the peaks of some ranges resembling polar regions. Terrestrial Biomes The icy polar regions that border north of the tundra are cold year-round. Plants and algae are few but do include mosses and lichens. In the north polar region, the Arctic Ocean is covered with sea ice, and a thick ice cap covers most of Greenland. Polar bears, seals, insects, and mites are the dominant animals. In the south polar region, the continent of Antarctica is covered by a layer of ice that is nearly 5 kilometers thick in some places. There, the dominant wildlife includes penguins and marine mammals. 24

25 Unlike terrestrial biomes, what defines aquatic ecosystems? Flowing Freshwater Ecosystems What percent of Earth s surface water is fresh? How natural is our own Cuyahoga River? List examples of flowing water ecosystems. What is the selective pressure for adaptation? What is the usual source of water and what is the direction of flow? How do flowing water ecosystems change as they flow from their source? Define meander and use the diagram to explain how meandering creates habitat. Define riparian and explain its importance. 25

26 What defines standing water ecosystems? List examples. Standing Freshwater Ecosystems Describe water movement through these systems and its importance. Study the zonation shown in the diagrams below. Describe the cause and characteristics of each zone and the effect of zonation on aquatic organisms. Define phytoplankton and zooplankton, describe their role in the ecosystem and the problem shown in the diagram at right. 26

27 Oligotrophic Cultural Eutrophication Compare and contrast the two lake conditions shown in this diagram and be able to write a summary description of each. Define natural eutrophication in relation to aquatic ecosystems. Define cultural eutrophication, relate it to what is being shown in this diagram and be able too describe the cause, process and effect. 27

28 Read the fact sheet at the above URL! Lake Erie (In our own back yard!) How did the great lakes system form? Does water flow through the system? How? Define watershed. East Basin Middle Basin West Basin 24 ft. Avg. 62 ft. Based on the depth profile, which Lake Erie basin is most likely to be effected by pollution and why? 82 ft. 210 ft. 80 ft. Avg. 60 ft. Avg. Based on what you learned from the previous two slides, what causes a dead zone to form in the middle basin each summer? What is causing the stress shown in the diagram at left? 28

29 Freshwater Wetland Ecosystems Define wetland, differentiate between the three types and describe their ecological importance. Note where this is in relation to the previous slide. Note that the entire study boundary used to be wetland. What do you think destroyed all this wetland? What do you think determines their restorability? Estuary Ecosystems Define estuary, differentiate between the two types and describe their ecological importance. What do you think is causing some estuaries to be eutrophic? What do you think is causing most estuaries to be hypoxic? Who do you think is leading the efforts to recover some estuaries, and how? 29

30 Note that zonation involving light is the same as in a lake. Describe the Oceanic Zones importance of the photic zone to photoautotrophs, and the importance of photoautotrophs to marine ecology. What are the only producers that can survive in the aphotic zone? In addition to light, what other two factors do marine biologists use to determine oceanic zones? Which zone (realm) is part of all other non-light related zones? What defines the intertidal zone? Describe the cause and effect of zonation within the intertidal. The intertidal along with the continental shelf represent the coastal ocean. What is the ecological importance of this zone using the kelp forest as an example. Describe coral reefs, how they form, their ecological importance and the current threat to their survival. Describe the open ocean and its ecological importance. What defines the benthic zone and the benthos? Where do benthic organisms get food? 30

31 Producers (Autotrophs) What is at the core of ecological interactions and what this slide is all about? Define autotrophic producer. What is the source of energy for chemosynthesis? What percentage of sunlight that strikes the Earth energizes most of the biosphere? What organisms other than plants photosynthesize? Where does the carbon dioxide come from? What do the carbohydrates serve as for organisms? Where does the oxygen go? Where else are chemosynthetic producers found? 31

32 Feeding Relationships Describe how energy moves through ecosystems. Small Fish Zooplankton Algae Squid Salt Marsh Food Web Shark Label each organism in the diagram above with its mode of acquiring energy and trophic level. Define food chain. Define food web in relation to food chain. Define heterotrophic consumer. Differentiate between herbivore, carnivore, detritivore, and decomposer and try to identify them in the food web diagram. & Detritivores 32

33 Define ecological pyramid. Label each type of pyramid below. Ecological Pyramids 0.1% Third-level consumers 1% Second-level consumers 10% Firstlevel consumers 50 grams of human tissue 500 grams of chicken 5000 grams of grass 100% Producers What is each level in the pyramid known as? Explain why each of these is in the shape of a pyramid except the bottom right one. 33

34 Pollution Magnification of DDT Concentration What is DDT? Why does it biomagnify? What is each level in this diagram called? Explain how biomagnification works. 34

35 Biogeochemical Cycles What 4 elements make up 95% of most The Water Cycle organisms? Can living things take in these elements directly? Define biogeochemical cycle. Define evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation. Water Vapor Is it possible you inhale atoms that may have been inhaled by dinosaurs? 35

36 The Carbon Cycle Biogeochemical Cycles Everywhere carbon is found is a sink. Label them! The arrows are pumps from one sink to another. CO2 in Atmosphere Photosynthesis feeding Volcanic activity Respiration Decomposition Human activity Erosion CO2 in Ocean Respiration Uplift Deposition Photosynthesis Label every geological Fossil fuel process Geo, every biological process Bio and every combination process BioGeo. feeding Deposition Carbonate Rocks CaCO3 deposited from coral & shells. Carbon Atom Example: Carbon Dioxide (atmosphere)... Photosynthesis (plant carbohydrate)... Eaten by herbivore... Passed out (feces)... Eaten by Dung Beetle (tissue)... Eaten by Shrew (tissue)... Eaten by Owl (cellular respiration)... Carbon Dioxide (atmosphere) 36

37 Biogeochemical Cycles The Nitrogen Cycle I labeled this one for you. What is the one kind of organisms that is all important to the process of the nitrogen cycle? How important is it for plants to have nitrogen in a form they can use? 37

38 Biogeochemical Cycles The Phosphorus Cycle I labeled this one for you too. How important is it for plants to have phosphorus? 38

39 5-1 How Populations Grow How? (In general ecological terms.) Specifically, within populations what two primary factors determine the rate of growth and how are all three related? What are two additional factors that affect population size? What are Sea Otters an example of? Diagram a simple food chain including Otters, Kelp, and Sea Urchins. Define keystone species and relate it to this food chain. How is this an example of top-down control (in contrast to bottom-up)? 39

40 Measuring Population Human Population Density In mathematical terms, how is population density measured and expressed? In the figure above, what does a high human population density mean? For this example map, we are not given the unit of area, so what do you think a population density of 1000 means? The map above shows how the distribution of African Elephants has changed over time. The shaded areas show how the ranges of many separate populations have diminished. Define population range. 40

41 Exponential Growth Exponential Growth How would you describe the shape indicative of exponential growth when plotted on a graph? Why do you think the authors chose to compare the exponential growth of Bacteria to Elephants? Define population growth rate. Define exponential growth. In exponential growth, as the population grows, what happens to the growth rate? What is exponential growth also known as? In the graph at left, what was the doubling time? What has been the environmental impact of human 41 population growth?

42 Logistic Growth How would you describe the shape indicative of logistic growth when plotted on a graph? Define logistic growth. In logistic growth, what eventually happens to the growth rate? Define limiting factor including a few examples. As a limiting factor decreases, what increases between individuals in a population? Define carrying capacity. Does the population size stay exactly at the carrying capacity? Explain! On the graph above, label the lag, exponential, and logistic phases. Note that this graph shows human population projected to the year What phase is human population currently in? What do you think is/will limit human population growth? 42

43 Density-Dependent Factors Predator-Prey Relationship Wolf and Moose Populations on Isle Royale Moose Wolves Based on this graph, how would you describe the Other Density-Dependent Factors? relationship between predator and prey in terms of their populations? 1. Is this relationship a biotic, or abiotic factor? Define density-dependent factor. 2. Are these factors biotic, abiotic, or both? 3. What do you think were the density-dependent factors 4. that caused the wolf population to crash in 1980 and the Moose population to crash after 1995? 5. List 5 density-dependent factors at left. 43

44 5-3 Human Population Growth Billions of People Add arrows and labels for the Haber Process (fertilizer) and modern medicine. Does this graph show exponential growth? (vaccination) What limited human population prior to 3500 BC? What limited human population after 3500 BC? When it becomes logistic, and it has/will, what may be the limiting factor? 44

45 Climate Change What appears to be the cause and effect relationship in this series of data? What effect do you think this will have on the distribution of biomes and species survival on Earth? What does this have to do with species tolerance? Do you recognize the connection to human population growth? 45

46 Global Climate Change From a recent study of lake sediments... On average, the region cooled at a rate of 0.2C per millennium until about Since then, it has warmed by about 1.2C. 46

47 Patterns of Population Growth Define the demographic transition. What are examples of countries that have or are undergoing this transition? Stage 1 is before transition, stage 2 during and stage 3 after. What do you think causes the decrease in death rate during stage 2? What do you think causes the decrease in birth rate? 47 How does this relate to global human population growth?

48 Age Structure Diagram Following Demographic Transition Rwandan Population 80+ Males U.S. Population 80+ Females Females Males Age (years) Age (years) Percentage of Population Percentage of Population Generally, what is the difference between these two countries? Which country has undergone demographic transition and how can you tell from the diagram? Are either of these countries increasing their population exponentially? If so, which one? 48

49 Future Population Growth Note the projection to the year According to this graph, what is the carrying capacity of the Earth for humans? From the table, what is happening and is projected to happen to the global human population growth rate? Why? Our population is now around 7.5 billion. Do you want to live on a planet with 9 billion people? 11 billion??? 49

50 6-1 A Changing Landscape Why? How? (List) Where is this? What is it an example of? 50

51 6-2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Fish, along with other oceanic resources, are considered a commons. Define commons in this context. Search and explain The Tragedy of the Commons. Who regulates a commons? What negative outcome does this allow for? 51

52 Air Resources Chemical Transformation Nitric acid Sulfuric acid Emissions to Atmosphere Dry Fallout Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide Industry Transportation Condensation Precipitation Particulates Acid rain, fog, Gases snow, and mist Ore smelting Power generation What general environmental problem does this represent? What specific environmental problem? Just as the oceans, the atmosphere is a. What is the greatest source of nitrogen oxides, specifically? Sulfur dioxide? How strong are nitric and sulfuric acids? In which ecosystems does acid precipitation have its greatest impact? The source of this problem is the same as what other environmental problem? What do you think should be done? 42

53 The Value of a Healthy Biosphere The table title is Ecosystem Services. Services for who? Is it possible for humans to perform all of these services for ourselves on a local or global scale? How much would it cost? Then what must we do? 53