Table of contents. Acronyms Preface Executive summary Résumé Part I Strategies, policies and governance...

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1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 Table of contents Acronyms Preface Executive summary Résumé Part I Strategies, policies and governance Chapter 1 Why regions matter for innovation policy today Introduction A double policy paradigm shift An evolving innovation scenario Innovation and regions: evidence from the OECD Annex 1.A Bibliography Chapter 2 Road maps and smart policy mixes for regional innovation Introduction Opening the black box of policies: identifying relevant policy spaces Recognising challenges and setting priorities Implementing smart policy mixes Annex 2.A Bibliography Chapter 3 Multi-level governance of innovation policy Introduction Different regional roles in a multi-level governance context Promoting complementarity across levels of government Mobilising the right public and private stakeholders New data and indicators, better monitoring and evaluation practices Conclusions Notes Annex 3.A Bibliography Chapter 4 Conclusions and policy advice Key issues Policy advice Summing up

2 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Part II Agencies, instruments and country information Chapter 5 Maximising the impact of regional innovation agencies Introduction Role for RIAs in the new framework for regional innovation RIAs in practice Key strategic questions for RIAs Conclusions: RIAs as learning organisations and change agents Note Annex 5.A1. Case study summaries Bibliography Chapter 6 Policy instruments for regional innovation Introduction Science and technology parks Systemic initiatives: clusters, networks, competitiveness poles and competence centres Innovation support services for existing SMEs Support for innovative start-ups Innovation vouchers Mobility grants and talent attraction-retention schemes Research infrastructure Chapter 7 Regions and innovation, country by country Introduction Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Hungary Italy Korea Mexico Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 Tables Table 1.1. Descriptive statistics for 27 leading regions and other regions Table 1.2. Categorisation of OECD regions: knowledge hubs, industrial production zones and non-s&t-driven regions Table 1.3. Top 20 regions: recent skilled immigrants Table 1.4. Regional cultural enterprise employment: New England states (US) Table 1.A1.1. Categorisation of OECD regions: group averages by variable Table 2.1. Decentralisation of powers for science, technology and innovation (STI) Table 2.2. Innovation strategies for different types of regions Table 2.3. Building on current advantages: examples of regional strategies and associated policy Table 2.4. mixes Supporting socio-economic transformation: examples of regional strategies and associated policy mixes Table 2.5. Catching up: examples of regional strategies and associated policy mixes Table 2.6. Regional innovation policy instruments: a taxonomy Table 2.7. RIS: typology of external and internal linkages Table 2.8. Policy objectives according to RIS configurations Table 2.9. Innovation policy instruments targeting SMEs Table Universities in the regional innovation system Table 2.A1.1. The regional dimension in national innovation strategies: selected OECD countries Table 3.1. Formal definitions of regional role for STI policy Table 3.2. Sub-national dimension of national STI-related plans Table 3.3. Sub-national share of R&D and related spending Table 3.4. Number of countries reporting use of STI instrument by level of government Table 3.5. STI funding flows by level of government Table 3.6. Diagnosing multi-level governance challenges Table 3.7. Implementing co-ordination mechanisms for the multi-level governance of STI policy Table 3.8. Regional cross-border collaboration: different approaches Table 5.1. The new context for RIAs Table 5.2. Types of services delivered by RIAs Table 5.3 SWOT analysis of RIAs Table 5.A1.1. Summary of characteristics: case study RIAs Table 5.A1.2. Summary of key issues: case study RIAs Table 6.1. Overview of policy instruments used to promote regional innovation Table 6.2. Science cities: an international comparison Table 6.3. Target groups of clusters and competitiveness poles Table 6.4. Characteristics of cluster policies Table 6.5. Implementation forms of competitiveness pole models and competence centres Table 6.6. Categorisation of innovation support services Table 6.7. Examples of mobility schemes for attraction-retention of talented people Table 7.1. Categorisation of OECD regions used in country profiles

4 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Figures Figure 1.1. Contributions to OECD GDP growth, TL2 regions, Figure 1.2. Categorisation of OECD regions Figure 1.3. Variations in national and regional innovation systems: selected countries Figure 1.4. GDP per capita and skilled labour force intensity: a virtuous relationship Figure 1.5. Regions with the highest share of labour force with tertiary educational attainment Figure 1.6. Regional specialisation in high- and medium-high-tech manufacturing employment Figure 1.7. Regional specialisation in knowledge-intensive services (KIS) employment Figure 1.8. Heterogeneity in R&D intensity in OECD member countries and regions Figure 1.9. Top regions by country for business R&D intensity, Figure R&D expenditure: regional models of public and private performance Figure Top 20 OECD regions in biotech patenting, Figure Top 20 OECD regions in ICT patenting, Figure Top 20 OECD regions in green technologies patenting, Figure Number of co-inventors for top patenting regions: green technologies, biotech and ICT Figure Variety and intensity in foreign patent collaboration: co-inventorship patterns Figure Regional network of co-inventors in green patent applications Figure Technological and non-technological innovators, all firms, Figure Employment in cultural and creative industries in Spain Figure 3.1. Number of instruments used by national and regional governments, by country Figure 3.2. Most important co-ordination tool Figure 3.3. Number of multi-level governance co-ordination tools used in a given country Figure 3.A1.1. Sub-national public investment as a share of general government public investment Figure 6.1. Theoretical underpinning of competitiveness poles and clusters Figure 6.2. Intervention logic for competitiveness poles and clusters Figure 6.3. Relative sophistication of innovation management techniques Figure 6.4. The entrepreneurial process and GEM operational definitions Figure 6.5. Typical innovation voucher workflow Boxes Box 1.1. The OECD Innovation Strategy: selected key findings from Measuring Innovation: A New Perspective Box 1.A1.1. Typologies of European innovative regions Box 2.1. Korea: a successful case of catching up Box 2.2. Strategies of innovation leaders: building on current advantages Box 2.3. Strategies for socio-economic transformation: restructuring and identifying new frontiers Box 2.4. Strategies for catching up: avoiding a supply-side bias Box 2.5. Mini-mixes : integrated policy packages Box 3.1. OECD-GOV Survey on the Multi-level Governance of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Box 3.2. Sub-national autonomy in spending in OECD member countries Box 3.3. STI policy co-ordination mechanisms: ad hoc and formal consultation Box 3.4. Innovation Norway and regional research funds: national-regional engagement in STI Box 3.5. Spain and STI policy: multiple contract approaches Box 3.6. Flanders (Belgium): horizontalisation of innovation policy Box 3.7. Denmark s Regional Growth Fora: public-private advisory councils

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 9 Box 3.8. Examples of STI indicator tracking for regions Box 5.1. Definition of a regional innovation agency (RIA) Box 5.2. Descriptive characteristics of RIAs Box 5.3. Bretagne Innovation: evaluation approaches Box 5.4. Innobasque: a light node agency approach Box 5.5. RDAs in England: managing innovation and regional development Box 6.1. Science parks as national instruments and regional facilitators in Greece Box 6.2. Business clusters in the West Midlands (United Kingdom) Box 6.3. The Knowledge Cluster Initiative for Japanese regions Box 6.4. Competitiveness poles and Wallonia (Belgium) STI policy Box 6.5. The Competence Centre Programme in Estonia Box 6.6. Evaluation of the French Competitiveness Poles Box 6.7. High-growth, high-impact and gazelle SMEs Box 6.8. US Manufacturing Extension Partnerships Box 6.9. Co-operative Innovation Networks (VIS): Flanders (Belgium) Box SME Innovation Support Programme Aldatu: Basque Country (Spain) Box Design Centre Bologna (Emilia Romagna, Italy) Box Supporting SME innovation in Lower Austria: a cross-regional and multi-facetted approach Box Innotek: creating high-tech spin-offs in Flanders (Belgium) Box Advantage Proof-of-Concept Grant Fund: West Midlands (United Kingdom) Box Financial support for new innovative companies: Emilia-Romagna (Italy) Box Bioincubator in the Canavese Bioindustry Park SpA: Piedmont (Italy) Box Inventure Fund Ky in Southern Finland: building a portfolio of high-tech start-ups Box LINC Scotland: Investment Facilitation Grant stimulating business angel potential Box Federal and regional support for innovative high-growth SMEs (Belgium) Box Innovation vouchers for SMEs in Limburg (Netherlands) Box Technology vouchers: Wallonia (Belgium) Box Innovation vouchers for SMEs: Baden-Württemberg (Germany) Box Riga Declaration: realising the full potential of innovation vouchers programmes Box Research grants to support people mobility: Piedmont (Italy) Box Exchange for persons of Japanese descent abroad: Fukuoka (Japan) Box Vienna Research Groups for Young Investigators: Vienna (Austria) Box Regions competing internationally for large research facilities Box Regional decentralisation of universities Box Regional centres for industrial technologies in North East England