Arte Polis 5_Assessing the Importance

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1 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 1 of 17 DOCUMENT Arte Polis 5_Assessing the Importance SCORE 83 ISSUES FOUND IN THIS TEXT 189 of 100 PLAGIARISM 0% Contextual Spelling 18 Misspelled Words Confused Words 9 9 Grammar 17 Determiner Use (a/an/the/this, etc.) Wrong or Missing Prepositions Incorrect Verb Forms Faulty Subject-Verb Agreement Conjunction Use Punctuation 6 Punctuation in Compound/Complex Sentences Comma Misuse within Clauses 3 3 Sentence Structure No errors Style 57 Unclear Reference Passive Voice Misuse Possible Dialectisms Wordy Sentences Improper Formatting Weak or Uncertain Language Vocabulary enhancement 91 Word Choice 91

2 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 2 of 17 Arte Polis 5_Assessing the Importance Assessing the Importance of Architect's Performance Indicators in Project Delivery Process INTRODUCTION The architect is one of the key players in construction industry who has a very important 2 role in determining the success of the projects' final outcomes 3. Previous studies tend to view the architect's performance indicators in project delivery process from the client's perspective. Oyedele and Tham (2005) argued that architect's performance indicators should be assessed from the clients' perspectives because clients are the ones who use architects' services. It is true that the client has an important position for assessing the work of architects because a satisfied client is the number one marketing tool for the architects (Segal, 2006). But, in order to identify the performance indicators that are crucial to measure architect' s performance in project delivery process it is also important to know the architects' very own perspectives on the most important indicators for their performance in work, because some of the clients usually do not really involve in each of the processes and phases in delivering the project and 5 many of them do not possess sufficient knowledge of construction and able to read the architects' drawings. 4 moreover 7 6 even though the clients acknowledge one indicator as the most important indicator to assess architect performance but if the architects themselves do not perceive it as the most important indicator for their performance 8, they will tend not to work harder and give maximum efforts towards achieving that performance indicator and rather 9 putting the efforts towards something else. 1 1 [the construction] 2 Weak adjective: important 3 [ nal outcomes outcomes] 4 5 [ and], 6 [moreover Moreover] 7 [moreover,] Since architect is the one who does the work in each of the processes of delivering the project starting from the conceptual design until the final design stage, work by collaborating with engineers and contractors on the site in 8 Repetitive word: performance 9

3 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 3 of 17 order to deliver 11 satisfied outcomes of a project, therefore, architect himself or herself is the one who really know how they perform, how much efforts they give in producing a building design, and how should they perform 12 in their work in the process of project delivery and thus they are the ones who are capable to assess and identify 14 which of indicators that are most important for their performance. Thus there is a need to identify and evaluate the indicators 17 of architect performance based on architects' own 18 perspectives. Previous studies acknowledge this approach as self-evaluation or selfappraisal, where the individuals themselves assess the way they perform in their work (Palaniappan, 1998; Martin, 2010). This self-evaluation in previous studies has proven to have positive 19 impact towards the individuals or employees that use self-performance evaluation in their work, the employees that use self-evaluation in the performance assessment were reported to have more satisfaction in their work (Palaniappan, 1998). According to Roch et al. (2011) 20 self-judgement can be best employed in the condition for improving job performance, and it provides behaviorally based feedback to improve the assessment exercises. In their research (Roch et al., 2011) self-judgement provides important feedback and increase accuracy on the feedback that is needed by the employers. The importance of effective self-appraisals has been highlighted increasingly by researchers to have benefit contribution towards employee development and performance improvement (Ryan and Tipu, 2009; Martin, 2010). Thus this study uses the self-evaluation where architects themselves assess the and rank the relative importance of a set of indicators to measure architect's performance. Overused word: rather Repetitive word: deliver 12 Repetitive word: perform 13 To-in nitive instead of prepositional phrase 14 To-in nitive instead of prepositional phrase 15 Unoriginal text: 8 words 16 Repetitive word: Thus 17 Repetitive word: indicators 18 [own] 19 [a positive or the positive] 20 [2011) ], This study attempts to cover this gap by analyzing 21 and identifying the most important 22 indicator of architect's performance using architects' rating of importance over a set of performance indicators in project delivery process. This would help the clients and the decision makers of the consultant firms to understand architects' own perspectives as their key employees on what is the most 24

4 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 4 of 17 important thing (indicator) in measuring their performance in project delivery process, this can provide worthy feedback to be incorporated into architect's future project to improve the performance assessment and help to ensure a successful delivery process of a project. 23 This study is carried out through a questionnaire survey of registered architects in North Sumatera, Indonesia. Data analysis included the use of relative importance index (RII) to determine the ranks of each performance indicator Architect Performance Indicators Previous studies have highlighted some criteria that related to the responsibilities of architect or consultant during the project delivery process in relation with 25 a design such as cost 26, time, and quality. However there are no set of criteria agreed to best measure the performance of architects (Oyedele and Tham, 2005). Thus thirty-seven items or attributes in relation with architect responsibilities in the project delivery process were identified from literature 27 and grouped into five indicators to measure architect performance: focus on the clients, design buildability, quality of work, management skills and abilities, and project communication [own] Focus on the Clients The client is the most important 28 person in the industry. Therefore, the focus on achieving of what they need in a project is of crucial importance for the architect to ensure that architect has opportunity 29 to get another project in the future with the same client as well as working with other clients. Able to meet the client's need would ensure satisfied clients, and satisfied 30 clients tend to use the architect's service again for their next projects, and they may also recommend the architect to other potential clients within the industry. Which means that it is very important for architects to satisfy their clients since they help the architects to market and survive within the industry that is highly competitive. According to Oyedele and Tham (2007) being able to understand the clients' objectives help [with to] 26 [a cost] 27 [the literature]

5 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 5 of 17 the consultant firms to have a better competitive advantage in the industry. The objectives of the clients in a project related to finishing the project on time, meeting the budget, and with the highest possible quality (Lam et al., 2007; Meng and Gallagher, 2012). Thus the first performance indicator (focus on the clients) include able to understand the clients' objectives, consideration and forethought of user requirements, able to analyze the design concepts and requirements, able to design the project within budget, able to identify and prioritize project objectives, able to complete the design within time, and able to conform design to the client's requirements [the opportunity or an opportunity] Design Buildability 30 Repetitive word: satis ed The buildability of the final design is one of an important thing to ensure the success and the goals achievement of the project (Wong et al., 2007). Therefore, the buildability of a design should be given appropriate attention by the architects, and this should start from the conceptual planning stage of design (Oyedele & Tham, 2005). According to Lam et al. (2007), the buildability of design relates with efficiency, ease of construction, and quality of the end product. In order to achieve the buildability of a design 35, it should be flexible for changes, design 36 is simplified and completed, elements should be standardized, design elements should be dimensionally coordinated, constructability review is carried out, has sufficient knowledge of materials and components, perform effective 37 site observations and inspections (Chappell & Willis, 2005; Segal, 2006) Weak adjective: important 32 Quality of Work The success of the construction project depends on the completion of the project regarding meeting the scheduled time, cost, and quality (Walker, 1995; Atkinson, 1999). Quality defines as the standard of how good and bad something is (Oxford Dictionary, 2011). Quality in construction industry refers to the totality of features required in services or products to satisfy the needs; this 33

6 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 6 of 17 helps to convince users and clients (Chan and Chan, 2004). Therefore, architects should manage their work to meet the expected standards and features required in their designs and services to satisfy the needs of their clients, by being able to deliver a good quality project and satisfy their clients will help to strengthen the architects' positions within the highly competitive market in the industry. Thus to achieve higher performance regarding the quality of work, architects should maintain their work is up to the highest quality and assist in ensuring a good quality project is being delivered 40. Under the third indicator (quality of work) there are several items that measure quality 42 of work such as aesthetics and quality of design (Schummer et al., 2009), high-quality specification was produced 43 (Songer et al., 1996), reduce/no rework or deficiency in design (Ping et al., 2011), quality management strategies were produced, assist in production of quality manuals design conformance to codes and standard, and assist in production of construction inspection and testing program (Oyedele and Tham, 2005) Repetitive word: design 36 Repetitive word: design 37 Overused word: effective Management Skills and Abilities The fourth performance indicator in this study is management skills and abilities, having a good performance regarding management skills and abilities are important 44 to achieve optimum performance 45 of the project, 46 because defining project strategy as part of management skills and abilities 47 gives a crucial contribution on project success (Artto et al., 2008). Based on Anderson and Merna (2003) poor 48 management in formulating the strategy in a project is usually the reason for poor performance. Therefore, architect as the leader of a design team should understand that possessing good management skills and abilities will give advantage for architect to organize all activities and people, coordinate with other professionals that involve in producing design as well as coordinate between design and construction with contractor and/or sub-contractors which can ensure smooth Repetitive word: Quality 39 Overused word: bad 40

7 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 7 of 17 and successful project delivery process. 49 The fourth indicator (management skills and abilities) to measure architect performance include provide assistance in defining project strategy (Anderson and Merna, 2003; Artto et al., 2008), run effective pre-design project meetings, involvement of other professionals during design stage (Oyedele & Tham, 2007), co-ordination 52 among phases of design, co-ordination 53 between design and construction, run effective project review meetings (Oyedele & Tham, 2005), and able to give advise on contract provisions (Chappell, 1995) Repetitive word: quality 43 Project Communication All projects start with communication. Therefore, communication 54 in the project is very important 55 to be taken as the consideration as one of indicator to measure architect performance because basically all architect designs start by understanding the needs of the clients through communication in the project briefing. Communication 56 is the activity 57 of expressing ideas, giving people information, and methods of sending information 58 (Oxford dictionary, 2011). Since communication deals with exchanging information 59, therefore, the architect should be able to communicate well with the all of participants in the project as well as communicate ideas effectively into design drawings. Because even if architects have splendid 60 ideas 61, they would be useless when they are badly 63 communicated According to Segal (2006), good 65 architects should learn to communicate ideas verbally and graphically into action or how to do it plan. Bad 67 communication may lead to misunderstanding or misinterpreting the ideas or information received, and bad 68 communication 69 may lead to the defective design and project failure. Therefore, good performance in terms of 70 project communication is of crucial importance for the architect in achieving overall optimum performance in a project. Chappell & Willis (2005) argue that good communication for architect involves clarity, brevity, certainty, and comprehensiveness. Project communication involves effective design Repetitive word: performance 46 [project, ] 47 Repetitive word: abilities 48 Overused word: poor Overused word: good 51

8 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 8 of 17 communication to 71 the contractor and other participants (Oyedele and Tham, 2007). Thus the fifth performance indicator (project communication) in this study is measured with certainty in communication, brevity in communication, comprehensiveness in communication, clarity in communication, communicate effectively 74 with the clients, communicate 75 ideas effectively into drawings, communicate design clearly to the contractor, and communicate effectively 76 with other professionals in the design process METHODOLOGY This study is conducted 77 with a quantitative approach by using questionnaire survey as the method of collecting the data needed to obtain the objective of the study. The respondents of this study consisted of architects that are registered 78 with Indonesian Institute of Architect (IAI) of North Sumatera. A total of 110 completed and useful questionnaires for further analysis were analyzed 80 using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) software, version The frequency and descriptive statistics were used 81 for data analysis and data presentation for this study. The questionnaire was developed 82 into three sections. The first section of the questionnaire 83 aims to find out the respondent's background. The second section which consists of thirty-seven questions aim to identify the importance of performance indicators by using the Likert's scale adopted from previous research of Oyedele and Tham (2005), in ascending order starting from 1 (not important 86) to 5 (extremely important). The last section (third section) is the respondent's comments aim to find out more opinions from the respondents on architect performance. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was tested by 87 calculating the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. According to Sekaran (2006), the internal consistency of measure indicates the homogeneity of items that form the construct. Based on Sekaran (1992) in Priyatno (2012), Cronbach alpha coefficient which is less than 0.6 is not Repetitive word: communication 55 Weak adjective: important 56 Repetitive word: Communication Repetitive word: information 59 Repetitive word: information 60 Unusual word pair 61 Repetitive word: ideas Overused word: badly 64 Repetitive word: communicated 65 Overused word: good 66 [into in] 67 Overused word: Bad 68 Overused word: bad 69 Repetitive word: communication 70 [ in terms of regarding]

9 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 9 of 17 good, is acceptable, above 0.7 is good, and 0.8 is preferable. The results for internal consistency test have shown that Cronbach's Alpha coefficient obtained for performance indicators in this study was 0.955, which means that all items (questions) in the questionnaire are good 90 and reliable in measuring architect performance, this also indicates an acceptable measure of reliability of the questionnaire 91 (Jarkas, 2013) by all respondents (registered architects in North Sumatera) that participate in this study. Then the data collected were analyzed 92 using the technique of Relative Importance Index (RII) to identify which performance indicator and item with the highest RII 93 and rank them based on the collective perceptions of the registered architects that took part in this study. The RII for each item 94 in architect performance indicators that form the questionnaire in section three was calculated 95 by using the RII formula in a percentage value (Jarkas, 2013) as shown in the equation. Where n1= number of respondents who selected 1 (not important ), n2= number of respondents who selected 98 2 (less important 99), n3= number of respondents who selected (moderately important), n4= number of respondents who selected (important ), and n5= number of respondents who selected 5 (extremely important), respectively RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS From 110 respondents that participated in the survey, 94 were males (85.5%), and 16 were females (14.5%). They were mostly at the age of years old (46.4%). In terms of 104 their background of the study, 98 of them were bachelors (89.1%), 11 of them have master 105 degree (10%), and one respondent has PhD degree (0.9%). Most of them (75 respondents) had working experience in the construction industry between 5 to 15 years (68.2%). Whereas based on the projects, majority 106 of the respondents (61 respondents) in this study had 2 to 3 projects 107 in a year (55.5%), and they (91 respondents) were mostly had 108 finished projects (82.7%). Most [to between] Repetitive word: communication 74 Overused word: effectively 75 Repetitive word: communicate 76 Overused word: effectively Repetitive word: questionnaire 84 Repetitive word: aim 85 [aim aims] 86

10 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 10 of 17 of the respondents (106 respondents) that participated in this study worked in private firms (96.4%) and most of the firms (58 firms) where the respondents worked for has been established 110 for years (52.7%) and 10 of the fims 111 (9.1%) has been established 112 for more than 20 years in the industry. 109 The respondents were asked to rate the importance of 37 items represented in this study for measuring architect performance which was classified 113 into five performance indicators focus on the clients, design buildability, quality of work, management skills and abilities, and project communication. Table I illustrates the Relative Importance Index (RII) value and the rank for each of the identified item and indicator for measuring architect performance. 87 Unoriginal text: 9 words From Table I, it can be seen that 114 registered architects in North Sumatera rated first performance indicator focus on the clients to be the indicator with the highest level of importance for measuring architect performance with cumulative average RII value of Understand the client's objectives and consideration and forethought of user requirements are the items under focus on the clients with the highest RII 115 value of and respectively. Interestingly, Oyedele and Tham (2005) in their study on assessing architect performance from the perspectives of the clients also found that consideration and forethought of user requirements is one of five most important criteria for architect performance from the perspectives 116 of the clients from the private sectors. Thus it indicates that architects that participated in the survey understand very well that to be able to compete in the industry architects should maintain good 118 performance in terms of focus on the clients by understanding 119 their requirements in a project because client is the most important 120 player in the industry for architects and without client architects will have difficulties in getting a project. 117 The previous study by Oyedele and Tham (2005) have conceptualized 121 architect performance by using four 90 Overused word: good 91 Repetitive word: questionnaire [RII ROI] 94 Repetitive word: item Repetitive word: selected Repetitive word: selected 101 Repetitive word: selected

11 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 11 of 17 indicators: client focus, constructability and buildability of design, quality of works, and management systems. This present study adds project communication that is measured 122 with eight items as one of the indicators for measuring architect performance. The results of RII values for the items 124 that are measuring 125 project communication in Table I have shown that all items under project communication perceived by the respondents (registered architects) as extremely important items (RII values between to 89.82) for measuring project communication to be one of indicators for measuring architect performance, because the respondents in this study selected project communication as the second most important 128 performance indicator with cumulative average RII value of From eight items that measure project communication, communicate effectively 129 with the clients and communicate ideas effectively into drawings are the items under project communication with the highest RII 130 values of and respectively. Project communication has been identified as an essential thing to firm's success and project performance (Adenfelt, 2010; Badir et al., 2012). This indicates that registered architects of North Sumatera consider that project communication is a fundamental thing to ensure their performance achieved up to the optimum level and important 132 to be considered as one of the indicators of their performance. Since every project starts with communication, it is really 135 importance 136 for an architect to ensure that good 137 communication performance and effective communication 138 exists in the process of project delivery to gain success in executing a project Repetitive word: selected [ In terms of Regarding] 105 [a master or the master] 106 [the majority or a majority] 107 Repetitive word: projects [ ms lms] The third most important 139 performance indicator with cumulative average RII value of is quality of work. The items with the highest RII 140 values under the quality 141 of work are deliver 142 aesthetics and quality of design and produce clarity and consistency of specification with drawings with RII values of and respectively. Quality of work is considered 143 as one of the key performance indicators for measuring performance 114 Unoriginal text: 8 words

12 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 12 of 17 among the players in the construction industry (Chan and Kumaraswamy, 1996; Khang and Myint, 1999; Kazaz et al 144, 2005; Ahsan and Gunawan, 2010). Therefore, registered architects of North Sumatera as the respondents of this study also aware that this indicator is one of a very important 145 indicator 146 for measuring architect performance in project delivery process. 115 [RII ROI] The fourth most important 147 performance indicator with cumulative average RII value of is management skills and abilities. Run effective project review meetings and involve other professionals during design stage are the items under management skills and abilities 148 with the highest RII 149 values of and respectively. Deficiencies in managing the project may limit the ability to realize 150 strategic objectives for the project (Young et al., 2012). Which means that lack of performance in managing the project can lower the level of project performance because of the project strategy to achieve the objectives of the project does not identify properly. Thus architects should possess good 152 management skills and abilities in managing the activities as well as people that involve in the project 153 to ensure that all activities 154 in the project delivery process run smoothly Repetitive word: perspectives Overused word: good 119 Repetitive word: understanding The indicator with the lowest cumulative average RII value is design 155 buildability with Carry out constructability 156 review of design effectively 157 and participate in site observations and inspections effectively are the items under design buildability with the highest RII 158 values of and respectively. Similarly, Oyedele and Tham (2005) also found that items 159 that measure design buildability such as carried out constructability review and design flexibility for changes and variations were ranked by the clients in the bottom two in terms of 160 its' importance among 28 items presented in their study that measure architect performance. Thus this might be happened because of the lack of knowledge regarding design buildability on what advantages that might be gained 161 by giving more attention to design buildability in the early stage of design 162. Since the clients Repetitive word: items 125 Repetitive word: measuring 126 Repetitive word: items 127 [RII IRI]

13 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 13 of 17 themselves do not really perceive design buildability as of equal importance to other performance indicators and choose it as the less important 164 indicator, then it is plausible that architects also consider this indicator does not seem very important to be concerned with in their performance, so they choose design buildability as the performance indicator which is of the least important compare 166 to the other four performance indicators presented in this study Overused word: effectively 130 [RII ROI] Nevertheless, based on the results in Table I, the cumulative average RII for five indicators that are conceptualized for measuring architect performance have weighted importance between to and the RII values for all 37 items in this study that measure architect performance have weighted importance between to This indicates that all of items 170 presented in this study are perceived by the respondents (registered architects of North Sumatera) as having crucial important 171 for measuring architect performance in project delivery process, because according to Hassanain et al. (2012) the weighted importance between 80 to 100 means that the RII value is within the range of extremely important in terms of importance level Unclear antecedent Repetitive word: considered 135 [really] Overused word: good 138 Repetitive word: communication 139 Conclusion 140 [RII ROI] 141 Repetitive word: quality Architect performance in this study is conceptualized as focus on the clients, design buildability, quality of work, management skills and abilities, and project communication. This study adds project communication to the previous four indicators for measuring architect performance in the previous 174 study 175. The relative importance index (RII) value for project communication has shown that architects do perceive project communication as an extremely important 176 indicator for measuring architect performance. This 177 is proven with the selection of project communication by the respondents (registered architects of North Sumatera) as the second most important indicator for measuring architect performance. Focus on the clients is chosen as the most 142 [are deliver [et al et al.] are delivered] 145 Weak adjective: important 146 Repetitive word: indicator

14 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 14 of 17 important indicator for measuring architect performance, implying that architects that participate in the study do realize that having good performance in terms of focus on the clients help them to survive in the industry because clients are the sources for obtaining new projects. Thus architects give more attention on focus on the clients and rate this indicator with the highest RII value among other four performance indicators. Design buildability has chosen to be the indicator with the least RII 181 value, which means that architects perceive this indicator as 182 the one that is of the least importance among the other four performance indicators. Nevertheless, based on the RII values this study has identified 37 items that are extremely important for measuring architect performance and demonstrates that project communication is one of the important 183 indicators for measuring architect performance. Although this study provides a basis for identifying the significance of performance indicators and their items for measuring architect performance, this research has provided useful insights for architects as part of creative community and guides for future research in the construction field specifically in the field 184 of architecture management and practice. Such findings are also important 186 for clients/decision makers, contractors, management of consultant firms as well as other players that involve in creative community of the industry to understand what performance indicator that should be given most attention for measuring architect performance from the perspectives of architects themselves as well as to identify items that are acknowledged by architects to measure their performance. 185 However, this study is carried out in North Sumatera. Thus it will be interesting to see in the future how registered architects in a different part of Indonesia as well as in a different part of the country acknowledge the importance of these five indicators for measuring architect performance. This study conceptualizes 188 five indicators for measuring architect performance, perhaps 189 future researches 190 can add other indicators 191 for measuring architect performance in order to 192 achieve a more holistic performance assessment Repetitive word: abilities 149 [RII ROI] Overused word: properly 152 Overused word: good 153 Repetitive word: project 154 Repetitive word: activities 155 [is design is designed] Overused word: effectively 158 [RII ROI] 159 Repetitive word: items 160 [ in terms of regarding ] Repetitive word: design 163

15 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 15 of Repetitive word: items Repetitive word: previous 175 Repetitive word: study 176 Weak adjective: important 177

16 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 16 of 17 Unclear antecedent Overused word: good 180 [ in terms of regarding] [RII ROI] [as like] Repetitive word: eld

17 Grammarly Report generated on Thursday, Apr 19, 2018, 12:14 PM Page 17 of [a different or the different] [, perhaps ; perhaps ] Repetitive word: indicators 192 [in order to to]