Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)

Transcription

1 Flagship Program September 2015 Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched on 2 October, Key aim of the mission is to achieve universal sanitation coverage and also to put focus on sanitation in India, and to achieve Swachh Bharat by 2019, so as to pay tribute to Mahatma Gandhi on the eve of 150th Birth Anniversary. Swachh Bharat Mission ( 1 )

2 Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched on 2 October, Key aim of the mission is to achieve universal sanitation coverage and also to put focus on sanitation in India, and to achieve Swachh Bharat by 2019, so as to pay tribute to Mahatma Gandhi on the eve of 150th Birth Anniversary. The mission wants to improve rural areas sanitation by way of improving the levels of cleanliness of Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) activities and making Gram Panchayats Open Defecation Free (ODF), clean and sanitised. It is also seeking to strive for the above by removal of bottlenecks, that were and continue to hinder the progress, including partial funding for Individual Household Latrines (IHL) from Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), and focusing on critical issues affecting outcomes. The SBM programme is a off shoot from design of earlier programme of Rural Sanitation, it supports sanitation and hygienic condition in the Village. The genesis of SBM, dates back to 1954, when Rural Sanitation Programme (RSP) in India was introduced as part of the First Five Year Plan (FYP) by Government of India (GOI). According to, 1981 Census data, rural sanitation coverage was only 1%, reflecting the poor condition of existing of rural sanitation in India. This, also coincided with declaration by the United Nation (UN) declaring the year as The International Decade for Drinking water and sanitation. In 1986, GOI introduced Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP), and it was observed that the impact of CRSP was found to be poor, and did not improve the quality of life in rural areas and could not reach out to the privacy and dignity of the women. In 1999, GoI launched Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC), the broad objective was to raise awareness levels among various stakeholders on the significance of sanitation, through Information, Education and Communication (IEC) and also to build capacities of rural folks to bring about visible change in rural villages. Following the above, Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA), was launched on 14 th February 2012 and the objective was to accelerate the sanitation coverage in rural areas through renewed strategies and saturation approach. Government, to bring about change among poor, began providing financial incentives to the Below Poverty Line (BPL) families towards construction and utilize the Individual House Hold Latrines (IHHL) and government decided to award the Nirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP) to those villages, which achieved 100% sanitation (villages free from open defecation). The NBA programme, took support from MGNREGS for funding and developing the activity. To continue with the efforts, SBM was introduced to attain universal sanitation by 2019 and the mission was divided into two separate missions, comprising of SBM-Grameen and SBM-Urban, so as to implement in both rural and urban areas. The methods adopted were same; IEC and Behaviour Change Communication (BCC). Many key actors were roped in to attain 100% achievement of SBM. Goal of SBM is to achieve Swachh Bharat by The broad objectives of SBM are as follows: a) Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas, by promoting cleanliness, hygiene and eliminating open defecation. b) Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the vision of Swachh Bharat by 2nd October Swachh Bharat Mission ( 2 )

3 c) Motivate Communities and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) to adopt sustainable sanitation practices and facilities through awareness creation and health education. d) Encourage cost effective and appropriate technologies for ecologically safe and sustainable sanitation. e) Develop wherever required, Community managed sanitation systems focusing on scientific Solid & Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) systems for overall cleanliness in the rural areas. In order to achieve the mission goal; the following strategy was adopted: Sanitation being a state subject, the total charge was thrusted upon the respective state governments to develop frameworks and utilize the provisions available under mission effectively and vis-a-vis to maximize the impact of interventions undertaken. This strategy was adopted to strengthen and implement the programme in full spirit and also to place mechanisms i.e., administrative and technical experts in place, to use different ways to build sanitation structures to be effectively utilized by the large populations and this was done by using tools such as IEC, capacity building, technical supervisions, SLWM and monitoring and evaluations at various levels i.e., blocks, districts and state levels. GoI, role would be to complement the efforts of the State Governments through focused programme being given the status of a Mission, recognizing its dire need for the country. On implementation front, development of frameworks was assigned to the respective states itself, with a road map of covering three important phases, which were central to the programme: (i) Planning Phase (ii) Implementation Phase (iii) Sustainability Phase Each of the phases, were detailed with activities listed out that needed to be specifically catered, with plans of action, preparation and planning and in the above context, various interventions were identified towards implementation frameworks and approaches that can be best considered and put in place for high impact. Implementation was done through different stakeholders involvements such as Swachhata Doots (Volunteers), Panchayati Raj Institutions, Co-operatives, ASHAs, Anganwadsi workers, Women Groups, Community Based Organisations, Self Help Groups, Water linemen/ pump operator, Civil Society Organisations (CSO), Non Governmental Organization (NGOs), Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) etc. In case the CSO route was adopted, the Swachhata Doots (messengers) may be responsible to the CSO, who will also take the responsibility of paying the incentives to such Swachhata Doots. There needs to be at least one person or a couple of persons supported by a community-based vigilance committee in every village who shall be responsible for motivating, assisting construction and ensuring sustained latrine use by every person in each household in the village. Capacity building of each of these persons has to be ensured. Role of such workers and also Health and ICDS workers to communicate to the community, the consequences of poor sanitation and open defecation and their impact on health, is emphasised. For effective implementation on ground, the States allocated the responsibility of preparing project proposals to the respective district officials and the plan to be shared with GoI (SBM-Minister of Swachh Bharat Mission ( 3 )

4 Drinking Water and Sanitation), the plan for a period of five years, with detailed 5 independent Annual Plans (AP), which are merged into five year plans. Roles and responsibilities are enlisted in detail at the state level, as the District Collector/ Magistrate/ Zilla Panchayat Chief Executive Officer (CEO) have to lead the programme with planning and utilization of optimum resources, to end Open Defecation (OD) in GPs. Government, also identified children in educational institutions as key agents of change, both at home and as well at society level. Thus, they were identified as main agents of change and utilized as human resource to create awareness on sanitation and its effects and also to upscale sanitation facilities and its uses. The second approach adopted was provision of financial incentive to the poor and disadvantaged families to upgrade toilets, depending on their requirements and financial conditions. The incentives for IHHL units to the rural households was available to the states, who wanted to provide the same. The states were also given the flexibility regarding utilization of the incentive and the IHHL allotment process was done at the GP/Block/District Wise, as the incentive was Rs. 12,000 and central and as well the state governments were given the sharing of the incentive for IHHL. However, the incentive charged on the mission was to be used entirely on the sanitation sector and states were given the powers to decide on the methodology of the actual construction of toilets to follow the triggering of demand under the programme. States are also delegated with power to decide to provide incentives to the households in two phases i.e., one at the pre-construction stage and other on completion of construction and usage. On the other hand, the community incentive, if any, can only be released after the village unit is open defecation free for a significant length of time, as these two outcomes were to be measured through a robust follow up of monitoring system. Aslo, the Mission took NRLM and its institutions as key stakeholders, so that the programme would be implemented through Self Help Groups (SHG), Village Organization (VO), Mandal Samakya (MS), Zilla Samakya (ZS) to involve them actively for effective IEC and BCC at the local level. Components of SBM: Various components are key to achieve SBM goal, as it would bring about significant changes in behaviour patterns in sanitation use and hygiene. The important components are Capacity Building (CB), IHHL, Community Sanitary Complex (CSC) and Solid Liquid Wastage Management (SLWM). To achieve, the goal GoI has allocated funds; Central (75%) and State (25%) from Union Budget for undertaking the above components to decentralize and create accountability of funding, for SBM activities. The respective state governments were given the discretion to involve various stakeholders i.e., Non Government Organization (NGOs), Civil Society Organization (CSO), Women Self Help Groups (SHG), Panchayat Raj Institute (PRI), Swacch Doots etc. The stakeholders role was towards motivation, mobilization, monitoring, behavioural change among the target groups. Various implementing agencies are engaged to implement the programme. A five tier implementation mechanism was set up at National/State/District/Block/Village level. National Swachh Bharat Mission (G) it Swachh Bharat Mission ( 4 )

5 is set up at Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. Like Secretary, Additional secretaries, Joint secretaries, Directors, Deputy Secretaries and Technical advisors as decide the roadmap time to time. S The Cell will also have the responsibility of monitoring the activities of all other Ministries of Government of India and individual States / Union territorial s (UTs) with respect to the Swachh Bharat Mission. The Cell will work towards developing the SBM (G)-Management of Information System (MIS) of the Ministry in coordination with the National Information Centres (NIC). State Swachh Bharat Mission [SSBM(G)]- It is coordination and convergence among State Departments like Rural Sanitation, Rural Drinking Water Supply, School Education, Health, Women and Child Development, Water Resources, Agriculture, Publicity etc. At the state level form a Apex committee, in the committee have the Chief Secretary and Secretaries by the Panchayat Raj, Rural Development, Finance, Health, Information and Public Relations (I&PR) as members. The Principal Secretary is implementing the sanitation works in the field level with all the department secretaries and convening the meeting of the Mission. The SSBM directorate board is headed by senior state level officials and they all are responsible for Principal Secretary. They are supervising to implementation programme in the district level. The State Government is funded to the respected districts Zilla Parishad / District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) and evaluation of work situation time to time evaluation. District Swachh Bharat Mission [DSBM (G)]: Line departments have a important role in implementation of the programme, the District Collector/ Magistrate/CEO of Zilla Panchayats have active role in the respected areas. It is implementing and monitoring at the Block or Mandal level with Zilla Parishath Chief Executive Officers, Panchayat Raj Department(PRI) and Rural Drinking water and Sanitation Department, Educational, Health, Rural Developments, Integrated Child Development Scheme(ICDS)& Women and Child Welfare Department, Social Welfare Department officials are involved in it. Block Programme Management Unit (BPMU): Provide guidance support, implementation and monitoring of the GPs. States should finalise the Block level arrangements as per their requirements. The states have to set up a Block Programme Management Unit (BPMU). The BPMU shall work as bridge between the District experts and the GPs. It provide continuous support in terms of awareness generation, motivation, mobilization, training and handholding of village communities, GPs.The BPMU will serve as an extended delivery arm of the District Mission in terms of software support and act as a link between [DSBM (G)] and the GPs/ VWSCs/ village communities. Gram Panchayat/ Village Water and Sanitation Committee: have a pivotal role to play in the implementation of the programme. States may decide to channel the fund flow for activities at the GP level through the Gram Panchayat institution. All Institutions and Committees working within the GP framework have to prioritise sanitation within their programmes. Village Water and Sanitation Committee: (VWSC) shall be constituted as a sub-committee of Gram Panchayat, for providing support in terms of motivation, mobilization, implementation and supervision of the programme. The VWSC should play a crucial role in the comprehensive and saturation approach to Swachh Bharat Mission ( 5 )

6 ODF Grams. The membership of a VWSC may have representation from each Ward of the GP and 6 more members. 50% of the members should be women. There should be representation from SCs and STs and poorer sections of the society. This Committee should function as a Standing Committee on Water and Sanitation of the Gram Panchayat and should be an integral part of the Village Panchayat. The composition and functions of the VWSC may be determined by the State Government. A separate account may be opened for each Village and Water Sanitation Committee of GP and Sarpanch/Pradhan of the GP should be the chairperson of each VWSC. The Swachh Bharat Funds should be routed through the account of the VWSC/GP. The account shall be subject to audits held from time to time including Social Audit. Swachhata Doot/Sena: The Swachh Doots/Sena is properly implemented the multiple activities communication to the local villagers and awareness of sanitation, promote to construction of the toilets, give the assistance to the poor people and maintain the records for future purpose and at last evaluation of it. The GP/VWSC can engage Swachhata Doots or Swachhata Sena to carry out and be responsible for all such sanitation related activities in the GP. These Doots should preferably be from the target GPs. The State may decide to assign this function to CBOs/NGOs/SHGs/ etc. Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI): As per Constitution 73 rd Amendment Act -1993, sanitation is included in the 11th Schedule. The Gram Panchayat (GP) has key role to implementation of the SBM (G). Role of Community Based Organisations (CBO)/Non Governmental Organisations (NGO)/Self Help Groups (SHG)/ Support Organisations (SO): important catalytic role in implementation, as these stakeholders have good outreach and ground level connect, that the organizations can deliver, which have the potential for achieving positive results. Role of Corporate Bodies/PSU and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The role of CSR has been seen as a vital component in achieving the mission, as there is a greater realisation that a healthy workforce can and will contribute towards better services towards output.the issues of getting popularity for marketing of their products and services or mere status also attract corporate houses towards taking up social causes and can increase the interaction with people. Thus, SBM can serve as a platform for the Corporate Houses to help address their CSR. Release of Funds: Ministry of Finance (MoF) releases SBM funds from the central to the respective state government from time to time and further it is released to SSBM within 15 days of transfer from GoI and the released funds are through the Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System (CPSMS) of the Government of India.On the basis of approved demand of States as decided in the Annual Implementation Plan (AIP) every year and the availability of funds at the national level, a national allocation to all the States are worked out for release of funds in two instalments. After the first instalment work nature and implementation review of annual financial year, the second instalment amount is provided. Mainly the funding allocation depends upon the implementation. As per Ministry of Finance instructions, the fund released in the first instalment shall be 50% of the amount approved in the Plan Approval Committee (PAC) and shall be reduced by the amount of opening balance/unspent balance in excess of 10% of the Swachh Bharat Mission ( 6 )

7 previous year s release to the State. Monitoring: Effective Monitoring of the Programme is essential. Monitoring of outcomes is the prime focus to be measured in terms of Toilet usage as reflected in creation of ODF communities. Monitoring of Outputs will also be done for administrative purposes in terms of monitoring of expenditure and assets created. The Monitoring framework should be able to identify the following: Whether adequate IEC activities have been carried out for behaviour change; Whether toilets have been constructed as reported; Whether Constructed Toilets are being used; Whether ODF communities/gps have been created; Evaluation: The process of evaluation is done, based on the implementation of the programme and it is done right from GP/Block/District level and the data collected is shared at the state government level and further it is collated and sent it across to GOI, as per the parameters enlisted. GoI undertakes remedial action towards successful implementation of it and based on the performance of the programme, GoI brings about changes in planning, funding and implementation of the programme. At the central level, the performance of the states, are evaluated from time to time, through agencies of repute. Issues: The SBM programme funds are not reaching the ground level, due to the lack of coordination Swachh Bharat Mission ( 7 )

8 between the State and Central Governments. The granted amount is not sufficient to build latrines, however the construction material cost has been on increase, thus poor people are unable to utilize the programme efficiently, due to their poor financial conditions. Achieving the SBM goal by 2019, is a promising goal with clear stated objectives, however, it is important to question and understand as how do we achieve the goal, when there are communities living with increasing densities, though GOI has strategized various methods and approaches to achieve the goal. The disposal of domestic wastes, wastewater, solid waste, handling bio-degradable and non-biodegradable wastes is a direct link to achieve SBM, and also to health and environmental problems. GoI, needs to come out with a pragmatic approach in developing alternatives for disposing of human waste safely, as building low cost IHHL is a good move, yet we need to analyze the environment, structures within communities and services which are available such as water supply, collection of waste water and solid waste to improve the efficiency of sanitation system that is being developed by the GoI. It is also important to understand, the cultural context of people living in different regions of the country, with different beliefs, when we mention about behaviour change among the populations to achieve sanitation goal by Understanding, analyzing and merging the local culture, customs and beliefs with scientific approaches and methods would bring about significant behavioural changes among the populations that the SBM is targeted at! Swachh Bharat Mission ( 8 )