Processing And Transaction. The Communication

Transcription

1 Basic Concepts MIS

2 A System View Selected Types System of Definition Systems Information And Communication Levels of Message Message Building Meaning Blocks Processing And Transaction processing Components Transmission Components The Communication System

3 An Information System Concept Organization Setting Information System Components

4 System View A System is a set of subsystems and their relationships, in an environment, organized to achieve goals.

5 Subsystem refers to the components that make up a system s, or its environment s, structure. Environment identifies the subsystems that are not a part of the system but which significantly affact, or are affected by, the system. A Relationship represents a connection between subsystems of the system or environment.

6 Types of Systems System Types Concrete Definitions Assumes tangible physical form that exists outside the mind. You can touch it. Abstract Assumes intangible symbolic form that exists only in mind, although it may be recorded externally. Does not exist physically.

7 Types of Systems System Types Open Definitions Transform matter, energy, or information from the environment to provide for its own regulation and internal maintenance. Closed Self-contained without interaction with the environment, depending on external intervention to initiate and continue its operation.

8 Levels of Message Meaning Data are groups of characters recognized as having meaning. They are raw facts and opinions. eg. It is raining. Information infers more meaning, as data that has usefulness (value) in a current decision situation. eg. It is raining, and my car windows are open.

9 Knowledge, represents information with a potential use retained for reference in future decision situations. eg. Spring is characterized by afternoon showers. I should shut the windows when leaving my car in the institute parking lot.

10 Message Building Blocks Data Name The designation given to a class of data. Data Item A specific value in a class of data. Information Name A group of data names that identify potential user information. Information Item The expression of a specific value for an information name.

11 Properties of Information Understand the content Different personal frames of reference lend varying interpretations to the same content. Relate to a Decision Content should relate to specifically to a current need in any of the phases of the decision-making process.

12 Change a perception Accomplish with surprise or content that reduces uncertainty about future state or event. Take an action Should be decision-impelling by generating a response to the content.

13 Attributes of Information Source Scope Concreteness Accuracy Redundancy Horizon Frequency Timeliness

14 Attribute Source Scope Range Internal to External Detailed to Summary Information System Consideration Use combination of source appropriate to the situation. Use variety of approaches to accomplish classification, filtering, accumulation, and statistics

15 Attribute Concreteness Accuracy Range Hard to Soft Exact to Approximate Information System Consideration Impression should be encouraged to supplement facts. Exact information is not needed

16 Attribute Redundancy Horizon Range None to Some Past to Future Information System Consideration Include the amount of redundancy needed to compensate analytic ability Past emphasis on what has happened to the future emphasis on what is expected.

17 Attribute Frequency Timeliness Range Often to Occasional Current to Delayed Information System Consideration Should match the frequency of the situation. Provide as soon as possible after the data item is measured, but not before the need exists.

18 Management Management is the art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups.

19 Managerial Functions Planning Organizing Staffing Directing, and Controlling.

20 Management Hierarchy Top Management Strategic Management Middle Management Management Control Supervisory Management Operational Control

21 Planning and Control functions Planning is the process of deciding what an organization wants to do (forming goals) and determining how to achieve the goals ( guiding implementation). The Control function complements planning. It involves determining how well goals have been achieved (comparing actual performance with planned) and deciding what to do if the difference is too great (taking corrective action).

22 Strategic Planning Top management decides on organization objectives, changes in the objectives, on the resources used to attain objectives, and on the policies governing the acquisition, use, and disposition of the resources.

23 Management Control Middle management assures that resources are obtained and used effectively and efficiently to accomplish the organizations objectives.

24 Operational Control Supervisory management assures that specific tasks are carried out effectively and efficiently to accomplish the scope of the objective under their authority.

25 Management Functions Management Hierarchy Strategic Planning Top Management Management Control Middle Management Operational Control Supervisory Management

26 Functions Versus Attributes Information Attributes Management Function Source Scope Concreteness Accuracy Strategic Planning External Summary Soft Approximate Management Control Operational Control Internal Detailed Hard Exact

27 Functions Versus Attributes Information Attributes Management Function Redundancy Horizon Frequency Timeliness Strategic Planning Some Future Occasional Delayed Management Control Operational Control None Past Often Current

28 MIS Management Information System is a system consisting of people, machines, procedures, databases and data models, as its elements. The system gathers data from internal and external sources of an organization; processes it and supplies Management Information to assist managers in the process of decisionmaking.

29 Business-related Information Systems EIS - Executive Information Systems MIS - Management Information Systems Decision Support Systems Transaction Processing Systems