Factors Affecting the Career Path Choice of Graduates: A Case of Omani

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1 Int. J. Youth Eco. 2, No.2, (2018) DOI. Factos Affecting the Caee Path Choice of Gaduates: A Case of Omani Nasse Al-Abi 1 and Choki Kooli 2 1 Petoleum Development Oman, Muscat, Oman. 2 School fo Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS), Pais, Fance. Received : 2 Sep. 2018, Revised : 2 Oct. 2018, Accepted : 15 Oct. 2018, Published 1 Nov Abstacts Planning caee path is a lifelong pocess and an appoach helping to accomplish objectives and aspiations. This eseach consists of measuing the factos affecting caee path choice of gaduates in Oman. We aimed to investigate factos that mostly affect gaduates decision egading thei caee path and the potential elationship among these factos. We used a quantitative analysis though pimay and seconday data. The sample size of this suvey englobes 80 Omani students. The data analysis showed us that financial benefits and inteest egading the job have vey significant influence on caee decision among Omani students. Contaily, egading job secuity and job oppotunity, Peason coelation coefficient and egession analysis showed that, thee is weak association and thee is no statistical significance between these two factos and caee path. Keywods: Caee Path; Job seekes; Sultanate of Oman; Influence factos. 1 Intoduction Planning caee path can be defined as a sequence of pocesses that build up a caee plan. A caee plan involves shot-tem o long-tem goals and objectives leading to appopiate caee, while a caee path includes pocesses that allow individuals to achieve thei goals and objectives (Adeola, 2011). Fom his side, kechukwu (2016) defined planning caee path can as continuous pocess of thinking and identification of inteests, pefeences, values, qualities, abilities and capacities, investigating the life, wok and leaning choices available. These pocesses include gatheing data and infomation that will enable humans to settle on infomed decision fo caee choices. Planning caee path is also extemely helpful fo assessing inteest, abilities and capacities to identify jobs and caee paths that ae mostly appopiate (Adekola, 2011). Accoding to Olamide and Onaway (2013), following the diffeent steps of caee planning pocesses will allow humans to have a sense of clea *Coesponding autho nasoo6093@gmail.com; ibm4chk@yahoo.f Intenational Jounal of Youth Economy, Issue 2, Vol 2 105

2 106 diection, the chance to eflect on how the caee path is pogessing, whethe pesons ae achieving the main goals and objectives that they have detemined by themselves, and the chance to ecognize whee things might be going wong. To move on in the caee and get the pedetemined objectives, people must plan fowad, and wok on impoving thei skill set. In evey county, young people face challenges in deciding thei caee path and stating thei pofessional lives, egulaly while business envionment keeps changing (Adeola, 2011). In Oman, few studies wee made in ode to explain how job seekes plan thei caee path. The Oman National Cente fo Statistics and Infomation (NCSI) announced that, one in five Omani job seekes admitted that the govenment o civil sevice industy is the most attactive fo the local talent. The NCSI, also indicated that as of Decembe 2017, thee wee Omanis employed in the pivate secto, compaed to Omanis woking in the public secto fo the same peiod. Thus, we conclude that 54% of the Omani citizens wok in the pivate secto and 46% in the public secto. This atio is liteaily beyond the egula intenational standads as the total of Omani woking in the pivate secto is vey close fom those woking fo the public secto. It becomes impotant to undestand these facts and exploe whethe Omani citizens actively and pofessionally develop themselves in ode to achieve the caee desied goals and wok had to meet them (Cohen, 2003). At the intenational level, seveal eseaches highlighted the impotance of undestanding factos that influence caee path. We believe that it is vey impotant to undestand and ealize the potential factos that can shape the caee path decision of gaduates in the Sultanate of Oman. This undestanding will be useful in helping the Oman govenment to contol the ate of unemployment. Also, that will help the govenment to keep up to date of cuent caee needs, equiements and demand of the job-seeke. Also, this study will help univesity students to be awae and get eady to make infomed decisions egading thei caee path. The cental eseach question of the study consists of identifying and measuing the factos affecting the caee path choice of gaduates in Oman. 2 Liteatue Review Fo Watts (2006), planning a caee path can help individuals to decide thei pofessional goals and come up with a clea stategy fo getting these goals. Selecting an appopiate caee path includes making an honest self-evaluation of people talents, abilities and inteests. Leung (2008) advocates that choosing a caee field must involve decision making pocess. The effectiveness of choosing caee field can be geatly influenced by the infomation available at the point of decision-making. The effectiveness of the decisionmaking pocess depends on the coect and up-to-date infomation. The pocess of identifying a caee field needs also a due time to collecting infomation about ouselves and the wold of wok as we go though. Caee decision-making is not a once-off activity. It is a thoughout life pocess. Decision-making of caee path is ongoing and something that people need to keep pacticing thoughout thei caee. With new expeiences and at new stages of life, humans might find themselves stating this pocedue again. The impotant thing is to continue to eflect on the ight diection, how it fits ou aspiations and who we ae and to make infomed decisions on the diection that is appopiate fo us (Dod & Hooley, 2015). Caee guidance/planning can have significant advantages fo the economy by suppoting people to upgade thei abilities which thusly contibute to enhance jobs, skills and development. In this way, all the public and pivate oganizations ought to Intenational Jounal of Youth Economy, Issue 2, Vol 2 106

3 pofoundly obseve into the significance of Caee guidance/planning to be engaged with maco-economic advantages (Chuang, 2009). The impotance of planning caee plan can enable us to contol the diection of ou caee, decide job skills and knowledge we need, and how we can get them. It can enable us to deal with ou caee pathway, wok towads ou objectives and sceen if we ae on tack. Also, it can help us in identifying ou skills, stengths and weaknesses, whee taining might be equied, finding easonable and suitable caee altenatives, staying up to date with cuent industy pattens, advancements and changes. It will also help us in secuing ouselves against unemployment by ensuing ou cuent skills match job demand and to make a move to efesh you skills if equied. Accoding to Dod & Hooley (2015), planning caee also enable us to maintain a stategic distance fom and adapt to any sudden o statling changes in ou you woking life. Planning caee assist us to manage change poactively instead of esponsively (Dod & Hooley, 2015). Seas & Godon (2002) admitted that making a sound caee decision equies the collection of adequate infomation about ouselves and the caee envionment. They explained that the kind of peson we ae, will also play a ole in detemining the types of caees that suits us. Abilities, skills, inteests, pesonality, values and past expeiences ae also good indicatos of caee path. Eveyone has a diffeent opinion of what leads to a geat job (Olawaiye.S, 2013). Eveyone expeiences some fea o appehension when deciding about caee (Hooley, 2012). Thus, thee ae many othe factos that may affect ou choice of caee field. Fo example, family and cultual influences, economic tends, skill pefeences, pee pessue, pesonal values, wok values, inteests, pesonality, health consideations, natual talents, and aptitude ae seveal factos that may influence caee and decisions. Fom his side, Gikopoulou (2008) consides that the most impotant citeia in choosing a caee path is the focus on the daily activities that we ae going to do evey day. Fo him, if the wok to execute is is satisfying, it may not eally matte whethe we make vast sums of money, o have a boss we egad as a fiend. Shaf (2002) admitted that financial consideation (salay, benefits and incentives) is vey impotant fo eveyone in caee decision making. The salay and bonus, potentially detemine whethe we can buy a new home, puchase a ca, go on vacations, o stat a family. It's impotant that we make a good idea of what we need to achieve as a easonable standad of living. Moeove, Mikacic (2015) detemined that befoe selecting caee path, it is impotant to think about cultual consideations. Regulaly, people ae applied to spend a lage potion of thei day at wok. It becomes impotant fo them to get along with thei co-wokes and feel like they fit in. Fo Mikacic (2015), thee will be a mino disageements along the way. Howeve, people should be comfotable woking in the envionment, given cultual elements such as dess codes and the way that conflicts ae esolved. The college of Reading (2005) agued that choosing a caee path can allow us to decide othe impotant life decisions like maiage and building a family. Achieving a desied wok-life balance can be a challenge fo many pofessionals, but caee planning can help to educe some of this stess. Finally, Mikacic (2015) explained that once we have caefully consideed the infomation about ouselves, caee and the envionment, we need to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each option. Only then we will be able to make an infomed caee decision by linking what we know about each caee to what you know about ouselves. The next section will help us to identify and measuing the factos affecting the caee path choice of gaduates in the Sultanate of Oman. 107 Intenational Jounal of Youth Economy, Issue 2, Vol 2 107

4 108 3 Data & Methodology 3.1 Methodology This study uses a quantitative expeimental eseach method. The tool that was used to gathe data fom the espondents was questionnaie. A stuctued questionnaie was distibuted among students of univesity of Al-Buaimi. The pupose of this suvey was to figue out the factos which may affect the caee path of gaduates in Oman. Convenience sampling is the method which was used in this eseach. Convenience sampling involves in non- pobability sampling. Convenience sampling method is set of techniques in which espondents ae selected by convenience due to thei poximity, availability, accessibility o othe way that eseache decides (Abams, 2010). We selected this method because convenience sampling as it constitutes a fast and accessible tool that takes into consideation time and esouces constaints. It is also the best and common used method fo this kind of studies. 3.2 Hypotheses Ha1 Caee path tends to be affected due to financial benefits. Ho1 Caee path is not affected by financial benefits. Ha2 Caee path tends to be affected by cultue consideation. Ho2 Thee is no effect by cultue consideation on caee path. Ha3 Caee path tends to be influenced due to job secuity. Ho3Thee is no influence by Job secuity on caee path. Ha4 Caee path tends to be influenced by futue job oppotunity. Ho4 Futue job oppotunity has no influence on Caee path. Ha5Caee path tends to be affected by inteest. Ho5Inteest has no influence on caee path. 3.3 Population of Study The suvey was conducted to analyse and measue the factos which can affect the caee path of gaduates in Oman. The sample size of this suvey englobes 80 Omani students. The questionnaie was distibuted to the students who ae in the final yea of studies and fom diffeent colleges. The espondents who answeed the questionnaie of this suvey wee selected andomly. 3.4 Data Collection and Data Analysis This eseach is based on pimay and seconday data to come up with accuate esult. The questionnaie conducted in this study involved two sections. Fist section attempted to cove Intenational Jounal of Youth Economy, Issue 2, Vol 2 108

5 the demogaphic data of the espondents. The second section used five-point Liket scale fom stongly Agee (SA) = 1, Agee (A) = 2, Neutal (N) =3, Disagee (DA) =4, Stongly Disagee (SDA) = 6, to measue the peception of espondents of the factos which influence caee path. This suvey consisted of 4 questions in section one and 15 questions in section two. Collection of data is impotant in answeing the eseach questions (Ghaui and Gonhaug, 2005). The questionnaie was the most appopiate tool to use because it contained both open and closed-ended questions. The open-ended questionnaies allowed the collection of fee esponses fom the espondents without poviding o suggesting any stuctue fo eplies. Wheeas the stuctued questionnaies allowed fo esponses fom the espondents to be esticted to the stated altenatives. The altenatives wee designed in such a way that it was simple and easy fo the espondents to undestand. Fo this study, the methods used to analyze the data collected ae fequency, coelations and egession. Fequency is a desciptive statistical method that shows the numbe of times an event occus. Peason conciliation coefficient () is given as a measue of linea association between the two vaiables. Regession analysis is a statistical technique that models the elationship between a citeion o dependent vaiable (Y) and a set of pedicto o independent vaiables (Xi), (Wikipedia, 2017) Results 4.1 Coelation Coefficient and Regession Coelation and egession statistical methods wee used to analyse the collected data to decide the stength of coelation between the vaiables whethe it is statistically significant o not. The fist two questions which have been consideed fo coelation coefficient and egession analysis wee question one (Caee is an impotant matte in my life) and question five (Salay and bounces have geat influence in choosing my caee path) which epesent caee path and financial benefits as two vaiables. The second two questions wee question one and question nine (Thee ae some cultual believes I must conside when I choose my caee path) which epesent caee path and cultue as two vaiables. The thid two questions have been consideed fo this analysis wee question one and question ten (I don t pefe to join a job that gives me fea of losing my job o being laid off in the next 12 months) which epesent caee path and job secuity as two vaiables. The fouth two questions have been selected fo this analysis wee question one and question fouteen (I pefe to do a job that povides me oppotunity fo pesonal advancement) which epesent caee path and job oppotunity as two vaiables. Last two questions which went to this analysis wee question one and question sixteen (I tend to avoid a job that I am not inteested in) which epesent caee path and inteest as two vaiables Caee path and Financial Benefits Ou fist assumption of this study was about the elationship between financial benefits and caee choice. Table1 shows the esults of Peason s coelation analysis between caee path and financial benefits. A Peason s coelation coefficient of was obtained which is close to (0) and that means thee is a weak positive elationship between these two vaiables. Intenational Jounal of Youth Economy, Issue 2, Vol 2 109

6 110 TABLE 1. CORRELATION OF CAREER PATH AND FINANCIAL BENEFITS. Caee path Financial benefits Caee path Financial benefits Ha1 Caee path tends to be affected due to financial benefits. Ho1 Caee path is not affected by financial benefits. Regession Statistics Multiple R R Squae AdjustedR Squae Standad Eo Obsevation s 60 ANOVA Residual Total Significanc e F df SS MS F 7.83 Regession Coefficient s Standad Eo t Stat P-value Lowe 95% 95% Lowe 95.0% Intecept E Financial benefits Figue 1: Regession of Caee path and financial benefits. 95.0% Figue 1 illustates egession analysis between caee path and financial benefits. The esult obtained indicated that, R-squae is 0.22 which is moe than Alpha (0.05) and P-value is which is less than Alpha (0.05). This means thee is a statistical significance between the two vaiables. We theefoe accept the altenative hypothesis and eject the null hypothesis Caee Path and Cultue Influence TABLE 2. CORRELATION OF CAREER PATH AND CULTURE INFLUENCE. Caee path Cultue Caee path Intenational Jounal of Youth Economy, Issue 2, Vol 2 110

7 Cultue Ha4 Caee path tends to be affected by cultue influence. Ho4 Thee is no effect by cultue influence on caee path. The second assumption of this study is to test the association between cultue influence and caee choice. Table 2 indicates the esults of Peason s coelation analysis between caee path and cultue. A Peason s coelation coefficient of was obtained which is close to (0) and that means thee is a vey weak positive elationship between these two vaiables. Regession Statistics Multiple R R Squae Adjusted R Squae Standad Eo Obsevatio ns 60 ANOVA df SS MS F Regession Residual Total 59 3 Significan ce F Lowe 95.0 % 95.0 % Coefficien ts Standa d Eo t Stat P-value Lowe 95% 95% Intecept E Cultual influence Figue 2: Regession of Caee path and cultual influence. Figue 2 indicates egession analysis between caee path and cultue influence. The esult obtained show that, R-squae is which is less than Alpha (0.05) and P-value is which is moe than Alpha (0.05). This means thee is no statistical significance between these two vaiables. We theefoe accept the null hypothesis and eject the altenative hypothesis Caee Path and Job Secuity TABLE 3. CORRELATION OF CAREER PATH AND JOB SECURITY. Caee path Job secuity Intenational Jounal of Youth Economy, Issue 2, Vol 2 111

8 112 Caee path Job secuity Ha3 Caee path tends to be influenced due to job secuity. Ho3Thee is no influence by Job secuity on caee path. The thid assumption is the elationship of caee choice with job secuity.table 3 shows that, thee is vey weak positive elationship between caee path and job secuity. Peason s coelation coefficient of was obtained between these two vaiables which is close to (0). Regession Statistics Multiple R R Squae Adjusted R Squae Standad Eo Obsevation s 60 ANOVA Residual Total Significanc e F df SS MS F 0.01 Regession Coefficient s Standa d Eo t Stat P- value Lowe 95% 95% Lowe 95.0% 95.0% Intecept E Job secuity Figue 3: Regession of Caee path and Job secuity. Figue 3 indicates egession analysis between caee path and cultue influence. The esult obtained show that, R-squae is which is less than Alpha (0.05) and P-value is which is moe than Alpha (0.05). This means thee is no statistical significance between these two vaiables. We theefoe accept the null hypothesis and eject the altenative hypothesis Caee Path and Job Oppotunity TABLE 4. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT OF CAREER PATH AND JOB OPPORTUNITY. Caee path Pesonal advancement Intenational Jounal of Youth Economy, Issue 2, Vol 2 112

9 Caee path Pesonal advancement Ha4 Caee path tends to be influenced by futue job oppotunity. Ho4 Futue job oppotunity has no influence on Caee path. 113 The elationship of caee choice with job oppotunity is the fouth assumption in this study. Table 4 indicates the esult of Peason s coelation analysis between caee path and job oppotunity. A Peason s coelation coefficient of was obtained which is close to (0) and that means thee is a vey weak positive elationship between these two vaiables. Regession Statistics Multiple R R Squae Adjusted R Squae Standad Eo Obsevation s 60 ANOVA df SS MS F Significanc e F Regession Residual Total Coefficient s Standa d Eo Intecept t Stat Lowe 95.0% 95.0% P- value Lowe 95% 95% Pesonal advancemen t Figue 4: Regession of Caee path and Job oppotunity. Figue 4.4 indicates egession analysis between caee path and cultue influence. The esult obtained show that, R-squae is which is less than Alpha (0.05) and P-value is which is moe than Alpha (0.05). This means thee is no statistical significance between these two vaiables. We theefoe accept the null hypothesis and eject the altenative hypothesis Caee Path and Inteest TABLE 5.CORRELATION COEFFICIENT OF CAREER PATH AND INTEREST. Caee path Inteest Caee path Intenational Jounal of Youth Economy, Issue 2, Vol 2 113

10 114 Inteest Ha5Caee path tends to be affected by inteest. Ho5Inteest has no influence on caee path. The last assumption of this study is egading the association between caee choice and jobseeke inteest. Table 5 indicates the esult of Peason s coelation analysis between caee path and inteest. A Peason s coelation coefficient of was obtained which is close to (+1) and that means thee is a vey stong positive elationship between these two vaiables. Regession Statistics Multiple R R Squae Adjusted R Squae Standad Eo Obsevatio ns 60 ANOVA df SS MS F Regession Residual Total Significan ce F E- 10 Coefficien ts Standa d Eo Intecept Inteest t Stat P-value Lowe 95% 95% Lowe 95.0 % 95.0 % E E Figue 5: Regession of Caee path and Inteest. Figue 5 indicates egession analysis between caee path and inteest. The esult shows that R-squae is which is moe than Alpha (0.05) and P-value is E-10 which is less than Alpha (0.05). This infomation explains that, thee is statistical significance between these two vaiables. We theefoe accept the altenative hypothesis and eject the null hypothesis. Intenational Jounal of Youth Economy, Issue 2, Vol 2 114

11 5 Conclusion 115 The study ties to investigate the basic vaiables that affect the choice of caee of Young Omanis. The pupose of this pape is to analyse the elation of caee choice with financial benefits, cultue influence, job secuity, job oppotunity and inteest egading the job. Fistly, with espect to the financial benefits affecting caee choice, financial benefits - as the esult showed - have vey significant influence on caee choices that students make. The finding significantly evealed that financial benefits ae some of the most impotant factos that affect caee choice. Accodingly, we believe that thee is a stong significant elation between financial benefit and caee choice that Omanis make and it is so impotant to conside financial benefits as the most significant motivato fo Omanis caee choice. It is impotant to emind that in Oman s taditional social context money offes stability and secuity and may bing social pestige. These findings ae in accodance with those of Benchiba-Savenius and all. (2016) egading Oman employment insights. This goup of eseach conducted a suvey of Omani nationals on thei opinions petaining to employment in the Sultanate. Insights undepinning the cuent and futue aspiations and motivations to employment of fo the Omanis unde 30s evealed that money anked as the most significant motivato fo Omanis. Based on these findings, financial benefits wee found as a pedicto of motivation fo caee choice and this finding suppots a lot of othe eseach on this matte. Howeve, manages should not focus on financial benefits as the only facto that affect caee choice decision. Theefoe, Manages and decision makes should conside othe facto which has significant degee of influence. Secondly, with espect to the cultue influences affecting caee choice. The eseach evealed that cultual influences ae not significant in affecting the caee choices that students make. The finding insignificantly evealed that cultual influences ae not some of the most impotant factos that suppot these findings. Accodingly, we believe that thee is no stong significant elationship between cultue influence and caee choice of Omanis students. In fact, Manage and decision makes might pay less attention to this point as one of the facto affecting Omani caee choice decisions; howeve, they should not ignoe cultue consideation at all. Due to sensitive aspects elated to Islamic Religion which ae connected with cultue consideation such as type of gende. Females may be influenced by thei family, community o nation on thei caee choice decision. Natue of wok, place of wok, conditions of wok all these may affect Caee choice decision of females and males with lesse degees. Thidly, egading job secuity and job oppotunity, Peason coelation coefficient and egession analysis showed that, thee is weak association and thee is no statistical significance between these two factos and caee path. Finally, egading inteest, the study sot to find out how inteest affects the caee path choice. The findings indicated that inteest has vey stong positive elationship with caee path choice and it is too significantly influencing facto. It was the highlighted by espondents as one of the most significant facto that influence caee choice. Inteest egading the job can include elements like developing and challenging ole, tavel, o othe things. These findings contast with those of Oxfod s Oman Employment epot done by Benchiba-Savenius and all., in 2016, which they found that espondents wee most likely to be motivated by money (76%). Challenge (28%) and tavel (28%) wee also popula motivatos. But this eseach evealed also, that offeing moe challenging oles with clea development oppotunities could help attact moe Omani job-seekes. Moeove, impoving intenational tavel oppotunities may attact moe female candidates, based on the suvey esults". So, we can admit that pat of these esults, match ou findings. At the Intenational Jounal of Youth Economy, Issue 2, Vol 2 115

12 116 same time, ou esults ae in complete concodance with those obseved by the oxfod Stategic consulting epot (2015), in which they discoveed that young Omanis wee moe likely to be attacted to employes that wee consideed to be helping the county/society as well as challenging and developing employees. Thus we conclude that the Omani Govenment must pay attention to the aspiations and motivatos of Young Omanis in tem of employment. Govenment must encouage the ceation of employment oppotunities that suppots Omani talents though poviding valuable wok expeience, oppotunities of knowledge development and tansfe and incopoating motivating factos othe than financial benefits. The building of Omani human capital by focusing on developing leadeship cultue and Omani leades is moe than essential. BIBLIOGRAPHY ABDULRAZIQA, MAULABAKHSHA, R. (2015). IMPACT OF WORKING ENVIRONMENT ON JOB SATISFACTION. ACADEMIC WORLD RESEARCH AND EDUCATION CENTER, 23, DOI: /S (15) BENCHIBA-SAVENIUS, N., MOGIELNICKI, R., OWENS, S., & SCOTT-JACKSON, W. (2016). OMAN EMPLOYMENT REPORT INSIGHTS FOR OXFORD STRATEGIC CONSULTING. CHUANG, N. K., (2009). STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF CAREER CHOICES: THE IMPACT OF ACADEMIC MAJOR. JOURNAL OF FAMILY & CONSUMER SCIENCES EDUCATION, 27(2), COHEN, B.N., (2003). APPLYING ESSENTIAL THEORY AND INTERVENTIONS TO CAREER DECISION MAKING, JOURNAL OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT, 29(3), PP DOD AND HOOLEY, (2015). THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF CAREER GUIDANCE, CAREERS ENGLAND, PROMOTING SOCIAL MOBILITY, ACHIEVEMENT AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING. EKECHUKWU, M, (2016). INFLUENCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES ON SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS CHOICE OF CAREER IN IMP STATE. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND REFLECTION IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES, 1, FATOKI, O. (2014). THE DETERMINANTS OF THE CAREER CHOICE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, 23, DOI: /MJSS V5N23P668. GIKOPOULOU, N. (2008). REPORT ON EFFECTIVE CAREER GUIDANCE. CAREER GUIDE. HIRSH, W. (1996). STRATEGIES FOR CAREER DEVELOPMENT: PROMISE, PRACTICE AND PRETENCE. REPORT 305. HOOLEY, T. (2012). HOW THE INTERNET CHANGED CAREER: FRAMING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND ONLINE EXPERTISE. JOURNAL OF THE GENERAL INSTITUTE FOR CAREER EDUCATION AND COUNSELING (NICEC), 29, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATION THEORY AND BEHAVIOR, 16 (2), KARP, M. M. (2004). SCHOOL-BASED CAREER DEVELOPMENT: A SYNTHESIS OF THE LITERATURE. INSTITUTE ON EDUCATION AND THE ECONOMY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. Intenational Jounal of Youth Economy, Issue 2, Vol 2 116

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