Part I. Introduction to Labor and Employment Law

Transcription

1 Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Part I. Introduction to Labor and Employment Law CHAPTER 1 THE ORIGINS OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT LAW IN AMERICA 3 Introduction 3 Industrial Revolution 3 Emergence of Unions 3 Early Judicial Repression of Labor 10 Protection by Statute 12 The Role of the Paralegal in Labor and Employment Law 16 Summary 17 Discussion Questions and Exercises 18 Exercises 18 Discussion Questions 18 Enrichment Exercises 19 Cases 20 Commonwealth v. Hunt 20 Suggested Additional Case Readings for Further Study 21 xi

2 xii CHAPTER 2 THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP 23 Introduction 23 Employee 23 Employer 25 Single Employer 25 Joint Employer 27 Alter Ego 28 Double-Breasted Operations 29 Public Employers 30 The Nature of the Employment Relationship 31 Termination of Employment 32 Public Policy Exception 34 Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 35 Implied Contract Exception 35 Tort Remedies 36 Just Cause Standard 37 Wages, Hours, and Other Terms and Conditions of Employment 38 The Role of the Paralegal in the Employment Relationship 43 Summary 43 Answers to Scenarios 43 Discussion Questions and Exercises 47 Exercises 47 Discussion Questions 48 Enrichment Exercises 48 Cases 49 Skinner v. Maritz, Inc. 49 Suggested Additional Case Readings for Further Study 51 PART II. LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS IN THE UNION SETTING CHAPTER 3 SELECTION OF REPRESENTATIVES 55 Introduction 55 Section 7 Rights 56 National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) 58

3 xiii Scope of Protection 59 Selection of Bargaining Representatives 62 Appropriate Collective Bargaining Units 65 Elections 68 Election Bar Rules 73 NLRB Ancillary Petitions 75 Public Employees 77 The Role of the Paralegal in the Employee Representation Process 77 Summary 79 Answers to Scenarios 80 Discussion Questions and Exercises 87 Exercises 87 Discussion Questions 88 Enrichment Exercises 88 Cases 89 Local 627, International Union of Operating Engineers v. NLRB 89 Suggested Additional Case Readings for Further Study 92 CHAPTER 4 EMPLOYER UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES 93 Introduction 93 Procedures 93 Statute of Limitations 96 Interference, Restraint, and Coercion 96 Domination of or Assistance to a Labor Organization 99 Employment Discrimination 101 Union Security Clauses 104 Retaliation 105 Refusal to Bargain 106 Gissel Bargaining Orders 111 Public Employees 112 The Role of the Paralegal in Unfair Labor Practice Cases 112 Summary 112 Answers to Scenarios 113 Discussion Questions and Exercises 122 Exercises 122 Discussion Questions 122 Enrichment Exercises 123 Cases 124 Crawford Door Sales Company, Inc. 124 Suggested Additional Case Readings for Further Study 127

4 xiv CHAPTER 5 UNION UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES 129 Introduction 129 Procedures 129 Restraint or Coercion of Employees 131 Violence and Threats of Violence 133 Remedies 134 Restraint or Coercion of Employers 134 Remedies 136 Employment Discrimination 136 Remedies 139 Refusal to Bargain 139 Remedies 140 Involving Neutrals in a Labor Dispute 140 Hot Cargo Agreements 142 Construction Industry Exception 145 Remedies 146 Secondary Boycotts 146 Construction Industry Exception 149 Remedies 150 Forced Recognition or Bargaining 150 Remedies 151 Jurisdictional Disputes 151 Remedies 152 Ally Doctrine 153 Excessive Fees 155 Remedies 155 Featherbedding 156 Remedies 157 Recognitional Picketing 157 Remedies 159 Doctrine of Preemption 159 The Role of the Paralegal in Unfair Union Labor Practices 162 Summary 162 Answers to Scenarios 162 Discussion Questions and Exercises 172 Exercises 172 Discussion Questions 172 Enrichment Exercises 173

5 xv Cases 174 United Food and Commercial Workers Local 1996 (Visiting Nurse Health System, Inc.) 174 Suggested Additional Case Readings for Further Study 179 CHAPTER 6 ECONOMIC WEAPONS: STRIKES, PICKETING, LOCKOUTS, AND BOYCOTTS 181 Introduction 181 Strikes 183 The Right to Strike 184 Replacement of Strikers 187 Sympathy Strikes 189 Notice Requirements 190 Picketing 191 Picketing on Private Property 192 Common Situs Picketing 193 Moore Dry Dock Standards 194 Reserved Gate Doctrine 195 Area Standards Picketing 198 Consumer Picketing 200 Observing Strangers Picket Lines 202 Preemption 203 Publicizing Non-Union Status 204 Handbilling 205 Lockouts 206 Implementing Final Offer 207 Special Remedies 208 Public Employees 209 The Role of the Paralegal in Strikes and Picketing 209 Summary 210 Answers to Scenarios 210 Discussion Questions and Exercises 217 Exercises 217 Discussion Questions 218 Enrichment Exercises 218 Cases 219 Citizens Publishing and Printing Company v. National Labor Relations Board 219 Suggested Additional Case Readings for Further Study 226

6 xvi CHAPTER 7 LABOR CONTRACTS 227 Introduction 227 Nature of the Labor Agreement 228 Duty of Fair Representation 235 Hot Cargo Agreements 238 Prehire Agreements 241 Successor Employers 243 Union Security Clauses 244 Management Rights 246 Grievance Procedures and Dispute Resolution 247 No-Strike Pledges 249 Seniority and Bidding 252 Work Preservation Clauses 253 Employee Benefits 255 Duration 256 The Role of the Paralegal in Labor Contracts 256 Summary 257 Answers to Scenarios 257 Discussion Questions and Exercises 267 Exercises 267 Discussion Questions 268 Enrichment Exercise 268 Cases 269 Teamsters Local 863 v. Jersey Coast Egg Producers, Inc. 270 Suggested Additional Case Readings for Further Study 273 PART III. EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION CHAPTER 8 THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF Introduction 277 Exclusions from Coverage 278 Sovereign Immunity 279 Employment Discrimination 280 Disparate Treatment Discrimination 281

7 xvii Bona Fide Occupational Qualification (BFOQ) 282 Disparate Impact Discrimination 283 Hostile Environment Discrimination 284 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) 286 Administrative Procedures 286 Deferral Agencies 288 Time Limits for Filing Charges of Discrimination 288 Notice of Right to Sue 289 Methods of Proof 291 Retaliation 294 Pattern and Practice Cases 295 Civil Rights Act of Summary Judgment in Employment Discrimination Cases 297 Remedies 299 Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) 301 The Role of the Paralegal in Title VII Cases 303 Summary 304 Answers to Scenarios 304 Discussion Questions and Exercises 312 Exercises 312 Discussion Questions 312 Enrichment Exercises 313 Cases 314 Henry John Fernandes v. Costa Brothers Masonry, Inc. 314 Suggested Additional Case Readings for Further Study 320 CHAPTER 9 RACE DISCRIMINATION 321 Introduction 321 Constitutional Protections 323 Section Section Evaluating Race Discrimination Claims 327 Consent Decrees 331 Reverse Race Discrimination 331 Affirmative Action 332 The Role of the Paralegal in Race Discrimination Cases 333 Summary 333 Answers to Scenarios 334

8 xviii Discussion Questions and Exercises 336 Exercises 336 Discussion Questions 337 Enrichment Exercises 337 Cases 338 Local Number 93, International Association of Firefighters, AFL-CIO, C.L.C. v. City of Cleveland 338 Suggested Additional Case Readings for Further Study 344 CHAPTER 10 SEX DISCRIMINATION 345 Introduction 345 Constitutional Protections 346 Equal Rights Amendment 347 Equal Pay Act 348 Gender Discrimination 349 Pregnancy Discrimination 354 Sexual Harassment 356 Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment 358 Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment 358 Reporting Sexual Harassment 360 Proof of Sexual Harassment 360 Sexual Orientation 361 Summary 361 Answers to Scenarios 362 Discussion Questions and Exercises 369 Exercises 369 Discussion Questions 369 Enrichment Exercises 370 Cases 371 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Dial Corporation 371 Suggested Additional Case Readings for Further Study 374 CHAPTER 11 RELIGIOUS AND NATIONAL ORIGIN DISCRIMINATION 375 Introduction 375 Constitutional Protections 376 Religious Discrimination 378 Reasonable Accommodation 380

9 xix National Origin Discrimination 381 The Role of the Paralegal in Religious and National Origin Discrimination Cases 382 Summary 383 Answers to Scenarios 383 Discussion Questions and Exercises 388 Exercises 388 Discussion Questions 388 Enrichment Exercises 389 Cases 390 Oscar Aguilar v. Avis Rent A Car System, Inc. 390 Leslie Cowan v. Stafford R-VI School District 392 Suggested Additional Case Readings for Further Study 394 CHAPTER 12 DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION 395 Introduction 395 Coverage 396 Disability 397 Actual Disability 397 Qualified Person with a Disability 400 Reasonable Accommodation 401 Undue Hardship 402 Record of Disability 403 Perceived Disability 404 Family and Medical Leave Act 404 The Role of the Paralegal in Disability Cases 406 Summary 407 Answers to Scenarios 407 Discussion Questions and Exercises 413 Exercises 413 Discussion Questions 413 Enrichment Exercises 414 Cases 414 Matthew Head v. Glacier Northwest, Inc. 415 Kim W. Lubke v. City of Arlington 417 Suggested Additional Case Readings for Further Study 420

10 xx CHAPTER 13 AGE DISCRIMINATION 421 Introduction 421 Coverage 422 Scope of Protection 423 Remedies 428 Enforcement 429 The Role of the Paralegal in Age Discrimination Cases 429 Summary 430 Answers to Scenarios 430 Discussion Questions and Exercises 434 Exercises 434 Discussion Questions 435 Enrichment Exercises 435 Cases 436 Vernon E. Spencer v. Stuart Hall Company, Inc. 436 Ahsan Ahman Faruki v. Parsons S.I.P., Inc. 440 Suggested Additional Case Readings for Further Study 442 APPENDICES Appendix A. How to Brief a Case 443 Appendix B. Legal Journals 455 Appendix C. Contract Clauses 457 Appendix D. Anheuser-Busch Mandatory ADR Policy 489 Index 507