Management Science Letters

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1 Management Science Letter 2 (202) Content lit available at GrowingScience Management Science Letter homepage: An empirical tudy to meaure the impact of loan aignment for job creation and entrepreneurhip program Gholamreza Taleghani a, Abolfazl Danaei b* and Ramezan Fateminezhad c a Aociate profeor, Department of Management, Univerity of Tehran, Tehran, Iran b Faculty member, Ilamic Azad Univerity of Semnan, Semnan, Iran c IT enior expert, Treatment Management of Social Security Organization of Semnan Province, Semnan, Iran A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article hitory: Received March 9, 202 Received in Revied form April, 25, 202 Accepted 29 May 202 Available online June Keyword: Entrepreneurhip Unemployment Data Envelopment Analyi One of the primary concern of many governmental agencie i to create job and working opportunitie. The job creation i often promoted by loan devoted from the bank. Thi paper perform an empirical tudy to meaure the relative efficiency of job creation from year 2002 to 200 in different citie including Semnan, Dameghan, Shahrood, Garmar and Mahdihahr located in wet region of Iran. The propoed model of thi paper ue data envelopment analyi where there are two input including the granted loan to private ector and the job applicant and two output including the aigned to work and the number of job created. The reult indicate that the city of Garmar repreent the highet efficiency and Damghan maintain the lowet efficiency. 202 Growing Science Ltd. All right reerved.. Introduction During the pat few decade, there ha been an increaing trend on world' population and there i obviouly an increae demand on creating new job. Entrepreneurhip i among of the mot effective method for creating job baed on new idea (Parker, 2004; Nahid, 200). Pfeiffer and Reize (2000) compared firm urvival and employment growth of tart-up by unemployed and other, uing the firm data from 5 region in Eat and Wet Germany. They reported that elf-election impact were taken into account by uing imultaneou technique of tart-up promotion and firm development. According to Stel et al. (2005) entrepreneurhip i often conidered to be a neceary apect of the modern ocietie and therefore many people are intereted in thi concept and it i oberved in the policy maker and academic communitie. Many policy maker are alo intereted in promoting entrepreneurial idea for booting economic development, while academic are motly concentrated in finding the underlying mechanim, which create entrepreneurhip link to development the theoretical infratructure for the phenomenon. There are many tudie in thi area of work but till * Correponding author. Tel: addree: danaei@yahoo.com (A. Danaei) 202 Growing Science Ltd. All right reerved. doi: /j.ml

2 248 there i a need to know the caue of the entrepreneurhip and it conequence for the development due to conceptual and methodological limitation. Both, entrepreneurhip and development are complex concept and difficult for meauring and their concept may be different in meaning according to the variou theoretical concept. According to Reynold et al. (994, 995) many people argue that the entrepreneurhip and development i a more complex phenomena, which i not only conditioned by cultural element, but alo by political, intitutional and individual factor. Nickell et al. (996; 997) performed an invetigation on the role of three external factor in creating improved productivity performance in companie. Thee are product market competition, financial market preure and hareholder control. They ued data from around 580 UK manufacturing companie motly aociated with ome degree of increaed productivity growth. More pecifically, average rent normalized on value-added were negatively aociated with productivity growth, interet payment normalized on cah flow were poitively aociated with future productivity growth and firm with a dominant external hareholder from the financial ector had higher productivity growth rate. Geroki (989) performed and empirical tudy to meaure the impact of innovation on increaing productivity. Highfield and Smiley (987) detected two main factor, which impact the rate of creation of new firm; macroeconomic and microeconomic. The macroeconomic climate that happen to be mot conducive to the formation of mall buinee i alo called luggih. Lower rate of growth of GNP, lower inflation rate, and greater growth in the unemployment rate were followed by elevation in the rate of new firm. They do not detect any of the traditional barrier to entry to be aociated with the rate of new firm creation. Hamilton (987) explained that time-erie analye generally demontrate rate of buine formation increaing with unemployment. In cro-ection invetigation, the area with the highet rate of formation are generally thoe with the lowet level of unemployment. In hi tudy, the negative cro-ection relationhip i confirmed but it wa recommended that the time-erie could be nonlinear, becoming negative at a critical unemployment level around 20%. Grilo and Thurik (2005) ued a multinomial logit model and urveyed data from the 25 EU member tate and the US to build the effect of demographic and other variable on variou entrepreneurial engagement level. Thee engagement level were varied from never thought about tarting a buine to thinking about it, taking tep for tarting up, having a young buine, having an older buine and no longer being an entrepreneur. According to their tudy, among the four perception variable only adminitrative complexitie diplayed an unambiguou obtacle profile becaue it preence had a ignificant negative influence on higher entrepreneurial engagement level. Grilo and Thurik (2006) preented new inight on the determinant of entrepreneurial attitude and activitie by examining the relationhip between intitutional variable and cro-country change in the preference for elf-employment a well a in actual elf-employment. They gathered data of the 25 member tate of the European Union a well a the US and found that country pecific variable eemed to explain the preference for entrepreneurhip but not the actual entrepreneurhip. According to Ac et al. (2003) contemporary theorie of entrepreneurhip normally concentrate on the deciion-making context of the individual and the recognition of chance and the deciion to commercialize them i the focal concern. The opportunitie are normally exogenou, the mot prevalent theory of innovation in the economic literature recommend that opportunitie are endogenou. Ac et al. (2003) tried to bridge the gap between the entrepreneurhip and economic literature on opportunity by propoing a knowledge pillover theory of entrepreneurhip. Their reult indicated that there wa a trong relationhip between knowledge pillover and new venture creation.

3 G.Taleghani et al. / Management Science Letter 2 (202) 249 In thi paper, we preent an empirical invetigation to tudy the effect of loan dedicated for entrepreneur to create job and working opportunitie in different citie located in province of Semnan, Iran. We firt provide ome detail of the number of figure aociated with the propoed model in ection 2. Section 3 i devoted for the methodology and the reult of our tudy are given in ection 4. The paper conclude the reult in ection 5 to ummarize the contribution of the paper. 2. The relationhip between unemployment and entrepreneurhip In thi tudy, we firt gathered the number of licene iued by the government of Iran in different citie. Next we examine the impact of thi factor on creating job opportunitie. Table how detail of the number of permit iued, the number of people who were employed and the number of unemployed people. Table The Statitical Information of the Semnan province in the year Employed population Unemployed Population The amount of permit iued Year Number Normalized Number Normalized Normalized Number Total The Data Envelopment Analyi Data envelopment analyi (DEA) i one of the mot efficient and popular method for meauring the relative efficiencie of different imilar unit where there are more than one input and output aociated with deciion unit. Let x ij be the input for a deciion unit with,,m and yrj be the output with,, and j=,,n. Let ui and v j be the dual variable aociated with x i and y j, repectively. The contant to cale DEA model i formulated a follow, max z = m u r v x i y r. i. ur yrj ubject to. m v x i ij () ur, vi 0, j =,..., n Model () i the bai of traditional DEA and it i olved j time to determine the relative efficiencie of variou unit. However, ince () i nonlinear in tructure, Charle et al. (983) ugget a imple modification of the objective function to implify the tructure of the reulted problem a follow,

4 250 max z = u r y r. ur yrj ubject to. m v x i ij (2) m v x i i. = ur, vi 0, j =,..., n Note that the firt contraint alo become linear uing a imple manipulation. Problem (2) ha been widely ued for the pat three decade and the reult are commonly accepted a a tool to meaure the relative efficiency of different unit. However, when there i uncertainty with the input and the output, one may ue different technique to make ure that a mall change on input/output data doe not change the output ranking. 4. The reearch methodology The propoed model of thi paper ue two input (job application and granted loan) and two output (aigned to work and number of job created). The data are gathered from five different citie of Semnan province including Semnan, Dameghan, Shahrood, Garmar and Mahdihahr. Fig. how detail of our propoed tudy. Input Output Semnan Job applicant Dameghan aigned to work Garmar Granted Loan Shahrood number of job created Mahdihahr Fig. The Conceptual model Table 2 demontrate the number gathered for input and output of the propoed model of thi paper. A we can oberve, there wa relatively huge amount of loan dedicated to city of Garmar

5 G.Taleghani et al. / Management Science Letter 2 (202) 25 during the fical year of However, the other citie could manage to create almot the ame figure without receiving uch amount of loan. Table 2 The Statitical information (Input and output) for Semnan to the province Separation (Currency: Billion rial, Year: 200) DMU I The Granted Loan to Private I 2 The Job applicant O The aigned to work O 2 The number of job created Semnan Dameghan Shahrood Garmar Mahdihahr Source: The Department of Labor and Social Affair of Semnan, Semnan Bank That after formulating the information in table 2 in CCR model of Data Envelopment Analyi and olving it by GAMS oftware, the following reult will be achieved: Table 3 The ranking of the Semnan citie in term of performance in entrepreneurial activitie city Semnan Dameghan Shahrood Garmar Mahdihahr Efficiency (%) Degree According to the information above Garmar city with performance core of 00% wa introduced a the Firt of degree and the mot efficient city in entrepreneurial activitie and Dameghan city with performance core of % a the fifth rank and the mot deficient. Alo the acceptable amount (the goal) for the output of the inefficient unit in the preent condition (Without changing the input) are a follow: Table 4 A enitivity analyi on the efficieny of different unit Citie Semnan Dameghan Shahrood Garmar Mahdihahr The aigned to work in 200 From 3672 to 469 Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed The number of job created Fixed From 74 to 80 From 2832 to 3067 Fixed From 793 to Concluion In thi paper, we have preented an empirical tudy to meaure the effect of governmental facilitie provided for entrepreneur to create job opportunitie for a period of ix year tarted from 2002 to 200. The propoed model ha adapted data envelopment analyi to meaure the relative efficiencie of loan aignment in five main citie located in province of Semnan, Iran. The propoed model ued two input namely the amount of loan and the number of people who filled for job opportunitie. The output of the model were the number of job, which were actually created and the aigned work. The reult of our tudy indicate government opportunitie do not necearily have the ame impact in different place and job creation alo need other infratructure. Acknowledgment The author would like to thank the people and official who helped u gather the neceary data. We are alo grateful to anonymou referee' inight on earlier verion of thi paper.

6 252 Reference Ac, Z., Audretch, D., Braunerhjelm, P., & Carlon, B. (2003). The miing link: The knowledge filter. Entrepreneurhip and Endogenou Growth, Working Paper, Center for Economic Policy Reearch, Stockholm. Charne, A., Cooper, W.W., Rhode, E. (978). Meauring the efficiency of deciion making unit. European Journal of Operational Reearch, 2, Geroki, P. (989). Entry, innovation, and productivity growth. Review of Economic and Statitic, 7, Grilo, I., & Irigoyen, J.M. (2006). Entrepreneurhip in the EU: to wih and not to be. Small Buine Economic, 26(4), Grilo, I., & Thurik, R. (2005). Entrepreneurial engagement level in the European union. International Journal of Entrepreneurhip Education, 3(2), Hamilton, R. (989), Unemployment and buine formation rate: Reconciling time erie and cro ection evidence. Environment and Planning, 2, Highfield, R., & Smiley, R. (987). New buine tart and economic activity: An empirical invetigation. International Journal of Indutrial Organization, 5, Nahid, M. (200). Nature and reaon of entrepreneurhip and organizational entrepreneurhip in one glance. Commercial Survey Publication, 34, [In Perian]. Nickell, S. (996). Competition and corporate performance. Journal of Political Economy 04, Nickell, S., Nicolita, N., & Dryden, N. (997). What Make Firm Perform Well?, European Economic Review, 4, Oxenfeldt, A. (943). New Firm and Free Enterprie. Wahington, D.C. American Council on Public Affair. Parker, S. (2004). The Economic of Self-Employment and Entrepreneurhip. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univerity Pre. Pfeiffer, F., & Reize, F. (2000). Buine tart-up by the unemployed an econometric analyi baed on firm data. Labour Economic, 7 (5), Reynold, P., Miller, B., & Maki, W. (995). Explaining regional variation in buine birth and death: U.S Small Buine Economic, 7(5), Reynold, P., Storey, D., & Wet Head, P. (994), Cro-national comparion of the variation in new firm formation rate. Regional Studie, 28(4), Stel, A., Carree, M., & Thurik, R. (2005). The effect of entrepreneurial activity on national economic growth. Small Buine Economic, 24 (3), 3-32.

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