Water Purification and Management

Transcription

1 Water Purification and Management

2 NATO Science for Peace and Security Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS). The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3) NATO, Partner and Mediterranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported are generally "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops". The NATO SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's "Partner" or "Mediterranean Dialogue" countries. The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of parti-cipants and contributors only; they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views or policy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses intended to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and reorganised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division. Sub-Series A. Chemistry and Biology Springer B. Physics and Biophysics Springer C. Environmental Security Springer D. Information and Communication Security IOS Press E. Human and Societal Dynamics IOS Press Series C: Environmental Security

3 Water Purification and Management edited by Prof. José Coca-Prados University of Oviedo, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Oviedo, Spain and Gemma Gutiérrez-Cervelló University of Oviedo, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Oviedo, Spain Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division

4 Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Training Course on Water Purification and Management in Mediterranean Countries Oviedo, Spain November 2009 Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN (PB) ISBN (HB) ISBN (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved Springer Science + Business Media B.V No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

5 PREFACE Water plays a crucial role in industry, agriculture and human life. Its use has increased ten-fold between 1900 and On a global scale, about 70% of clean water from available sources is used for agricultural purposes, primarily irrigation, with the remainder used for domestic and industrial purposes. Given demographic and economic trends, it is expected that two-thirds of the world population will live in water-stressed countries by 2025 and the world will need 40% more water by then. Degradation of the environment and pollution of water resources by human activity is taking on greater importance. The world is already facing water shortages in many countries, and nearly 90 developing countries, containing close to one-half of the world s population, already experience water deficits, with resulting constraints on human and ecosystem health as well as on economic development. One of the major challenges to our society is to find viable solutions to the growing shortage of clean water. Urgent steps to be taken are: saving water and finding cost-effective methods for treating wastewater, recycling it, and thus increasing the water supply. The course on which the present volume is based, Water Purification and Management in Mediterranean Countries, held in Oviedo on November 15 21, 2009, dealt with the challenges that water scarcity and water quality are imposing on many countries around the world, and particularly on many arid Mediterranean areas, and threatening their economic and social development. It was stated in 2006 in a United Nations Development Program report that unclean water is an immeasurably greater threat to human security than violent conflict. A positive sign, though, is that new developments in membrane filtration, sorption technologies, membrane bioreactors, and disinfection/oxidation methods, as well as in water management, utilizing remote monitoring and control capabilities, will help to reduce that threat. Chemical Engineering will play an important role in many of the critical advances involving water-treatment processes. The present volume contains a several presentations from the NATO Advanced Training Course held in Oviedo. The complete titles of all the lectures and posters presented are also listed here.

6 vi PREFACE The authors of this volume are to be thanked for their contributions as are all the lecturers and participants for their cooperation in setting high standards and ensuring the success of the course. Speakers and attendees had the opportunity to meet and discuss numerous topics dealing with technical developments, industrial applications, and academic research in the areas of water treatment, recycling, and management. We are indebted to those who contributed to the organization of the course for their efficient and unobtrusive efforts (Prof. Ken Jolls, María Matos, Emilio Muñoz, and David Allende). The support of the NATO Science for Peace and Security Section (NATO- SPS) for granting us the opportunity to host this meeting in Oviedo, of the local sponsors (University of Oviedo, City Hall of Oviedo, Ficyt, and CajaAstur), and of CADASA in the person of Dr. Antonio Marcos, for allowing us to visit one of his company s plants, is gratefully acknowledged. José Coca-Prados Gemma Gutiérrez-Cervelló

7 NATO ADVANCED TRAINING COURSE: WATER PURIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT IN MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES Organizing committee: Director: José Coca-Prados Co-director: Djamal-Eddine Akretche Lecturers: José Coca Prados, University of Oviedo, Spain Djamal-Eddine Akretche, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Algeria Susana Luque, University of Oviedo, Spain João Goulão Crespo, University of Nova Lisboa, Portugal Pierre Aimar, CNRS and University of Toulouse, France Farhang Shadman, University of Arizona, USA Aysel Atimtay, Middle East Technical University, Turkey Subhas K. Sikdar, National Risk Management Research Lab/USEPA, USA Juan M. Lema Rodicio, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain Carlo Vandecasteele, University of Leuven, Belgium Thomas W. Chapman, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Jurgis K. Staniskis, Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania José R. Alvarez, University of Oviedo, Spain H.S., Muralidhara, INSEPPCON, Plymouth, MN, U.S.A Salvador Ordoñez, University of Oviedo, Spain

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9 LIST OF CONTRIBUTED LECTURES PRESENTED DURING THE ATC: - Issues about sustainable protection and development of water resources (S.K. Sikdar) - Parameters of water quality and their measurement (C. Vandecasteele) - Reuse/recycle water opportunities and challenges using membrane technology (H.S. Muralidhara) - Membrane processes in the production of drinking water (P. Aimar) - Water saving in industry by cleaner production (J.K. Staniskis) - Physico-chemical treatment methods (S. Ordóñez) - Treatment of complex systems (T.W. Chapman) - Metals removal from industrial effluents (D.E. Akretche) - Oily wastewaters treatment (J. Coca) - Reuse/recycle water opportunities and challenges using membrane technology: food/bio-processing industry (H.S. Muralidhara) - Membrane bioreactors for treatment of drinking water sources (J.G. Crespo) - Process synthesis strategies in water management (S. Luque) - Purification, reclaim, and recycling in industrial water and wastewater plants (F. Shadman) - Energy from waste biomass (A. Atimtay) - Solid disposal from effluents treatment (J. Coca)

10 x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS - Overview of NATO SPS Programme for cooperation in Civil Science (J.K. Staniskis) - Removal of micropollutants from wastewaters in STPs (J.M. Lema) - Membrane bioreactors in wastewater treatment (J.R. Álvarez)

11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface...v List of Contributors...ix Treatment of Oily Wastewater...1 J. Coca, G. Gutiérrez, J.M. Benito Physico-Chemical Treatment Methods: Fundamentals and Design Guidelines...57 S. Ordóñez, E. Díaz Metals Removal from Industrial Effluents...95 D.-E. Akretche The Ion-Exchange Membrane Bioreactor: Developments and Perspectives in Drinking Water Treatment S. Velizarov, M.A. Reis, J.G. Crespo Treatment of Complex Systems Advanced Oxidation Processes T.W. Chapman Water Saving in Industry by Cleaner Production J.K. Staniškis Solid Disposal from Effluents Treatment M.A. Suárez, J. Coca List of Participants Index

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