Change in behaviour brought about using stimulus response techniques typical of behavioural psychology

Transcription

1 Week 6 Motivation A will to perform Rewards: extrinsic, intrinsic and social Behaviourism: rewards and punishments Content theories of motivation Process theories of motivation Meaning and the social significance of work All about the money? Homo economcus: -Taylor: piece rates to motivate -Ford: $5 day Intrinsic and extrinsic rewards Motivation and pay an unclear relationship -Wiley 1997: top motivating factors alternate between wages, praise and interesting work SCELI survey -68% work for financial reasons -25% work for expressive reasons -5% work for social reasons The lottery question Would you give up your work? Would you give up working completely? UK 63.8% would continue Japan 93.4% would continue Motivation from social factors Social rewards - sense of team spirit, belonging May help motivate in otherwise monotonous work e.g. factory environments Hawthorne studies social side of the organization motivated workers Behavioural theories and motivation Carrot and stick approach - policy of offering a combination of rewards and punishment to induce behaviour Rewards and punishment Stimulus-response psychology Focus on extrinsic motivators such as using pay as reward or withholding pay as punishment Motivation or coercion? (forcing someone to do something through threats) Conditioning Change in behaviour brought about using stimulus response techniques typical of behavioural psychology

2 Class conditioning: when a reward or punishment accompanies or reinforces every instance of the behaviour to be conditioned Operant conditioning: reward or punishment does not need to be continuous but can be schedules in a way to still condition behaviour Behaviourism Advantages: In some cases behaviour is changed Use in the workplace: knowledge and learning; change management; leadership Disadvantages Exactly what behaviours are rewarded? Underlying behaviour change, or simply meeting targets? Coercion doesn t motivate Surface: relies on extrinsic not intrinsic rewards Content theories of motivation Behavioural = one best way Content = different things motivate different people Frameworks: -McGregor s X and Y theory, Maslow s hierarchy of needs, Herzberg, Emotional needs theory McGregor s theory X and Y

3 Mazlow s hierarchy of needs Individuals motivated differently depending on position within the hierarchy Takes account of different motivating factors Shows an individual s motivation is not fixed but changes over time More positive view of people as humans Self-actualization recognizes the potential of people Critiques A ubiquitous management theory but empirically proven in the workplace Maslow s background in primatology even he was unconvinced of this theories use in the workplace Over-simplistic application in management theory Privileges an elitist, white, male, heterosexual view of the world

4 Week 11 Communication & Globalisation Communication Is important for: Coordination Organisational learning Decision making Organisational change Employee wellbeing Verbal communication, Non-verbal communication, Written communication, Symbolic communication ---- Gossip Choosing the best channel 1. Social acceptance: how well the communication medium is approved and supported by the organisation, teams and individuals in the exchange 2. Social presence theory: examines the degree to which physical presence of the sender of the message can be felt in a particular communications medium 3. Medium richness: a medium s data carrying capacity, the volume and varitey of information that can be transmitted during a specific time Written Communication Problems with 1. Poor medium for communicating emotions 2. Reduces politeness and respect 3. Poor medium for ambiguous, complex and novel situations 4. Contributes to information overload Workplace communication through social media: 1. More controversial and reciprocally interactive = sense of community 2. Enables users to develop a public identity 3. Is a new tool for bullying and harassment Types of noise Physical noise Psychological noise Socio/cultural noise Examples Bad connection (phone or internet) -Semantics people interpret words in different ways, attach their own meaning to subjective ideas -Perception people attach different degrees of importance to different parts of the message -Attention people may not give their full attention to a message, distracted by other things -People may speak a different language -Different cultures interpret messages differently

5 Organisational Communication Formed channels Downward communication Upward communication Communication tools Informal channels Useful for employees when official information is not available Relieves anxiety but distorts information which may increase anxiety Barriers to Organisational Communication Types of noise Power differences Gender differences Physical surrounding Language Cultural diversity Examples Employees distort upward communication Superior s have a limited understanding of subordinates roles, experiences and problems Different conversational styles which can lead to misunderstanding Men talk more/give more information Women listen more/reflect more Room size and layout influence ability to see others and readiness to participation in conversation Variations in accent and dialect can make conversation difficult Different cultures have different norms and expectations concerning formal and informal conversations Globalization Global village the globe becoming one unified, interconnected entity - global standardization Importance of national cultures laws, customs etc for managing and organizing Aspects Politics Technology Culture Natural environment Business and industry Economy Structure Exporting Overseas investment and expansion Mergers/acquisitions, joint ventures Franchising and licensing Subcontracting

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