A COMPARATIVE ELUCIDATION OF MGNREGA ON SOCIO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AJMER AND TONK DISTRICTS OF RAJASTHAN

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NATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS, COMMERCE & SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH REVIEW A REFEREED PEER REVIEW BI-ANNUAL ONLINE JOURNAL PAPER ID:- NJACSRR/JUL-DEC 2018/VOL-5/ ISS-2/A4 PAGE NO. 17-25 IMPACT FACTOR (2018): 6.

JAI NARAYAN GURJAR 1 Associate Professor, Government College, Ajmer, Rajasthan. 2 Ms. KALPNA DE

S University, Ajmer) Rajasthan Received October 23 rd, 2018; Revised November 21 st, 2018; Accepted December 13 th, 2018 ABSTRACT MGNREGA is landmark legislation in the history of social security

1 NATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS, COMMERCE & SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH REVIEW A REFEREED PEER REVIEW BI-ANNUAL ONLINE JOURNAL PAPER ID:- NJACSRR/JUL-DEC 2018/VOL-5/ ISS-2/A4 PAGE NO IMPACT FACTOR (2018): ISSN: A COMPARATIVE ELUCIDATION OF MGNREGA ON SOCIO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AJMER AND TONK DISTRICTS OF RAJASTHAN 1 Dr. JAI NARAYAN GURJAR 1 Associate Professor, Government College, Ajmer, Rajasthan. 2 Ms. KALPNA DEPAN 2 Research Scholar, Government College, Ajmer, (M.D.S University, Ajmer) Rajasthan Received October 23 rd, 2018; Revised November 21 st, 2018; Accepted December 13 th, 2018 ABSTRACT MGNREGA is landmark legislation in the history of social security legislation in India after independence. Mahatma Gandhi NREGA is a very good step from the Government to reduce unemployment. MGNREGA is a well thought out legislation, a powerful tool in the hands of the rural people to get their basic livelihood. MGNREGA has produced benefits for rural India, particularly through the provision of extra income during tough times. Impact of the MGNREGA, evidence clearly indicate that the scheme has impact on the income, expenditure pattern, savings, migration, assets creation in the village, assets creation on the private lands of SCs and STs, status of women and social relationship. MGNREGA has also brought in benefits to the households as well as to the community. This paper evaluates the comparative evaluation of different facets of implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi NREGA in selected districts of Rajasthan viz Ajmer and Tonk. The study also highlights the procedure for registration of beneficiaries under the Act and issue of Job Cards, procedure for allotment of work, change in income, assets and quality of life of beneficiaries, assets created under the Act and problems faced by the Mates at the worksite level and Officers at the supervisory level in selected geographical areas. Current research endeavor had assessed a comparative impact assessment of MNREGA in social and economic upliftment of Tonk and Ajmer districts of Rajasthan. Keywords: MGNREGA, Poverty, Rajasthan, Tonk, Ajmer, Rural Uplfitment 1. Introduction India cannot shine without the shinning of the Rural India. National Development is almost synonymous with the Rural Development Development with social equity has been the fundamental goal of improvement arranging in India since Independence. The rampancy of joblessness, and neediness are seen as the gravest obstacle to advancement and their steady annihilation has 17

2 unquestionably been one of the significant objectives of the improvement arranging process in India. Among the neediness mitigation and rustic advancement plots, the Government set expanded accentuation on the compensation business programs which pinpoint the directly to work, as a statutory right, ensured and ensured by the Constitution of India, and the pertinent rule, to be specific, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (Mahatma Gandhi NREGA). A progression of compensation work programs for the rustic poor have been propelled by the Government of India, the most goal-oriented among them being the Mahatma Gandhi NREGA. MNREGA is the first historically speaking Law universally, that ensures wage work at a remarkable scale. The essential goal of the Act is to expanding wage work. Its assistant target is reinforcing regular asset the executives through works that address reasons for constant destitution like dry spell, deforestation and soil disintegration and it goes for empowering feasible advancement. The procedure results incorporate fortifying grass root procedures of vote based system and mixing straightforwardness and responsibility in administration. The present study aims to evaluate the different facets of implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi NREGA in selected districts of Rajasthan viz Ajmer and Tonk. The study also highlights the procedure for registration of beneficiaries under the Act and issue of Job Cards, procedure for allotment of work, change in income, assets and quality of life of beneficiaries, assets created under the Act and problems faced by the Mates at the worksite level and Officers at the supervisory level in selected geographical areas. Current research endeavor had assessed a comparative impact assessment of MNREGA in social and economic upliftment of Tonk and Ajmer districts of Rajasthan. 2. Literature Review Author Year Key Observations Ramchandram K, et al {Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Bangalore} 2008 The study was conducted across four districts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka to appraise the NREGA processes and procedures. The report emphasized the need for awareness generations, capacity buildings and strengthening or NREGA demand process. The results also indicated that the programme appears to b better implementation in the district of Andhra Pradesh s compared to Karnataka. Joshi Varsha et al Author revealed that districts covered under the study are Dungarpur, Jhalawar, Banswara, Jalore and Karauli. it is very essential to make the villagers aware of the works undertaken in NREGA scheme to maintain sustainability of works. it came across everywhere that once the work is finished, the community owns the work structures the wear and tear will be much less. To achieve this, the civil society organization can be involved anywhere probable taken to create awareness among the villagers. Gram Sabha is also the right institution to do this. Income profile of the job card holding households was prepared to ascertain the income groups which are availing and benefiting from NREGA. Monthly personal income in Rs in Banswara, Rs karuli, Rs in Jhalawar, Rs in Dungarpur and Rs in Jalore. Ghuman Ranjit singh and Dua Parminder Kaur 2008 Author reported that the performance of NREGA is district Hoshiarpur has not been very satisfactory in the initial two years two years of its implementation. most of the employment was generated in The attainment of the NREGA in terms of annual average days of employment per household has been nearly 1/4 th of the minimum 100 days employment. Pankaj Ashok K Author revealed that the NREGA cover 78 percent in Jharkhand and 90 percent of the total population in Bihar, the uppermost in the country, About 55 percent of the beneficiaries in Bihar and 75 percent in Jharkhand and Bihar used their earning from the NREGA to spend mostly on food and daily consumption items. The share of food and daily consumption items was percent in Bihar and 71 percent in Jharkhand. Jacob Naomi 2008 Author explained that stressed on forced migration out of distress. Survey 18

3 in Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu came up with finding that about 400 people used to migrate previous to the NREGA but within two year this figure was halved. Khera Reetika 2008 Author reported that 2008 survey was part of a six state survey covering Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Jagrut Adivasi Dalit Sangathan (JADS), a labour union has worked there for many years on issues of tribal land rights. Since the NREGA was launched on 2 nd February, Ambasta Pramathesh et al. 3. Research Methodlology 2008 Author reported that we cannot realize the competence of the benefits of the NREGA if we deploy the implementation that has deeply institutionalized inefficiency, into the very fabric of Indian democracy. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Objectives of Research Hypothesis of Research Research Design Selected Universe To comparatively access the impact of MGNREGA on socio economic development in Tonk and Ajmer Districts of Rajasthan To analyze the implementation process of MNREGA in selected district of Rajasthan H 0 : - There is no significant difference in rural upliftment through MNREGA in Ajmer and Tonk districts of Rajasthan. Exploratory To know the parameters and formulate the hypotheses. Analytical To analyze the parameters found out. TONK AND AJMER ( RAJASTHAN) Sampling Design Data collection Techniques Stratified Random sampling Method Primary Data collection A framed set of questionnaire Secondary Data Collection was has been collected with the help of Books, Magazines, Newspapers, Research Articles, Research Journals, E-Journals, RBI Report, Report of NABARD etc. Analytical tools For Pilot Study Statistical Analysis for hypothesis testing Cronbach s alpha for reliability and Kaiser Meyer s Rank Test for Variability Chi Square Test, Multivariate ANOVA, Students t test. 4. Results and Analysis In current research study 100 women members were analyzed from Jaipur and Ajmer region of Rajasthan. Demographic details of respondents were as depicted: In current research for whole sample population of MNREGA workers of Tonk as well as for Ajmer for all four variable primarily descriptive analysis was performed and results are as stated in table 3 below. 19

4 Table 1 Descriptive Statistics Of Mnrega Workers Of Tonk And Ajmerdistricts Descriptive Statistics Variable Socio Economic Profile of Beneficiaries Impact of MNREGA on Day to Day Living of Rural Poor Impact of Road Connectivity as a result of MNREGA Statistics Tonk MNREGA workers Mean % Confidence Lower Interval for Mean Bound Bound % Trimmed Mean Median Variance Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Range Interquartile Range Skewness Kurtosis Mean % Confidence Lower Interval for Mean Bound Bound % Trimmed Mean Median Variance Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Range Interquartile Range Skewness Kurtosis Mean % Confidence Lower Interval for Mean Bound Bound % Trimmed Mean Median Variance Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Range Interquartile Range Skewness Ajmer MNREGA Workers 20

Economic Empowerment of Rural People through MGNREGA Kurtosis 0.59 2.45 Mean 4.11 4.47 95% Confidence Lower 4.01 4.45 Interval for Mean Bound Bound 4.20 4.49 5% Trimmed Mean 4.18 4.48 Median 4.38 4.

5 Economic Empowerment of Rural People through MGNREGA Kurtosis Mean % Confidence Lower Interval for Mean Bound Bound % Trimmed Mean Median Variance Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Range Interquartile Range Skewness Kurtosis Source: Primary Data Chart 1 Skeweness and Kurtosis of Tonk and Ajmer Mnrega Workers as Respondents Interpretation The above table interprets descriptive statistics of TOnk andajmer MNREGA workers as respondents. Skewness is a measure of symmetry, or more precisely, the lack of symmetry. A distribution, or data set, is symmetric if it looks the same to the left and right of the center point on contrary; Kurtosis is a measure of whether the data are heavy-tailed or light-tailed relative to a normal distribution. That is, data sets with high kurtosis tend to have heavy tails, or outliers. Data sets with low kurtosis tend to have light tails, or lack of outliers. A uniform distribution would be the extreme case. The histogram is an effective graphical technique for showing both the skewness and kurtosis of data set. For normal distribution of data per variable skeweness and kurtosis values are obtained. Normal acceptable value of Skeweness is to and for kurtosis is to If the value of each variable in current research study falls in this normal histogram curve distribution pattern it is found to be significant and can be further analysed, on the other hand if obtained values of Skeweness and Kurtosis for any variables among both the respondents is not falling in acceptable range it seems to be insignificant. Individual values 21

6 for each variable in current research study is elaborated below, which can be treated as significant and insignificant based on above description of acceptability range. The first variable in the descriptive statistics was Socio Economic Profile of Beneficiaries had Skewness of for Tonk MNREGA Workers and for bankers and others. Kurtosis for the same variable was 2.15 for Tonk MNREGA Workers and 0.75 for bankers. Another variable was Impact of MNREGA on Day to Day Living of Rural Poor where Tonk MNREGA Workers Skewness was and for Ajmer MNREGA Workers the Skewness was Kurtosis for level of literacy was 1.15 for Tonk MNREGA Workers and 3.68 for Ajmer NREGA workers. One more variable in the descriptive statistics was Impact of Road Connectivity as a result of MNREGA where the Skewness for Tonk MNREGA Workers was and for Ajmer MNREGA Workers it was Kurtosis for the same variable was 0.59 for Tonk MNREGA Workers and 2.45 for Ajmer MNREGA Workers. The last variable in the descriptive statistics was Economic Empowerment of Rural People through MGNREGA where Skewness was noted to be for Tonk MNREGA Workers and for bankers and others. Kurtosis for living standard of the rural poor was 2.38 for Tonk MNREGA Workers and 1.34 for Ajmer MNREGA Workers. 5. Hypotheses Testing Following Hypotheses was analyzed by applying Leven s test for equality of variance followed by t test on above variable:- (a) Null Hypothesis: Ho: There is no significant difference in rural upliftment through MNREGA in Ajmer and Tonk districts of Rajasthan. (a) Alternate Hypothesis: H 1 : There is a significant difference in rural upliftment through MNREGA in Ajmer and Tonk districts of Rajasthan. TABLE 2 Independent Samples Test VARIABLE Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F Sig. t df Sig. (2- tailed) t-test for Equality of Means Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Rural Upliftment through MNREGA Interpretation AJMER MNREGA WORKERS TONK MNREGA WORKERS The t test (also called Student s T Test) compares two averages (means) and concludes that are they different from each other or not. The t test also indicates how significant the differences are; in other words it lets one know if those differences could have happened by chance or not. A t-test s statistical significance indicates whether or not the difference between two groups averages most likely Source: SPSS Analysis of primary data reflects a real difference in the population from which the groups were sample. In above test if values are significant than 2 tailed Significance value must be 0.05 or less, i.e the case of Tonk MNREGA Workers for rural upliftment Variable. Thus hypothesis which coincides with it can be tested. An F-test is any statistical test in which the test statistic has an F-distribution under the null hypothesis. It is most often used when comparing 22

7 statistical models that have been fitted to a data set, in order to identify the model that best fits the population from which the data were sampled. Values of f which best fits for Ajmer MNREGA Workers is indicated in table and chart above. 6. Hypotheses Testing Results from above table when treated with hypotheses testing, interrelates that as the tailed value in Ajmer MNREGA workers seems to be significant at ( which is less than desired significant value 0.05) in above variable, it can be postulated that Hypotheses H 0 : There is no significant difference in rural upliftment through MNREGA in Ajmer and Tonk districts of Rajasthan is rejected and Alternate Hypotheses H 1 : There is a significant difference in rural upliftment through MNREGA in Ajmer and Tonk districts of Rajasthan accepted and Proved. 7. Conclusion MGNREGA is milestone enactment in the historical backdrop of government disability enactment in India after freedom. Mahatma Gandhi NREGA is a decent advance from the Government to diminish joblessness. MGNREGA is a well thoroughly considered enactment, an incredible asset in the hands of the country individuals to get their essential employment. MGNREGA has created advantages for rustic India, especially through the arrangement of additional salary amid intense occasions. Effect of the MGNREGA, proof unmistakably show that the plan has sway on the pay, use design, investment funds, relocation, resources creation in the town, resources creation on the private terrains of SCs and STs, status of ladies and social relationship. MGNREGA has additionally gotten advantages to the family units just as to the network. MGNREGA has gotten positive changes the respondents as far as house, increment month to month family unit pay, training, increment month to month consumption on nourishment things, enhancement in fuel use for cooking, enhancement in the wellspring of drinking water, enhancement in the utilization can office and decrease in social shades of malice like unapproachability. Assembly of MGNREGA with training and wellbeing divisions lead to better human improvement in Rajasthan. MGNREGA additionally has acquired positive changes the respondents as far as business openings, expectation for everyday comforts of the rustic poor, provincial availability, financial autonomy to country ladies, expanded obtaining power, giving monetary wellbeing, no sexual orientation separation in the allotment of work and so on. The peculiarity of MGNREGA is in the way that it conveys accentuation on issues like correspondence of wages for people, disposal of temporary workers, making straightforwardness in assemble roll and installment of wages just through bank and mail station records to avert debasement. The benefits worked under MGNREGA must be focused to more readily serve the necessities of the nearby populace. There should be a plan that unmistakably plots the basic foundation for each locale, square and town and the plan ought to be utilized as an apparatus to make this framework. A positive side, there has been an ascent in work days and wages in Rajasthan. There has been some great work done under MGNREGA. MGNREGA is immovably digging in for the long haul and will help fill an imperative need of giving a life saver to poor and underemployed country individuals. Be that as it may, the organization needs to demonstrate more earnestness and polished methodology in its mentality towards the plan. Based on evaluation carried out at field level, it can be inferred that MNREGA holds the key to the development of country s vast rural population. The programme deemed to have huge potential in empowering rural communities. The programme is capable to enhance income level, food security and livelihood security of rural poor on a sustainable manner. Further, MNREGA brought very positive changes in respect of employment, income, wage-rates and food security. It boosted village economy and found beneficial to rural poor. 23

8 8. References 1. Roy Aruna and Dey Nikhil (2009), NREGA: Breaking n ew ground, The Hindu. 2. Sainath P. (2009), NREGA: not caste in stone, The Hindu. 3. Shah Mihir (2005), Employment guarantee - MPs lead the way, The Hindu. 4. Shah Mihir (2009), Multiplier Accelerator Synergy in NREGA, The Hindu. 5. Shah Mihir (2009), Taking Goals of NREGA I forward, The Hindu. 6. Siddartha and Vanaik Anish (2008), CAG Report on N REGA: Facts and Fictions, Economic and Political Weekly, pp Singh Mahim Pratap (2009), Where NREGA is a failure, The Hindu. 8. Singh Surendra (2013), MGNREGA: 100 days Employmen t Guarantee in Bundelkhand (M.P.)? International Journal of Management and Development Studies, Vol No 2, Issues No Singh, K (2008), Rural Development Principles, Policies and Management, Sage Publication, New Delhi. 10. Subramanian Vidya (2009), Social and Political Divined from NREGA, The Hindu. 11. Sudarshan Ratna M. (2009), Examining India s National Regional Employment Guarantee Act: Its Impact and Women s Participation, New Delhi: Institute of Social Studies Trust (ISST). 12. Sudarshan Ratna M. (2011), India s National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: Women s Participation and Impacts in Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and Rajasthan, Institute of Development Studies (IDS). 13. Swain Mrutyunjay and Sharma Shreekant (2011), Impact of NREGA on wage Rates, Food Security and Rural Urban Migration in Rajasthan, Research Study No. 139, Agro Economic Research Centre, Gujarat. 14. Thakur Abhishek (2011), A Study on MGNREGA and its impact on wage and work relation, School of social work, Tata institute of social science Deonar, Mumbai. 15. Verma Shilp (2011), Multiple Use Water Services in India Scoping Study: Scaling up Community based MUS through MGNREGA, International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 16. Central for Budget and Governance Accountability (CBGA) (2006), Report on Implementation of NREGA in Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, New Delhi. 17. Centre for Good Governance (2009), Social Audit of NREGS in Andhra Pradesh: Best Practice Notes on Social Accountability Initiatives in South Asia, Hyderabad: Centre for Good Governance (CGG). 18. Dasgupta Sukti and Sudarshan Ratna M. (2011), Issu es in Labour Market Inequality and Women s Participation in India s National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme, Working Paper No. 98, Geneva: International Labour Organisation. 19. Ministry of Rural Development (2005), The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA) Operational Guidelines, Ministr y of Rural Development, Department of Rural Development, Government of India. 20. Ministry of Rural Development (2012), MGNREGA Sameeksha, An Anthology of Research Studies on the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, , Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. 21. Ministry of Rural Development (2013), Mahatma Gand hi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (Mahatma Gandhi GNREGA), Operational Guidelines, 4 th edition, Ministry of Rural Development, Departmen t of Rural Development, Government of India, New Delhi. 22. Ministry of Rural Development (2012), Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, Report to the people, Ministry of Rural Development, Department of Rural Development, Government of India, New Delhi. 23. Makawana Manish and Shah V.D. (2011), Impact of NR EGA on wage rates, food security and rural urban migration in Gujarat, 24

9 Research Study No. 141, Agro Economic Research Centre, Rajasthan. 25

Context: Public works programs in India

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS): Indian Experience A.Murali Director NREGS Andhra Pradesh India Context: Public works programs in India In India, PWP s are mostly used