Advancing Methodology on Measuring Asset Ownership and Entrepreneurship from a Gender Perspective

Transcription

1 Advancing Methodology on Measuring Asset Ownership and Entrepreneurship from a Gender Perspective EDGE Joint Project UN Women - UNSD 16th International Meeting on Gender Statistics: Statistical challenges towards the implementation of the post-2015 agenda, Aguascalientes, Mexico, 9-11, September 2015

2 Outline Overview of EDGE initiative Importance of measuring asset ownership and entrepreneurship from a gender perspective EDGE methodological progress MEXA findings Outcome of EDGE Midterm Review Technical Meeting Scope of pilot data collection Status of EDGE pilot surveys

3 EDGE Overview

4 EDGE initiative Evidence and Data for Gender Equality Joint collaboration of UNSD and UN Women seeking to accelerate existing efforts to generate internationally comparable gender indicators on health, education, employment, entrepreneurship, and asset ownership Builds on the work of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Gender Statistics (IAEG-GS)

5 EDGE timeline and stakeholders Multi-year initiative ( ) Overseen by IAEG-GS Advisory Group on Emerging Issues and EDGE Steering Committee Partners: ADB, AfDB, FAO, ILO, OECD, World Bank Donors: Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Republic of Korea, USA

6 EDGE objectives Overall objective: Improve the integration of gender issues into the regular production of official statistics for better evidence-based policy making Specific objectives: 1. Compile and disseminate online international data and metadata on education, employment, and health in line with Minimum Set of Gender Indicators 35 quantitative Tier 1 and 9 qualitative indicators available online at:

7 EDGE objectives (cont d) Specific objectives: 2. Undertake methodological work on Tier 3 indicators: Develop guidelines to measure individual-level asset ownership and entrepreneurship from a gender perspective (ongoing) Methodological Survey Experiment (MEXA), Uganda (2014) Pilot methodological guidelines in select countries (2015) Refine and present guidelines to UN Statistical Commission ( )

8 EDGE methodological progress on measuring asset ownership and entrepreneurship from a gender perspective

9 EDGE progress on measuring asset ownership 1 st technical meeting 2 nd technical meeting Follow-up meeting Piloting Presenting guidelines to UN Statistical Commission Jan July 2013 Dec Draft technical report available and first round of consultation FAO draft report on measuring land ownership Experimentation Revising and finalising methodological guidelines

10 Which assets to measure? Land: agricultural + non-agricultural Dwelling for principal residence Other real estate Non-farm enterprise assets Livestock Agricultural equipment Financial assets (incl. liabilities) Valuables

11 How to measure ownership? Reported ownership who is identified as the owner(s)? Legal ownership, where applicable whose name(s) is listed as owner on document? Economic ownership who derives economic benefit from sale of asset? Rights to assets right to sell right to bequeath

12 Defining who is an entrepreneur Little convergence on definitions among researchers Agreement that risk-taking, innovation, creativity are important but these traits are difficult to operationalize Challenge unlike for asset (defined in the SNA), no internationally agreed definition of entrepreneur available

13 EDGE operational definition Entrepreneurs are those persons who own an enterprise, either alone or with other individuals. Excludes: Own use producers: goods/services not intended for market Dependent self employed: those whose functions are close to wage employees and who are economically dependent on single purchaser of their services Pure own account workers: those whose work generally cannot be delegated to a 3rd person and who do not employ others even if they can afford to (e.g. baby sitters, domestic helpers)

14 Classifications for facilitating gender analysis of entrepreneurship Entrepreneurs with direct vs. nominal control of enterprise Main occupation vs. secondary activity entrepreneurs Necessity vs. opportunity-based entrepreneurs Own account vs. employer entrepreneurs Data sources Household surveys, enterprise surveys, business registers

15 Methodological Experiment on Measuring Asset Ownership from a Gender Perspective (MEXA)

16 Methodological Experiment on Measuring Asset Ownership from a Gender Perspective (MEXA) Collaboration between UN EDGE, World Bank LSMS and Uganda Bureau of Statistics To test respondent selection and questionnaire design Implemented in Uganda in 2014 Findings to: Inform data collection in 2015 by pilot countries Inform final methodological guidelines to be presented to UN Statistical Commission in 2017

17 Testing five interview settings 1. Most knowledgeable HH member, interviewed alone, asked about assets all HH members exclusively/jointly own 2. Member of principal couple randomly selected, interviewed alone, asked about assets all HH members exclusively/ jointly own 3. Principal couple, interviewed together, asked about assets all HH members exclusively/jointly own 4. Adult (18+) HH members (up to 4), each interviewed alone, asked about assets all HH members exclusively/jointly own 5. Adult (18+) HH members (up to 4), each interviewed alone, asked only about assets respondent exclusively/jointly owns

18 Key findings Compared to standard practice of interviewing only most knowledgeable member/head of household: TAs 4 and 5 yield sizeable effects on women s reported and economic ownership across almost all assets These effects are usually statistically indistinguishable from one another TA 4 enables aggregation of assets at the household level for SNA household sector accounts MEXA findings presented, 3-5 Dec. 2014, Kitakyushu, Japan NSOs agreed that there is clear value addition to interviewing >1 household member about individual-level asset ownership and control

19 Scope of pilot data collection

20 Purpose of pilots To test EDGE methodologies Validate concepts and measures Assess questionnaire design Evaluate feasibility of implementing recommended interview setting/respondent selection Assess indicators Identify tensions between cross-country comparability and local country context Generating nationally-representative baseline indicators is ideal but of lower priority

21 Two Modalities for data collection 1. Modules appended to existing household survey Interview principal couple separately and simultaneously about core assets Data collected on asset ownership and control and entrepreneurial participation Fiji & Maldives 2. Stand-alone survey: Interview up to 3 adult household members including the principal couple separately and simultaneously about all assets Plus data items on modes of acquisition, valuation, hidden assets, and full entrepreneurship module Mexico (self-financed); Georgia, Mongolia & Philippines (ADB), South Africa and Swaziland (AfDB)

22 Thank you