驾驶员视觉注意对危险识别的影响及作用机制

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1 2014, Vol. 22, No. 11, Advances in Psychological Science DOI: /SP.J * 驾驶员视觉注意对危险识别的影响及作用机制 (, ) 驾驶中, 有效的视觉注意模式是驾驶员搜索与识别潜在道路危险的先决条件 通过分析驾驶员视觉注意对危险识别的影响, 提出情境意识假设与心理负荷假设 情境意识假设认为, 情境意识的质量决定了驾驶员视觉注意模式的灵活性, 进而影响危险识别 心理负荷假设认为, 心理负荷水平提高, 驾驶员视觉注意趋于集中, 不利于危险识别 建议未来研究可以在比较不同驾驶员情境意识的认知兼容性, 应用汽车驾驶自动化技术降低心理负荷以及检测并区分情境意识与心理负荷的影响等方面加以深入 驾驶员 ; 视觉注意 ; 危险识别 ; 情境意识 ; 心理负荷 U471.3; B842 1 引言, (road user),,, 3 (43.6%), (23%) (20.8%) (McKnight & McKnight, 2003), (visual attention), (Underwood, 2007),, (Crundall & Underwood, 2011), 19 : * ( ) 2013 (L13CSH018) :, changruosong@163.com 35.1%, 19~ %, 60~ % (Fisher et al., 2002), (look-but-fail-to-see),, (Crundall, Crundall, Clarke, & Shahar, 2012) Underwood (2007),, (situation awareness) (mental workload),, (Hosking, Liu, & Bayly, 2010; Underwood, Crundall, & Chapman, 2011; Underwood, Ngai, & Underwood, 2013),, (Cooper, Medeiros-Ward, & Strayer, 2013; Savage, Potter, & Tatler, 2013), 2 驾驶员视觉注意对危险识别的影响 Mourant Rockwell (1972) 1733

2 ,,,,,, ;,, ;, (Chapman & Underwood, 1998; Crundall & Underwood, 1998; Underwood, Chapman, Bowden, & Crundall, 2002; Underwood, Chapman, Brocklehurst, Underwood, & Crundall, 2003; Underwood, Crundall, & Chapman, 2002),,,,, (, ),,, (Borowsky, Oron-Gilad, Meir, & Parmet, 2012; Borowsky, Shinar, & Oron-Gilad, 2010; Crundall, Chapman et al., 2012; Underwood et al., 2011), Crundall Chapman (2012),,, ;,,,,,,, ;, ; (Crundall, Crundall et al., 2012; Konstantopoulos, Chapman, & Crundall, 2012; Scott, Hall, Litchfield, & Westwood, 2013) Scott (2013), T,,,, 7

3 11 : 1735,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (Mackenzie & Harris, 2014;,, 2014),,, (Taylor et al., 2013), 3 视觉注意影响危险识别的作用机制 3.1 情境意识假设,, (Endsley, 1995),, (Salmon, Young, & Cornelissen, 2013) 1998, Crundall Underwood,,,, (Hosking et al., 2010; Underwood et al., 2011), (Endsley, 1995) 1, 2 3,,, 1 2,,, ( ), (Borowsky et al., 2010) Kaber, Zhang, Jin, Mosaly Garner (2012),, ( 2), Underwood (2013),,,,,,,

4 , Underwood (2007),, 3.2 心理负荷假设, (Vidulich & Tsang, 2012),,, (Konstantopoulos, Chapman, & Crundall, 2010; Recarte & Nunes, 2003; Savage et al., 2013), Konstantopoulos (2010),,,, Young Stanton (2007),, ;, (, ),, 3 ( ) (Crundall & Underwood, 2011),,,,, (,,,,, 2012), (Reimer, Mehler, Wang, & Coughlin, 2012),, (Rogers, Kadar, & Costall, 2005), Cooper (2013) ( 1) (a), (c) (b), 1 ( : Cooper et al., 2013),,,, 4 进一步研究展望 4.1 比较不同驾驶员情境意识的认知兼容性 (cognitive compatibility), ; ( ),, ;, (Walker, Stanton, & Salmon, 2011),, ; (Salmon et al., 2013)

5 11 : 1737,,, 4.2 应用汽车驾驶自动化技术, (adaptive cruise control, ACC) (active steering, AS), (Ma & Kaber, 2005) Young Stanton (2007) (novice), (learner), (expert) (advanced), ACC, AS ACC+AS 4 ACC, AS ACC+AS ; Di Stasi, Contreras, Cándido, Cañas Catena (2011), 4.3 检测并区分情境意识与心理负荷的影响 (, ) (, ), (Vidulich & Tsang, 2012),,,, (Endsley, 1995),,,,,,, 郭应时, 马勇, 付锐, 孟妮, 袁伟. (2012). 汽车驾驶人驾驶经验对注视行为特性的影响. 交通运输工程学报, 12(5), 孙龙, 常若松. (2014). 汽车驾驶员危险知觉测试研究进展. 中国安全科学学报, 24(1), Borowsky, A., Oron-Gilad, T., Meir, A., & Parmet, Y. (2012). Drivers perception of vulnerable road users: A hazard perception approach. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 44(1), Borowsky, A., Shinar, D., & Oron-Gilad, T. (2010). Age, skill, and hazard perception in driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(4), Chapman, P. R., & Underwood, G. (1998). Visual search of driving situations: Danger and experience. Perception, 27(8), Cooper, J. M., Medeiros-Ward, N., & Strayer, D. L. (2013). The impact of eye movements and cognitive workload on lateral position variability in driving. Human Factors, 55(5), Crundall, D. E., & Underwood, G. (1998). Effects of experience and processing demands on visual information acquisition in drivers. Ergonomics, 41(4), Crundall, D., Chapman, P., Trawley, S., Collins, L., Van Loon, E., Andrews, B., & Underwood, G. (2012). Some hazards are more attractive than others: Drivers of varying experience respond differently to different types of hazard. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45, Crundall, D., Crundall, E., Clarke, D., & Shahar, A. (2012). Why do car drivers fail to give way to motorcycles at t-junctions? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 44(1), Crundall, D., & Underwood, G. (2011). Visual attention while driving. In B. E. Porter (Eds.), Handbook of traffic

6 psychology (pp ). New York: Academic Press. Di Stasi, L. L., Contreras, D., Cándido, A., Cañas, J. J., & Catena, A. (2011). Behavioral and eye-movement measures to track improvements in driving skills of vulnerable road users: First-time motorcycle riders. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 14(1), Endsley, M. R. (1995). Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors, 37(1), Fisher, D. L., Laurie, N. E., Glaser, R., Connerney, K., Pollatsek, A., Duffy, S. A., & Brock, J. (2002). Use of a fixed-base driving simulator to evaluate the effects of experience and PC-based risk awareness training on drivers' decisions. Human Factors, 44(2), Hosking, S. G., Liu, C. C., & Bayly, M. (2010). The visual search patterns and hazard responses of experienced and inexperienced motorcycle riders. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(1), Kaber, D., Zhang, Y., Jin, S., Mosaly, P., & Garner, M. (2012). Effects of hazard exposure and roadway complexity on young and older driver situation awareness and performance. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(5), Konstantopoulos, P., Chapman, P., & Crundall, D. (2010). Driver's visual attention as a function of driving experience and visibility. Using a driving simulator to explore drivers' eye movements in day, night and rain driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(3), Konstantopoulos, P., Chapman, P., & Crundall, D. (2012). Exploring the ability to identify visual search differences when observing drivers eye movements. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(3), Ma, R., & Kaber, D. B. (2005). Situation awareness and workload in driving while using adaptive cruise control and a cell phone. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35(10), Mackenzie, A. K., & Harris, J. M. (2014, March). Characterizing visual attention during driving and non-driving hazard perception tasks in a simulated environment. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (pp ), New York, USA. McKnight, A. J., & McKnight, A. S. (2003). Young novice drivers: Careless or clueless? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35(6), Mourant, R. R., & Rockwell, T. H. (1972). Strategies of visual search by novice and experienced drivers. Human Factors, 14(4), Recarte, M. A., & Nunes, L. M. (2003). Mental workload while driving: effects on visual search, discrimination, and decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 9(2), Reimer, B., Mehler, B., Wang, Y., & Coughlin, J. F. (2012). A field study on the impact of variations in short-term memory demands on drivers visual attention and driving performance across three age groups. Human Factors, 54(3), Rogers, S. D., Kadar, E. E., & Costall, A. (2005). Gaze patterns in the visual control of straight-road driving and braking as a function of speed and expertise. Ecological Psychology, 17(1), Salmon, P. M., Young, K. L., & Cornelissen, M. (2013). Compatible cognition amongst road users: The compatibility of driver, motorcyclist, and cyclist situation awareness. Safety Science, 56, Savage, S. W., Potter, D. D., & Tatler, B. W. (2013). Does preoccupation impair hazard perception? A simultaneous EEG and Eye Tracking study. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 17, Scott, H., Hall, L., Litchfield, D., & Westwood, D. (2013). Visual information search in simulated junction negotiation: Gaze transitions of young novice, young experienced and older experienced drivers. Journal of Safety Research, 45, Taylor, T., Pradhan, A. K., Divekar, G., Romoser, M., Muttart, J., Gomez, R., Fisher, D. L. (2013). The view from the road: The contribution of on-road glance-monitoring technologies to understanding driver behavior. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 58, Underwood, G. (2007). Visual attention and the transition from novice to advanced driver. Ergonomics, 50(8), Underwood, G., Chapman, P., Bowden, K., & Crundall, D. (2002). Visual search while driving: Skill and awareness during inspection of the scene. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 5(2), Underwood, G., Chapman, P., Brocklehurst, N., Underwood, J., & Crundall, D. (2003). Visual attention while driving: Sequences of eye fixations made by experienced and novice drivers. Ergonomics, 46(6), Underwood, G., Crundall, D., & Chapman, P. (2002). Selective searching while driving: The role of experience in hazard detection and general surveillance. Ergonomics, 45(1), Underwood, G., Crundall, D., & Chapman, P. (2011). Driving simulator validation with hazard perception. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 14(6), Underwood, G., Ngai, A., & Underwood, J. (2013). Driving

7 11 : 1739 experience and situation awareness in hazard detection. Safety Science, 56, Vidulich, M. A., & Tsang, P. S. (2012). Mental workload and situation awareness. In G. Salvendy (Eds.), Handbook of human factors and ergonomics (pp ). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Walker, G. H., Stanton, N. A., & Salmon, P. M. (2011). Cognitive compatibility of motorcyclists and car drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(3), Young, M. S., & Stanton, N. A. (2007). What's skill got to do with it? Vehicle automation and driver mental workload. Ergonomics, 50(8), Effect of Visual Attention on Hazard Detection and Its Influencing Mechanism SUN Long; CHANG Ruosong; GAO Yuan; MA Ling (School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian , China) Abstract: Effective visual attention is crucial for drivers to search and detect the potential hazard in driving. By analyzing the effect of visual attention on hazard detection, we proposed situation awareness hypothesis and mental workload hypothesis. The former hypothesis pointed out that the quality of situation awareness determined the flexibility of drivers visual scanning pattern, thereby affecting hazard detection. While the later hypothesis highlighted that when the drivers mental workload increased, their visual attention tended to concentrate, reducing the possibility of detecting a hazard. In the future, more attention should be paid to comparing the difference of cognitive compatibility of situation awareness among different road users, and applying vehicle automation technology to reduce drivers mental workload as well as how to distinguish the effect of situation awareness and mental workload at the same time. Key words: driver; visual attention; hazard detection; situation awareness; mental workload