Geographically varying associations between personality and life satisfaction in the London

Transcription

1 Geographically varying associations between personality and life satisfaction in the London metropolitan area Supplementary Information Appendix Markus Jokela, 1,2 Wiebke Bleidorn, 3,4 Michael E. Lamb, 2 Samuel D. Gosling 5, Peter J. Rentfrow 2 1 Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland 2 Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom 3 Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Netherlands 4 Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States 5 Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, United States Corresponding author: Dr. Markus Jokela, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, P.O. Box 9, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. markus.jokela@helsinki.fi Personality in London, SI Appendix 1

2 Table S1. Sociodemographic correlates of mean-level scores of personality and life satisfaction of postcode districts. E S A C O LS Population structure % Children % Older people (65+) % Couple households with children % Lone-parent households Fertility rate Mortality rate Population density % Christian religion % White ethnic background Physical environment & Housing Mean house price % Domestic Buildings % Domestic Gardens % Non-Domestic Buildings % Roads % Railways % Paths % Greenspaces % Water Social indicators Turnout Borough election Total crime rate Income rank Employment rate rank % receiving work incapability support % receiving income support Occupational structure Agriculture, mining, and utilities Manufacturing Construction Retail, Wholesale and Motor Trades Transport & storage Accommodation & food services Information & communication Financial & insurance Property Professional, scientific & technical Business administration & support services Public administration & defence Education Health Arts, entertainment, recreation & other services Note: Correlations are reported as r * 100. All correlations with absolute value 14 are statistically significant (n=216 postcode districts). E=Extraversion, S=Emotional stability (low Neuroticism), A=Agreeableness, C=Conscientiousness, O=Openness to Experience, LS=Life satisfaction Personality in London, SI Appendix 2

3 Table S2. Sociodemographic correlates of regression slopes of personality scores predicting life satisfaction in different postcode districts. E S A C O Population structure % Children % Older people (65+) % Couple households with children % Lone-parent households Fertility rate Mortality rate Population density % Christian religion % White ethnic background Physical environment & Housing Mean house price % Domestic Buildings % Domestic Gardens % Non-Domestic Buildings % Roads % Railways % Paths % Greenspaces % Water Social indicators Turnout Borough election Total crime rate Income rank Employment rate rank % receiving work incapability support % receiving income support Occupational structure Agriculture, mining, and utilities Manufacturing Construction Retail, Wholesale and Motor Trades Transport & storage Accommodation & food services Information & communication Financial & insurance Property Professional, scientific & technical Business administration & support services Public administration & defence Education Health Arts, entertainment, recreation & other services Note: Correlations are reported as r * 100. All correlations with absolute value 14 are statistically significant (n=216 postcode districts). E=Extraversion, S=Emotional stability (low Neuroticism), A=Agreeableness, C=Conscientiousness, O=Openness to Experience, LS=Life satisfaction Personality in London, SI Appendix 3

4 Table S3. Descriptive statistics of the sample Variable Mean (SD) or Percentage Sex (%) Women 63.3 Men 36.7 Age 33.2 (12.2) Ethnic group (%) White 74.0 Other 26.0 Relationship status (%) Not in a relationship 34.2 Married 27.3 Living together 19.2 Not married or living together 19.3 Education (%) A-levels or less 25.9 Undergraduate degree 34.5 Postgraduate degree 22.6 Currently studying 17.0 Total gross income of household (%) < 10, ,000-19, ,000-29, ,000-39, ,000-49, ,000-74, > 50, Personality (BFI-44) Extraversion 26.4 (6.5) Neuroticism 23.7 (6.5) Agreeableness 33.2 (5.6) Conscientiousness 32.3 (6.4) Openness to Experience 37.9 (6.3) Life satisfaction 23.3 (7.1) n=56,019 Personality in London, SI Appendix 4

5 Table S4. Correlations between personality traits and life satisfaction at the level of postal districts (lower left triangle, n=216) and individuals (upper right triangle, n=56,019) Extraversion Emotional stability Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to Experience Life satisfaction Note: For postal districts, all correlations with r 0.14 are statistically significant (p<0.05). For individuals, all correlations are significant. Personality in London, SI Appendix 5

6 Table S5. Estimated regression coefficients and their standard deviations across 216 postal districts. Separate models Separate multilevel models Single multilevel model B (SD) B (SD) B (SD) Extraversion 0.17 (0.078) 0.16 (0.043) 0.16 (0.009) Emotional stability 0.30 (0.081) 0.30 (0.036) 0.30 (0.010) Agreeableness 0.06 (0.078) 0.06 (0.045) 0.06 (0.014) Conscientiousness 0.14 (0.075) 0.14 (0.040) 0.15 (0.013) Openness to Experience (0.088) (0.052) (0.019) Note: Separate models are estimated from regression models fitted separately for each postal district. Separate multilevel models were fitted separately for each postal district by including the district of interest and its neighboring postal districts, and the final regression coefficients for each district were estimated as Empirical Bayes estimates from these separate models. Single multilevel model was fitted by including all the postal districts in a single model, and regression coefficients were estimated as the Empirical Bayes estimates from this model. B = linear regression coefficient, SD = standard deviation. Personality in London, SI Appendix 6

7 0.9 Spatial autocorrelation (Mean) E S A C O LS Trait and spatial lag Figure S1. Spatial autocorrelations for average scores of personality traits and life satisfaction across 216 postal districts of London metropolitan areas at different spatial lags. Spatial autocorrelations were calculated using Moran s I coefficient with queen s adjacency matrix of the neighboring districts. E=extraversion, S=emotional stability, A=agreeableness, C=conscientiousness, O=openness, LS=life satisfaction. The numbers on the x-axis denote spatial lag distances (1=autocorrelation with neighbors, 2=autocorrelation with neighbors of neighbors, etc.). Error bars are 95% confidence intervals. Personality in London, SI Appendix 7

8 Extraversion Emotional Stability Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to Experience Life Satisfaction Figure S2. Mean-level scores of personality and life satisfaction of postal districts in Greater London. All traits are standardized as T-scores (mean=50, sd=10). Notice the differences in scales of different traits. Personality in London, SI Appendix 8

9 &" = A &! % '()*+,- $ # "!./0./"./&! /& /" /0 /# 1(23(**+4)564(76+(),58+,95:+;(5*<,+*;<6,+4) Figure S3. Distributions of regression coefficients for personality traits in predicting life satisfaction in different postal districts. O = Openness to experience, A = Agreeableness, C = Conscientiousness, E = Extraversion, S = Emotional stability. Personality in London, SI Appendix 9

10 Extraversion Emotional stability Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to Experience Figure S4. Spatial clustering of high (red) and low (blue) values of regression coefficients for personality traits in predicting life satisfaction. Values are G* estimates of Getis-Ord analysis, with values above 1.96 and below indicating statistically significant clustering. Personality in London, SI Appendix 10

11 Extraversion Emotional Stability Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to Experience Figure S5. Spatial distribution of raw regression slopes of personality traits in predicting life satisfaction in different postal districts. Notice the differences in scales of different traits. Personality in London, SI Appendix 11

12 Supplementary Figure S6. Numbers of participants in the 216 postal districts (total n=56,019). Personality in London, SI Appendix 12