Sharing Cities Sweden. A national program for the sharing economy in cities

Transcription

1 Sharing Cities Sweden A national program for the sharing economy in cities

2 Overview of program Purpose: To put Sweden on the map as a country that actively and critically works with the sharing economy in cities Objectives: Develop world-leading test-beds: Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö and Umeå. Develop a national node Overall goals: Strengthen Sweden's work for sustainable development goals. Strengthen Sweden's competitiveness

3 ICT Impacts Focus areas Spaces Goods & Services Mobility

4 Evaluation of impacts One of the many goals of the program is to promote social belonging and trust in the local society. The program shall also seek to evaluate and critically review: How sharing services are affecting lifestyles and or attitudes/social values?

5 Urban Sharing Sharing and Cities Urban reconomy

6 A window of opportunity for the sharing economy! Please visit us on or on site in one of sharing cities!

7 Sustainability evaluation of the sharing economy DR. JAGDEEP SINGH On behalf of the Urban Sharing Research Team at IIIEE

8 Agenda for today 1. Sharing in cities general What are the sustainability implications of sharing?» Social, economic and environmental impacts Why do we need sustainability indicators?» Social, economic and environmental indicators 2. Workshop On the indicators for social sustainability in sharing

9 Sharing among strangers Source:

10 Access over OWNERSHIP Source:

11 Sharing platform Providers Users

12 Sharing economy Lacks a shared definition

13 Sharing economy An economic model based on sharing of underutilised assets among peers (individuals or organsations) for monetary or non-monetary benefits through an online platform

14 Sharing economy growth Economic discourse Source:

15 Implications of the sharing economy

16 Multifaceted impacts Economic benefits from idling resources Asset depreciation Noncompliance Tax collection Low cost of goods and services Workforce vulnerability Economic impacts Environmental impacts Resource productivity Consumption rebounds Direct savings Indirect rebounds Flexible working hours Business Sharing economy Governance impacts model Exploitation of labour Economic independence Loss of pension contribution Job creation Re-allocation of jobs Social impacts

17 Sharing economy Role for governance (national/city)

18 Role of cities Regulator, provider, enabler, consumer Supporting Constraining Hosting Investing Partnering Communicating Match-making Not granting Withdrawing Ignoring Disabling Source: Developed from Zvolska, Lehner, Voytenko Palgan, Mont, Plepys 2018 (based on Bulkeley & Kern 2006, Kern & Alber 2008)

19 Sustainability evaluation Why do we need sustainability indicators? 1. Monitoring the state of the sharing in the city and meaure its contribution to sustainability challenges, impacts and solutions 2. To align city or national level sustainability agenda with SDGs or Miljömål 3. To devise regulatory and institutional mechanims where necessary

20 Research on sharing economy Despite growing research, focus on sustainability is still scarce Source: Laurenti & Singh et. al (in press)

21 WORKSHOP Indicators for social impacts

22 Multifaceted impacts Economic benefits from idling resources Asset depreciation Noncompliance Tax collection Low cost of goods and services Workforce vulnerability Economic impacts Environmental impacts Resource productivity Consumption rebounds Direct savings Indirect rebounds Flexible working hours Business Sharing economy Governance impacts model Exploitation of labour Economic independence Pension contribution Job creation Re-allocation of jobs Social impacts

23 Empowerment Trust among strangers Inclusivity Social impacts Distinct and least overlaping Social justice

24 Empowerment We would like Trust to among hear your strangers suggestions on how these definitions can be adapted to the needs Inclusivity of your stakeholder group. Definitions Understandable and clear Social justice

25 Empowerment How to measure Some guidance Trust among strangers We would like to hear from you which ways these indicators can be measured? Inclusivity Social justice

26 Your tasks are: 1. To define the social indicator type from your stakeholder group perspective 2. To identify some measurable indicators in this category that are relevant to your stakeholder group 3. To rank the indicators based on their importance

27 Guiding document 1. Just for guidance and to relate to the concepts 2. Draw on your personal experiences, professional roles and individual values

28 Group notes 1. Your definition (what is important to your stakeholder group?) 2. Relevant measurable indicators 3. Ranking according to the importance - It means... - We can measure this by running a survey about people s perception - So on (2) - It should... - We can measure this by running a survey about people s perception - So on (3) (1)

29 Instructions 1. Please make sure you are sitting at your allotted Table number. 2. In the beginning, please shortly introduce to the group. If you have not 3. Please voluntarily decide a NOTE TAKER and a TIME MANAGER among the group (don t panic, you don t have to present results on the stage) 4. The total 4 indicators for social impacts will be discussed in 4 brainstorming sessions (circa 15 minutes per indicator) 5. Please be efficient with time as we have limited time 6. Please submit the NOTES SHEET in the end. Thank you

30 Workshop schedule 10:30 10:45 Brainstorming Session 1: Empowerment (15 mins) 10:45 11:00 Brainstorming Session 2: Trust (15 mins) 11:00 11:05 Quick reflection 1 (5 mins) 11:05 11:15 COMFORT BREAK (10 mins) 11:15 11:30 Brainstorming Session 3: Inclusivity (15 mins) 10:30 11:45 Brainstorming Session 4: Justice (15 mins) 11:45 11:50 Quick reflection 2 (5 mins) 11:50 12:00 Wrap-up (10 mins)

31 Welcome back

32 1. Empowerment - definition The granting of the power, right, or authority to perform various acts or duties Source: (Merriam-Webster) when citizens to do not have access to resources, information, support, and opportunity they tend to feel disconnected and excluded from society Economic empowerment Purpose in life Personal identity Freedom Source: Kanter (1977, 2008)

33 1. Empowerment how to measure Asking questions such as do you feel empowered because you have: gained a certain degree of financial freedom gained access to assets that were out of your reach before gained membership in a community influence on how the platform operates impact on the municipalities policies for sharing And so on Economic empowerment Purpose in life Personal identity Freedom

34 2. Trust among strangers - definition Trust is assured reliance on the character, ability, strength, or truth of someone or something Source: (Merriam-Webster) Trust plays an essential role for the formation of interactions and relationships in the context of peerto-peer marketplaces and services Social interactions Building community Authenticity of individual rating systems

35 2. Trust among strangers how to measure How trustworthy is this person/platform or a service? Has sharing established or maintained trust among the users Social interactions Building community Authenticity of individual rating systems

36 Workshop schedule 10:30 10:45 Brainstorming Session 1: Empowerment (15 mins) 10:45 11:00 Brainstorming Session 2: Trust (15 mins) 11:10 11:12 Quick reflection 1 (2 mins) 11:12 11:15 COMFORT BREAK (3 mins) 11:15 11:30 Brainstorming Session 3: Inclusivity (15 mins) 10:30 11:45 Brainstorming Session 4: Justice (15 mins) 11:45 11:50 Quick reflection 2 (5 mins) 11:50 12:00 Wrap-up (10 mins)

37 Quick reflection 1

38 3 mins comfort break

39 3. Inclusivity - definition A sense of shared ownership or join vision to contribute to the sustainability of a city Emphasising on the need for broader consultation and engagement of communities, including the most vulnerable groups. Social inclusion/exclusion Discrimination Join envisioning to avoid competition with existing systems Sufficiency or lack of political and regulatory frameworks Citizen participation and democracy

40 3. Inclusivity how to measure Is the platform s internal policies to support inclusivity How does platform engages with the city to address the city specific issues how the city and the platform engage the citizens to identify and address this issue Social inclusion/exclusion Discrimination Join envisioning to avoid competition with existing systems Sufficiency or lack of political and regulatory frameworks Citizen participation and democracy

41 Workshop schedule 10:30 10:45 Brainstorming Session 1: Empowerment (15 mins) 10:45 11:00 Brainstorming Session 2: Trust (15 mins) 11:00 11:05 Quick reflection 1 (5 mins) 11:05 11:15 COMFORT BREAK (10 mins) 11:15 11:30 Brainstorming Session 3: Inclusivity (15 mins) 10:30 11:45 Brainstorming Session 4: Justice (15 mins) 11:45 11:50 Quick reflection 2 (5 mins) 11:50 12:00 Wrap-up (10 mins)

42 4. Social justice - definition Social impacts may vary based on social groups (age, gender, ethnicity, nationality etc.) and socioeconomic status (education, income etc.) Issue concerning the rights of the providers and users of the sharing economy Privacy, safety and security Equality and equity Users rights (consumer and provider) Equal opportunities

43 4. Social justice how to measure Commitment to a set of goals and priorities by cities or platforms Emphasising the reduction of inequalities, and furthing equality and justicefor a good of well society Privacy, safety and security Equality and equity Users rights (consumer and provider) Equal opportunities

44 Key outcomes of the workshop

45 1. To define the social indicator type from your stakeholder group perspective

46 Empowerment is: For providers or the platform The feeling that you are part of something big (G1: Company) and are able to create rules (G2: Interest group), platform have knowledge and skills, and a voice and ownership (G3: Interest) For users or society To avoid having the responsibility for the investment, maintenance, and trouble of disposal of the product at its end-of-life (G2: Interest/Authority) participation of citizens in the processes in an early stage so that they can voice their opinions through participation (G4 Municipality) and influence (G5: Municipality), the possibility to meet other people and to shape the city, a shift in power from public and commercial interests to civil society (G6: Municipality), to grant users power to influence, perceived feeling of being able influence in question related to decisions, and access to resources and participation (G9: University)

47 Trust is: For providers or the platform Integrity and mutual trust in deal (G1: Company), being able to follow rules without direct control (instead using social control) (G2: Interest), trust-worthy information regarding impacts etc. (G3: Interests), robust level of economic stability (G8: Authority). For users or society Trust is something that you can earn not demand, trust can disappear quickly, transparency of the service among people (G4: Municipality), trust in technology and society, institutionalisation of apps (G5: Municipality), credibility, mutual trust, transparency through standards and certifications (G7: Authority)

48 Inclusivity is: For the providers or the platform Equal participation in decision-making and being visible and inclusive (G1: Company), everyone can join and doing things that benefit all (G2: Interest/Authority), adapt to groups that are normally don t feel involved (G3: Interest), to reach out to all groups who are using the service as well as not using (G4: Municipality), accessible (in all languages, userfriendliness and communication ) (GG5: Municipality), equal value to the seven grounds of discrimination (sex, transgender, religion or other belief, disability, sexual orientation, age) (G6: Municipality) For users or society easier to participate in a group that one can easily identify with (G8: Authority)

49 Justice is Fair processes and non-judgemental approach and respecting privacy issues (G1: Industry); less risk of misuse of users personal data (G2: Interest/Authority), should include the entire society (G3: Interest) ; acknowledging unfairness, longterm social sustainability (G5: Municipality); space for different groups to take initiatives based on their needs (G6: Municipality), sharing should and can be a part of the creating a more equal society (G8: Authority)

50 2. To identify some measurable indicators in this category that are relevant to your stakeholder group

51 How to measure empowerment: For providers or the platform Survey of the amount of earnings (G1) Number of people using the service (those who feel the utility of the offered service) (G2) Acquired knowledge and skills, access to platform, sense of ownership (G3) Number of initiative concerning empowerment that have been added and addressed during the project s timeline (G3) For users or society Different groups represented in the preparatory work for decisions (G4) Possibility of citizens to suggest or participate in dialogue, level of participation in meetings (G5) Reduced reliance on social support (G5) Perceived possibility to influence decisions (society) (G6) Access to new forums and resources (G9) Degree of possibility to influence e.g. the platform (G9) Active participation in a network (G9)

52 How to measure For providers or the platform Presence of a rating system (G1) Availability of seller s (provider s) information (G1) Transparency of the platform and communication (G1) Measure of to what extent the rules are followed (G2) Transparency about the environmental, social and economic impacts (G3) Evaluation of the ranking systems of the platform by third party (G4) Trust in the platform: number of users, well-functioning communication (contact channel, help for problem solving); control/followup of structures/codes of conduct (G9) Trust in products and services: Extent to which the experiences are matching with the provided information; number of times of usage (G9) For users or society How many assets/things are lost/disappeared or got broken (mishandled) (G2) Level of participation(visits) through interviews (G5) Survey of perceived safety over the platform (G6) Survey of propensity to lend things to friends, neighbours, acquaintances (G6); Number of loans (G6) Survey of frequency of usage as a measure of high level of trust; high volume of complaints as a measure of low trust; customer satisfaction as measure of trust; problems with the platform (G7) Trust to others (peers): number of recommendations with respect to number of transactions; To what extent the rules and structures are followed (G9)

53 How to measure inclusivity: Survey of returning customers, rating complaints (G1: Company) Survey of increasing trend in the participation in under-represented groups (G3: Interest) Focus groups / deep interviews with groups belonging to different socio-economic groups (G5: Municipality) If organisations have open hours (G5: Municipality) Survey of use of service by different group (older, disabled etc.) (G6: Municipality) Analysis of: how well the information is reaching out (language etc.); How well different groups are represented; to what extent they have been part of the design; Are different part of the society targeted in communication; are opinions and experiences of different users and how can they contribute heard (G9: University)

54 How to measure justice: How the participation has increased in under-represented groups (G2: Interest/ Authority) Presence of auditing system (national/international), sharing data with municipality and state (G4: Municipality) Analysis of concrete measures showing that the problems are addressed seriously. (G5: Municipality) Criteria/targets for how social and exposed groups should take part in the service; degree pf profit motive; how is the profit shared among the users; level of transparency and access of information (G9: University)

55 3. To rank the indicators based on their importance

56 Ranking based on the inputs from the groups 1. Trust among strangers 2. Empowerment 3. Social justice 4. Inclusivity

57 Tack så mycket Thank you for your contributions

58 Wrap up Thank you for your contributions

59 Dr. Jagdeep Singh Postdoc, Lund University

60 Acknowledgements Research team Travel funding Research funding

61