THINK CULTURE THINK GROWTH!

Transcription

1 THINK CULTURE THINK GROWTH!

2 The Role of Municipalities in the Cultural Scene the Base Working in Peripheries P2P Broadening Workshop, Tunis, 9 September JORDI BALTA -

3 AGENDA Morning Introduction: Context, Aims and Presentation of Participants Why Cities and Culture? Development, Culture and Cultural Policies: Introduction Afternoon Development, Culture and Cultural Policies: the Agenda 21 for culture and Culture 21: Actions Local Governance of Culture: Key Challenges Challenges and Priorities: Group Work

4 INTRODUCTION

5 Introducing ourselves Your name Where you come from and what is your main occupation Identify 1 important challenge that you identify for the development of the cultural sector in the town or city where you live. Try not repeating what others have said.

6 WHY CITY AND CULTURE?

7 Urbanisation As in other world regions, Mediterranean population increasingly concentrates in cities and will continue to do so: urban population in South & East Mediterranean expected to grow from 151m (2005) to over 300m (2050) Predominance of small cities: 33% urban pop. lives in cities over 1m; 18% in cities 0.3-1m; 50% in cities under 300,000 Whereas in other world regions local governments are key in providing access to culture, cities in the South & East Mediterranean often have limited competences, including in the cultural field.

8 A few quotes (1) As in other world regions, Mediterranean population increasingly concentrates in cities and will continue to do so: urban population in South & East Mediterranean expected to grow from 151m (2005) to over 300m (2050) Predominance of small cities: 33% urban pop. lives in cities over 1m; 18% in cities 0.3-1m; 50% in cities under 300,000 Whereas in other world regions local governments are key in providing access to culture, cities in the South & East Mediterranean often have limited competences, including in the cultural field.

9 A few quotes (2) [Despite Local Authorities major responsibilities in culture], there is no designated, full-time director of a culture department whose job is to supervise the cultural budgets, manage them or determine culture priorities (Israel, MedCulture profile) Although several structural changes took place during the last 10 years cultural policy framework and implementation mechanisms remained very central (Tunisia, WorldCP profile)

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11 Local cultural life If we focus our attention on the concept of cultural life, we immediately observe the social representation of proximity, community, social group, and if we direct it spatially, the idea comes to mind of public space, neighborhood, town and city. That is, cultural life is closely related to the local experience. Alfons Martinell, Cultural Life, Local Life (2014)

12 Recognition of cultural rights in international law Universal Declaration on Human Rights (1948), art. 27.1: Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits Int l Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), art. 15.1: The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to take part in cultural life. Int l Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), art. 27: In those States in which ethnic religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be denied the right to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their religion, or to use their own language.

13 Making Cultural Rights Specific: the Fribourg Declaration (2007) [1] Identity and cultural rights: right to choose and to have one s cultural identity respected; to know and to have one s own culture respected, as well as those cultures that make up the common heritage of humanity; access to other cultural heritages. Reference to cultural communities: freedom to choose to identify or not to identify with one or several cultural communities, regardless of frontiers, and to modify such a choice.

14 Making Cultural Rights Specific: the Fribourg Declaration (2007) [2] Access to and participation in cultural life: freedom to express oneself; freedom to exercise one s own cultural practices and to follow a way of life associated with the promotion of one s cultural resources; to develop and share knowledge and cultural expressions; to the protection of the resulting moral and material interests. Education and training: right to education and training that contribute to the free and full development of one s cultural identity (human rights education, languages, religious and moral education, etc.)

15 Making Cultural Rights Specific: the Fribourg Declaration (2007) [3] Communication and information: right to receive, participate in and disseminate free and pluralistic information, and to respond to erroneous information. Cultural cooperation: right to participate in the cultural development of communities, in decision-making and in cultural cooperation at different levels. Principles of democratic governance: responsibility for public, private and civil actors to ensure respect for cultural rights, with particular care for those who are most disadvantaged; to train personnel; and to take into account the cultural dimension of all human rights.

16 Challenges, Difficulties and Exclusions Secondary role of cultural rights within human rights Vagueness of terms and unclear implications: cultural life, to take part, etc. Resistance from States to discuss cultural rights in institutional and legal frameworks Lack of or limited decentralisation of cultural competences to local governments Violations of cultural rights: language bans, restrictions to artistic mobility, banning of the production or import or publications, etc. Cultural exclusion : systematic denial of some groups rights

17 DEVELOPMENT, CULTURE AND CULTURAL POLICIES

18 The evolving notion of development For many years, development meant economic growth This vision remains highly influential, but the negative impacts and threats posed by growth for growth s sake (social tensions, environmental degradation, etc.) have been recognised. The need for development models to recognise local contexts and community aspirations has also been identified. This leads to the emergence of multidimensional development models (e.g. sustainable development; human development), which have integrated culture.

19 How does culture shape development? Most of all, our culture expresses our visions of the future: what it is we want to pass to future generations. Jon Hawkes, Why Should I Care? (2006)

20 Integrating cultural aspects in development Cultural life provides a space where development may be defined, discussed and understood. In addition, cultural practices and resources can also contribute to the achievement of social, educational, economic etc. goals. A broad understanding of culture, including symbolic aspects, beliefs, ways of doing, arts, heritage, etc. should be adopted Cultural policies should integrate principles related to inclusion, fight against discrimination and inequality and promote active participation of everyone.

21 Addressing development through cultural policies involves Considering those aspects that link cultural life with human dignity and reaffirming the right to take part in cultural life Integrating these aspects as cultural policy objectives: promotion of creativity; recognition of diversity; care for heritage and memory; etc. Exploring synergies with other dimensions of development (economic, social, environmental, etc.)

22 Presentations: Culture and Development Nada Sabet Malik Chaoui

23 AGENDA 21 FOR CULTURE

24 Background to the Agenda 21 for culture Adopted in Barcelona, 2004 Provides guidance to local governments aiming to integrate cultural policies and sustainable development Used by over 500 local governments around the world, as well as civil society organisations, etc. Promoted by United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG)

25 Key messages Culture is an essential dimension of sustainable development Cultural rights provide legitimacy for cultural policies based on access, participation, heritage, diversity, creativity, etc. Local governments have a fundamental role in this context Sustainable cities should reinforce cultural policies and explore interaction with economic, social, educational, environmental and other relevant policies Cultural development should involve dialogue between public, private and civil society actors International networking can contribute to addressing these challenges

26 Culture is an essential dimension of development CULTURE ECONOMY SOCIAL INCLUSION ECONOMY SOCIAL INCLUSION ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT

27 CULTURE 21: ACTIONS

28 Culture 21: Actions a new document It updates and operationalises the Agenda 21 for culture Adopted at the 1st UCLG Culture Summit, Bilbao, March 2015 New framework for Evaluation Policy design Peer-learning Awareness-raising

29 Culture 21: Actions the 9 commitments 1. Cultural rights 2. Heritage, diversity, and creativity 3. Culture and education 4. Culture and environment 5. Culture and economy 6. Culture, equality, and social inclusion 7. Culture, urban planning, and public space 8. Culture, information, and knowledge 9. Governance of culture

30 1. Cultural Rights Definition of minimum service standards to ensure basic cultural services (e.g. a minimum number of libraries / books per inhabitant) Detailed analysis of existing obstacles to citizens access and participation in cultural life and adoption of measures to allow everyone to take part, including vulnerable groups. Combatting gender discrimination and increasing opportunities for women to participate in cultural life.

31 2. Heritage, Diversity and Creativity Existence of a department or area in charge of cultural policies and the cultural aspects of other public policies within local government. Existence of policies and programs that foster artistic excellence and accessibility. Promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions and intercultural projects. Existence of policies regarding the protection of cultural heritage, including its tangible and intangible aspects.

32 3. Culture and Education Cultural institutions that receive public support provide educational activities for formal and informal environments. Curricula of students in primary and secondary education include acquiring cultural skills and knowledge. Existence of information sources on opportunities for access to cultural activities and cultural education.

33 4. Culture and Environment Facilitation and promotion of citizen initiatives for the sustainable use of public spaces, including new gardening practices. Preservation and dissemination of traditional knowledge and practices that contribute to the sustainable use of natural resources. Cultural organisations that receive public support evaluate their environmental impact and carry out ecological awareness-raising activities.

34 5. Culture and Economy Consideration of the cultural economy in local economic development strategies. Guarantee of appropriate contractual and salary conditions for people working in the cultural sector. Recognition of the value in maintaining traditional local trades and crafts, including the development of innovation in them. Local tourism model is sustainable, balanced across the region and interactive with the cultural ecosystems.

35 6. Culture, Equality and Social Inclusion Local policies in health, employment, inclusion etc. include culture as a dimension for combating discrimination. Cultural institutions that receive public support work with disadvantaged groups and in neighbourhoods with high level of poverty and exclusion. Existence of programmes to promote intergenerational coop. Existence of a civil society platform of organisations active in the intersection between culture, equality and social inclusion.

36 7. Culture, Urban Planning & Public Spaces Existence of a guide on cultural impact assessment that is used in urban planning policies. Adoption of measures to promote the role of culture in the renovation of historic centres and in local development plans. Recognition of public spaces (streets, squares, etc.) as key resources for cultural interaction and participation. Consideration of citizens access to cultural life in local transport and mobility policies.

37 8. Culture, Information & Knowledge Local media reflect the plurality of opinions and represent local and international cultural diversity. Regular analyses of obstacles to accessing and using ICT for cultural purposes. Existence of training activities on the cultural, social and economic implications of new forms of cultural access and reproduction (e.g. copyleft, open source, etc.). Existence of policies and programmes that allow cultural agents to participate in international cooperation networks.

38 9. Governance of Culture The local government creates public forums (e.g. a local cultural council) in order to steer local cultural policy. Cultural institutions that receive public support are transparent, accountable and evaluate the public services they provide, and citizens are represented on their boards. Existence of training programmes and other support measures to strengthen NGOs, trade unions and other civil society organisations that contribute to cultural life.

39 Culture 21: Actions the 9 commitments 1. Cultural rights 2. Heritage, diversity, and creativity 3. Culture and education 4. Culture and environment 5. Culture and economy 6. Culture, equality, and social inclusion 7. Culture, urban planning, and public space 8. Culture, information, and knowledge 9. Governance of culture

40 Questions 1. Are any of these 9 topics particularly well developed in your cities? 2. In which of these areas do you think that particular efforts in developing awareness, understanding and/or practical experience would be necessary? 3. Which do you think should be the main priorities to strengthen local cultural life?

41 LOCAL GOVERNANCE OF CULTURE

42 Traditional Approach to Cultural Policy Policy focus lies on cultural activities, agents, goods and services, and how to foster access to them Several actors (State, civil society, business) may lead their own cultural policies State holds a privileged role opportunities for participation in public policy-making remain limited State plays a range of roles: legislation, facility management, event promotion, funding, etc. Vertical relation between State and society

43 From Cultural Policy to Cultural Governance Policy focus becomes more complex: culture as it relates to other areas and ways of being and becoming (education, citizenship, economy, etc.) Interdependence of several actors is stressed: State, other public authorities, civil society, business, etc. Shared responsibility: participation is key for legitimacy of public policies; dialogue and participative decision-making processes become essential in cultural policy Roles may regularly, dynamically change: State may do less and act as facilitator Increasing horizontal relation between State and society

44 3 Dimensions of Cultural Governance 1. Relations between public, private and civil society actors ( multiactor governance, cross-sector governance ) 2. Relations between different departments of public authorities ( transversal governance ) 3. Relations between different levels of government, e.g. State, regions, cities ( multi-level governance )

45 Key Aspects to Sustain Cultural Governance (1) Enabling environment a) Societal context of freedom (expression, assembly, etc.) and respect for others association, b) Social recognition of the importance of culture, economic, social, cultural and citizenship purposes for c) Mutual recognition and trust between sectors Support policies a) Ambitious, official cultural policies, with visible leadership b) Transversal dialogue with other policy fields (education, health, economy, etc.)

46 Key Aspects to Sustain Cultural Governance (2) Funding a) Economic resources adapted to political ambition b) Diversity of sources of funding, adapted to diverse needs (size, sector, role) c) Accessibility (transparency, limited bureaucracy) Training / capacity-building a)regular updating of individual and institutional skills and capacities: training, evaluation, etc. b)strengthening of networking and collaboration among professionals and organisations, identification of shared needs, setting-up of intermediary spaces for exchange and support

47 Key Aspects to Sustain Cultural Governance (3) Information and awareness raising: use of information to be more effective, provide evidence of impacts of culture, etc. Public-private dialogue frameworks Recognition of need for long-term work a) Planning Action b) Regular dialogue, because processes are dynamic c) Consideration of future generations (sustainable development, intergenerational equity )

48 Presentations: Governance Hanna Atallah Imene Jedidi

49 LOCAL GOVERNANCE OF CULTURE: SOME CHALLENGES AND TENSIONS

50 1. Culture as Public Good vs. Instrumentalisation Recognition of the public value of culture and the values attributed to it: diversity, individual creativity, memory, identity, etc. Potential of culture as a resource to achieve economic and social objectives Need for specific spaces where cultural knowledge is collected, analysed and disseminated How to reconcile both? What type of evidence, awareness-raising, training is needed?

51 2. Decentralisation and tension between govt. levels Cities are the places where globalisation is experienced first-hand, and are more permeable and open to assuming diversity Cities are the laboratories to tackle the difficult solutions. They have the critical mass to scale up new technologies (Charles Landry) Need for this to be represented in suitable decentralisation / devolution models and suitable resource allocation Traditional tension between different levels of government (competences, resources, political differences) How to foster collaboration?

52 3. Cultural ownership of local development Provide opportunities for communities to contribute to design of local strategies and diversity to be recognized In co-creation, all stakeholders play an active role in contributing to an effective solution. It is an egalitarian process, a move to achieve the collective wisdom-of-the-crowd The more perspectives we involve, the more effective our solutions are likely to be. (Mary-Ann Schreurs) How to develop inclusive city labs?

53 4. Sustainable cultural ecosystems demand different types of support Balancing initiatives which may be cost-effective under market rules and those which require public support to survive reconciling contrasting considerations of what is valuable Economic policies that enable the cultural entrepreneur to succeed must be moderated by cultural policies that allow the artist to fail. (Anmol Vellani) How to recognise the interdependence and the need for nonprofitable initiatives to be supported?

54 5. Addressing policy transversality Improving citizens lives requires overcoming silo thinking, decompartmentalising policymaking, fostering coordination Need for lateral thinking, across disciplines Rethink strategies, internal coordination, resource allocation (towards ends, rather than internal resource), capacity-building of staff, etc. How to foster local governments awareness of the transversal nature of culture?

55 6. Civil society strengthening and participation Importance of civil society organisations representing different areas of interest within culture, and able to collaborate and establish common priorities Need to broaden and diversify opportunities for the participation of citizens in public debates and policy-making processes Ensure that participation is not restricted to professionals only, equal opportunities are guaranteed and a diverse range of groups and expressions are represented How can citizen participation be enhanced?

56 7. Collaboration between public authorities and civil society in areas of common interest Some themes, such as the decentralisation of competences to cities and towns and the strengthening of local capacities, deserve joint efforts Ideally, this should be based on mutual trust and shared responsibility between public, private and civil society actors Can this mutual trust be established?

57 Presentation: Challenges for the Implementation of Projects Fatma Sakka

58 CHALLENGES AND PRIORITIES : GROUP WORK

59 Questions 1. Integrating Culture in Local Development Policies and Strategies: What entry points or opportunities do you identify? What difficulties and challenges exist? 2. Collaborating with Local Government: If you know any good examples, what have been the enabling factors? Otherwise, what aspects would need to be addressed to allow collaboration? 3. Collaborating with Other Civil Society Organisations (culture and/or other areas): What elements can facilitate it? What difficulties exist?

60 The Role of Municipalities in the Cultural Scene Broadening the Base Working in Peripheries P2P Workshop, Tunis, 9 September 2015 Jordi Baltà, jordibalta@hotmail.com / jordi.balta@agenda21culture.net