A Study on Role Performance of Village Panchayat Leader in Bichhua Block of Chhindwara District, (M.P.)

Transcription

1 A Study on Role Performance of Village Panchayat Leader in Bichhua Block of Chhindwara District, (M.P.) THESIS Submitted to the Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In AGRICULTURE EXTENSION By YOGESH CHOPDE Department of Extension Education Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur College of Agriculture Jabalpur (MP) 2013

2 CERTIFICATE - I Formatted: Space Before: 6 pt, After: 12 pt, Line spacing: Double This is to certify that the thesis entitled A Study on Role Performance of Village Panchayat Leader in Bichhua Block of Chhindwara District (M.P.) submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science In Agriculture (Agriculture Extension) department of Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur is a record of the bonafide research work carried out by Mr. YOGESH CHOPDE under my guidance and supervision. The subject of the thesis has been approved by the Student s Advisory Committee and the Director of Instruction. No part of the project report has been submitted for any other degree or diploma (Certificate awarded etc.) or has been published/published part has been fully acknowledged. All the assistance and help received during the course of the investigation has been acknowledged by him. Formatted: Indent: First line: 0", Tab stops: Not at 0.06" + 0.5" Formatted: Indent: First line: 0" Date: Place: Jabalpur (V.K Pyasi) Chairman of the Advisory Committee THESIS APPROVED BY THE STUDENT`S ADVISORY COMMITTEE Formatted: Normal, Tab stops: Not at 0.5" Chairman (Dr. V.K. Pyasi).. Member (Dr. A.K. Pande)..

3 Member (Dr. H.O. Sharma) Formatted: Indent: First line: 0", Right: 0.14", Space Before: 6 pt, After: 12 pt, Line spacing: Double

4 CERTIFICATE - II This is to certify that the thesis entitled A Study on Role Performance of Village Panchayat Leaders in Bichhua Block of Chhindwara District (M.P.) Submitted by Mr. YOGESH CHOPDE to the Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree Master of Science in Agriculture, in the Department of Extension Education, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur has been, after evaluation, approved by the External Examiner and by the Student s Advisory Committee after an oral examination on the same. Formatted: Font: Font color: Auto, English (Australia) Date: ( V.K. Pyasi) Place: Jabalpur Chairman of Advisory Committee Formatted: Indent: First line: 0" MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chairman (Dr. V.K. Pyasi)... Formatted: Indent: First line: 0"... Member (Dr. A.K. Pande)... Member (Dr. H.O. Sharma)...

5 HEAD OF DEPARTMENT Dr. N.K. Khare... DIRECTOR OF INSTRUCTION Dr. R.S. Khampariya

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I avail this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide and chairman of my advisory committee, Dr. V.K. Pyasi, Professor, Department of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur for his inspiring guidance, constructive criticism, constant encouragement and generous help throughout the course of investigation and writing this manuscript. My sincere thanks to the members of the advisory committee, Dr. A.K, Pande (Professor), Department of Extension Education, Dr. H.O. Sharma (Professor), Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, for acting as the members of advisory committee for their valuable suggestions and helped during the investigation and preparation of manuscript. I am also thanking to faculty members Dr. N.K. Khare, Professor & Head, Department of Extension Education, Dr. V.K. Pyasi (Professor), Dr. S.K. Agrawal (Professor), Dr. A.K. Pande (Professor), Dr. M.K. Dubey (Associate Professor) and Dr. D.K. Jaiswal (Associate Professor) Department of Extension Education. It gives me immense pleasure in expressing my humble gratitude to Dr. V.S. Tomar, Hon ble Vice Chancellor, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur, Dr. S.K. RAO, Dean Faculty of Agriculture, Jabalpur, Dr. S.S. Tomar, Director Research Services, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur, Dr. P.K. Mishra, Director Extension Services, J.N.K.V., Jabalpur, and Director Instruction J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur, Dr. R.S. Khampariya Dean, College of Agriculture, Jabalpur, I express my sincere and profound gratitude to all staff members namely Shri S.G. Tiwari, Shri S.K. Soni, Shri M.K. Dubey, Shri Sandeep Chourasia, Narayan and Sukhchaiine dada for their encouragement and help during the course work as well as in research work.

7 I wish to express my appreciation and thanks to my colleagues and loving friends Tarun Jamkar, Alok Suryawnshi, Vivek Mishra, Pawan Pawar for their encouragement and support who helped me directly or indirectly. The words are too less to express my gratitude to my parents Shri Swaram Chopde and Smt. Kiran Chopde, Sister Nitika, and jijaji, Mr. Bablu Choudhary, obstinate sacrifice, sincere prayers and blessings, affectionate encouragement, love, support, faith in my activities have always been the most vital source of inspiration to me which has helped me to set higher. My loving Nephews Gulsion for their affection, inspiration and motivation during my studies and thesis. I am thankful to the Lorddess Almighty Maa Sarda for her grace and immense blessing always showered upon me. Last but not least, I wish to express my sincere thanks to all the respondents for co-operation and also to Mr. Sanjay Kumar Nema who gave me his valuable time and supportive backing without any time boundation. Lastly I would like to convey my cordial thanks to all those unmentioned persons who helped me to fulfill my dream come true. Place: Jabalpur Date:. (YOGESH CHOPDE)

8 CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE Page No. 1 INTRODUCATION REVIEW OF LITERATURE METHODOLOGY RESULT DISCUSSION SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER WORK REFERENCES APPENDIX I-V VITA

9 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No. 1. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their 37 age. 2. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their 38 educational qualification 3. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their 38 family type 4. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their 39 family size 5. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their 39 occupation 6. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their 40 social participation 7. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their 40 size of land holding 8. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their 41 annual income 9. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their 42 material possession 10. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their 42 contact with development agencies 11. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their 43 political affiliation 12. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their 43 number of training received 13. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their 44 time allocation for different panchayat matters by village panchayat leaders 14. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their 45 attitude towards village development 15. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to mean 46 score of their role performance in rural development 16. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to mean 48 score of their activities of rural development 17. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their role 49 performance 18. Association of role performance with age of village panchayat 50 leaders 19. Association of role performance with educational qualification 51 of village panchayat leaders 20. Association of role performance with family type of village 52 panchayat leaders 21. Association of role performance with family size of village 53 panchayat leaders 22. Association of role performance with occupation of village 54

10 panchayat leaders 23. Association of role performance with social participation of village panchayat leaders 24. Association of role performance with size of land holding of village panchayat leaders 25. Association of role performance with annual income of village panchayat leaders 26. Association of role performance with material possession of village panchayat leaders 27. Association of role performance with contact with development agencies of village panchayat leaders 28. Association of role performance with political affiliation of village panchayat leaders 29. Association of role performance with number of training received of village panchayat leaders 30. Association of role performance with attitude toward village development of village panchayat leaders 31. Problems faced by village panchayat leaders in performing role for rural development 32. Suggestions given by the Panchayat leaders to improve the role performance. LIST OF FIGURES Fig. No. Title Between Pages 1. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their age. 2. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their educational qualification 3. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their family type 4. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their family size 5. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their occupation 6. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their social participation 7. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their size of land holding 8. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their annual income 9. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their material possession 10. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their contact with development agencies 11. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their political affiliation

11 12. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their number of training received 13. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their time allocation for different panchayat matters by village panchayat leaders 14. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their attitude towards village development 15. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their role performance 16. Association of role performance with age of village panchayat leaders 17. Association of role performance with educational qualification of village panchayat leaders 18. Association of role performance with family type of village panchayat leaders 19. Association of role performance with family size of village panchayat leaders 20. Association of role performance with occupation of village panchayat leaders 21. Association of role performance with social participation of village panchayat leaders 22. Association of role performance with size of land holding of village panchayat leaders 23. Association of role performance with annual income of village panchayat leaders 24. Association of role performance with material possession of village panchayat leaders 25. Association of role performance with contact with development agencies of village panchayat leaders 26. Association of role performance with political affiliation of village panchayat leaders 27. Association of role performance with number of training received of village panchayat leaders 28. Association of role performance with attitude toward village development of village panchayat leaders

12 INTRODUCTION India, the largest democratic country, is agrarian in character. Its 76 per cent population lives in villages and depends on agriculture for the development. Mehta (1957) reported that development cannot progress without responsibility and power. The Mehta committee recommended the scheme of democratic decentralization. The scheme of democratic decentralization is the form of a three tier interconnected, interdependent democratic structure of rural local self-government at the village, block and district level. This idea was aimed at planning and implementation of rural development and welfare programmed based on decentralization evolution and democratization of power from the state level to the lower tiers in a democratic way. This system as a whole was termed as Panchayati Raj. The committee evolved some basic and fundamental principles of Panchayti Raj which are as follows :- 1. It should be a three-tier structure of local self governing elected bodies and from village to district the bodies are to be organically linked up. 2. There should be genuine transfer of power and responsibilities. 3. Adequate resources should be transferred to the new bodies to enable them to discharge these responsibilities. 4. All development programmes at these levels should be channeled through their bodies. 5. The system should be such as will facilitate further devolution and dispersal of powers and responsibilities in the comming future. The "Balwant Ray Mehta committee" (1957) recommended the establishment of interconnected three tier organizational structure. The village panchayat is an important organization for carrying out rural development work in rural areas. By the constitution (73 rd Amendment) Act, a new part - 9 has been added to the constitution under the title panchayat. The Act provided for establishment of three tier panchayat system (village, block and district level) as units of local self government. It also contains provisions regarding regular elections to panchayat bodies, setting up to a state election commission and a state finance commission,

13 reservation for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and women enabling provision for reservation of backward classes of the population. Realizing the need to promote the weaker sections and significance of village panchayats in all-round development of villages, government of india implemented 73 rd Constitutional Amendment Act bearing the basic tenet of the Rajiv Gandhi's preposition "Empowering people for prosperity" to bring out a significant change in the attitude, behavior and performance of the rustic folk in India. This Act came into force on 24 th April It was a historic event in the evaluation of our democracy for removing gender imbalance in the institution of local self government. Under article 243 (D) makes the pro vision for one-third reservation of seats for women and it attract the active participation of those excluded from the decision-making process. Madhya Pradesh was the first state which completed election in May to June 1994 and handed over power to Zilla panchayats at district level, Janpad panchayats at block level and Gram panchayat at village level on 20 th August At this time, state of Madhya Pradesh was fully covered under panchayti raj system having 50 Zilla panchayats, 313 Janpad panchayats and 23,015 Gram panchayats covering 50 districts, 313 blocks and 55,393 villages. The role performance of village panchayat leaders is very important in developing agriculture, social, economical and ritual level of rural mass in general and weaker sections in particular. In the gram panchayat, the Sarpanch is the supreme authority assisted and co-operated by 'ward members' or panches. Taken together, rural women participate in large number, irrespective of caste and religion and play an important role aiming towards rural welfare. Reservation has increased the number of elected women panchayat leaders for the first time. These bodies became functional since 20 th August 1994 when the power of governance was handed over to them. It is the need of time to provide proper guidance and leadership to perform their duties. It has been a general observation that the Panchayats are dominated by a privileged class of society in village having radical influence or stronger economic power. To ensure better involvement of village panchayat leaders in political share, measures should be taken to make their role more effective through better education and training facilities. Identification of training need is a crucial factor at this transitional case.

14 The village panchayats are entrusted a wide range of activities for rural development and welfare of rural people. These panchayats at village level are meant for direct supervision and implementation of socio-economic development programmes like children and women development, adult education and other related programmes. The village panchayats are also managing water supply, schools etc. Panchayats need active involvement of rural people not only for managing their own affairs, but also for promoting development activities best suited to satisfy local needs. This research study was undertaken with a perspective to identify factors responsible for role performance of village panchayat leaders. It s a matter of importance to find out the extent of role performance of Village panchayat leaders. With the above points of reference in view, the research problem entitled. "A study on role performance of village panchayat leaders in Bichhua block of Chhindwara district, Madhya Pradesh" was formulated with the following specific objectives: Objectives of the study: 1. To study the profile of selected village panchayat leaders. 2. To assess the role performance of village panchayat leaders in relation to rural development. 3. To know the association between the profile of village panchayat leaders and their role performance. 4. To determine the problems faced by village panchayat leaders in performing role for rural development 5. To suggest ways and means for improving the role performance of the village panchayat leaders. Scope of the study : Very little work has been done in this field and hence the outcome of the study would reveal the level of programmes of village panchayat leaders and the problem encountered by the village panchayats to assist weaker groups" through carrying out the various activities of rural development. This has also been the objectives of various plans, community development programmes and the Panchayti Raj institutions. The objectives of the study are to assess the weaker sections

15 awareness Panchayti Raj, particularly village Panchayat leaders, and their role in performing the various activities of Panchayats for village development. For efficient working of panchayats, the problem faced by the village panchayat leaders in their role performance and other aspects must be located and necessary guidance for such identified problems must be sought, enabling them to advice better performance of the assigned roles and to obtain greater satisfaction. The present study revealed whether the elected village panchayat leaders have the potential performance for rural development works or not and how they are performing their role to a satisfactory extent. This will help in understanding of the efficiency of work carried out by the panchayats. Such a study will be of great help to the policy makers and administrators for making necessary improvement in panchayats working and to provide necessary training facility and support to the elected members of panchayats. It was assumed that analysis of role performance of village panchayat leaders was likely to provide the information to ascertain their problems and factors associated with their aspects, which might be useful for further improvement in their working system. The obtained knowledge would be of great value to the administrators of Panchayati Raj in particular and rural development in general. Limitations of study: Resource constraints time deficit etc. compelled the researcher to restrict the study to a block and hence valid generalization can hardly be drawn for the entire district, what to speak of generalizations for the state or nation as a whole. The study was confined only to one block of Chhindwara district. There were 51 gram panchayats in Bichhua block of Chhindwara district, out of which only 10 village panchayats were selected for this study. Only few variables like age, educational qualification, family type, family size, occupation, social participation, size of land holding, annual income, contact with development agencies, political affiliation, material possession, time allocation of panchayat, training attend and attitude towards village development as perceived by village panchayat leaders, because these variables may be associated with their role performance. The detailed aspect of training is also not covered.

16 REVIEW OF LITERATURE A comprehensive and critical review of past studies provides a sound base for scientific investigation. It helps in determining appropriate methods and procedures for conducting investigation. It also support in interpreting the findings. The study was designed to know the role performance of village Panchayat leaders. Accordingly the review of literature has been presented under the following sub heads:- a.) Profile of village Panchayat leaders. b.) Role performance. c.) Association between antecedent and consequent variable. (A) Profile of village Panchayat leaders: 1. Age: Khare (1995) reported that the highest percentage (54.88%) of sarpanches blonges to young age group and lowest (8.54%) to old age group. Singh (1995) observed that more than 5 5 per cet of the sarpanches and panches were above 40 year and less percentage was found in young age group. Jhamtani et al. (2001) reported that majority of the Panchayat leaders were in the age group of above 60 years. Gurgar (2002) found that the majority (52.87%) of the respondents belonged to middle age group. Shrivastava (2003) reported that majority of the respondents were of the young age group (below 38 years) Sarumathy (2004) found that 60% gram Panchayat leaders belonged to 18 to 40 years age group. Pachouri (2007) reported that majority of the women Panchayat leaders were of the young and middle age group (up to 36 years). Tiwari (2007) reported that highest percentage (47.82%) of the village Panchayat leaders were of the middle age group, followed by young and old age group.

17 Sharma (2008) reported that majority of the Panchayat leaders were of the young and middle age group (88.57%). 2. Educational qualification: Khare (1995) observed that higest per centage of sarpanches had education up to middle school. Roy (1995) observed that the pnchyat leader were better education than other member. Kurariya (1996) revealed that highest percentage (30%) of the elected representative in the Panchayat Raj system were illiterate, while 26 per cent were educated up to primary. Ghosh (1997) found that educational status of women members of Panchayati Raj institution was comparatively lower vis-a-vis male members. Choudhary (1998) reported that highest percentage (42.85%) of the women Panchayat leaders had education up to primary level. Khare (1998) reported that per cent of respondents had graduate degree. Jhamtani ef al. (2001) observed that majority (76.70%) of the women Panchayat leaders was illiterate and per cent were educated up to primary level. Gurjar (2002) reported that majority (51.76%) of the Panchayat leaders had education up to middle and primary level. Shrivastava (2003) found that per cent village Panchayat leaders were educated up to higher secondary level. Pachouri (2007) found that majority of women Panchayat leaders (65.56%) were educated up to primary and middle level. Tiwari (2007) found that maximum percentage (26.96%) of village panchayat leaders were educated up to middle class. Sharma (2008) found that majority (65.72%) of Panchayat leaders were educated up to primary and middle level.

18 3. Family type: Yadav et al.(1990) revealed that 70 per cent leader were from joint family. Choudhary (1998) observed that per cent women Panchayat leaders had nuclear family. Shrivastava (2003) revealed that per cent village Panchayat leaders belonged to nuclear family. Debnath (2005) found that majority (60%) of the Panchayat representatives had nuclear family and 40 per cent had joint family. Tomar et al. (2007) reported that per cent Panchayat leaders belonged to single family and per cent belonged to joint family. Pachouri (2007) reported that per cent women panchayat leaders belonged to nuclear family and percent belonged to joint family. Tiwari (2007) found that per cent village Panchayat leaders belonged to nuclear family and per cent belonged to joint family. 4. Family size: Choudhary (1998) reported that majority (61.90%) of the respondents had big family size. Shrivastava (2003) revealed that per cent Panchayat leaders belonged to large family size. Pachouri (2007) revealed that 40 per cent women Panchayat leaders had small family size. Tiwari (2007) reported that maximum percentage (40.86%) of the village Panchayat leaders had medium family size. Sharma (2008) reported that maximum percentage (38.10%) of vil Panchayat leaders had small family size. lage

19 5. Occupation: Ghosh (1996) found that per cent of the gram Panchayat members were agriculture labors, 8.79 per cent were bar graders and per cent cultivators. Choudhary (1998) reported that per cent of women Panchayat leaders had agriculture as their main occupation. Shrivastava (2003) reported that per cent village Panchayat leaders were having agriculture and allied activities as their main occupation. Tomar et al. (2007) reported that most of the respondents were farmers (45.45%), whereas least (18.18%) of them reported service as their main occupation while caste occupation were counted as per cent. Pachouri (2007) found that most of women Panchayat leaders had agriculture as their main occupation. Tiwari (2007) found that majority (55.65%) of village Panchayat leaders had agriculture and allied activities as their main occupation. Sharma (2008) found that most (45.72%) of the village Panchayat leaders had agriculture as their main occupation. 6. Social participation: Choudhary (1998) found that per cent women Panchayat were leaders members in more than one organization. Jhamtani et al. (2001) found that none of women Panchayat leaders were member in any other organization. Gurgar (2002) reported that majority of members (43.67%) had no membership in any other organization followed by per cent members or office bearers in one organization and per cent had membership in more than one organization. Pachouri (2007) reported that highest percentage of women Panchayat leaders were members in one organization. Sharma (2008) reported that highest percentage of village Panchayat leaders were members in one organization (49.52%).

20 7. Size of land holding: Kurariya (1996) found that per cent elected representatives in Panchayati Raj system belonged to small (1-2 ha) size of land holding, while per cent belonged to marginal (up to 1 ha) land holding. Choudhary (1998) reported th at majority of women Panchayat leaders belonged to big farmers category, followed by landless, marginal and small farmers. Jhamtani et al. (2001) observed that majority (69.99%) of the respondents belonged to small and medium farm size. Gurgar (2002) found that per cent Panchayat leaders belonged to small land holding. Shrivastava (2003) concluded that majority (54.36%) of the village panchayat leaders belonged to landless category. Debnath (2005) found that maximum (40%) panchayat leader s had marginal size of land holding. Pachouri (2007) observed that highest percentage of women panchayat leaders belonged to small land holding category. Tiwari (2007) observed that higher percentage of village panchayat leaders had small size land holding. Sharma (2008) observed that higher percentage of village panchayat leaders that marginal size land holding. 1. Annual income: Kube et al. (1990) states that respondent s high annual income influencing the working of gram panchayat. Kurariya (1996) revealed that majority (54.17%) of elected representatives belonged to middle income group (Rs.6000 to 18000/-) Choudhary (1998) concluded that per cent women panchayat leaders belonged to low income group (up to Rs / -) with respect to their annual income.

21 Gurger (2002) found that per cent members belonged to medium category and percent were having low annual income. Shrivastava (2003) found that per cent village panchayat leaders belonged to low annual income group i.e. up to Rs /- Tomar et al. (2007) reported that per cent members had income upto Rs to 12000/- followed by per cent Rs to 18000/- as income and per cent had higher income i.e. Rs /-and above. Pachouri (2007) reported that higher p ercentage (58.00%) of women panchayat leaders were having income between Rs to 75000/-. Tiwari (2007) found that highest percentage (47.83%) of village panchayat had medium income. Sharma (2008) found that higher percentage (33.33%) of village had low income. panchayat 9. Material possession: Khare at all (1998) They were concluded a study on role perception of village panchayat leaders in agriculture development and found that maximum respondents had bullock and improved plough as the main source of farm power and implements. 10. Contact with development agencies: Choudhary (1998) concluded that 50 per cent women panchayat leaders had no contact with any development agencies and 2.38 percent leaders had high contact. Pachouri (2007) concluded that per cent women panchayat leaders had medium contact with development agencies. Sharma (2008) concluded that per cent panchayat leaders head medium contact with development agencies. 11. Political affiliation: Choudhary (1998) reported that maximum (89.28%) women panchayat leaders were politically affiliated.

22 Gurger (2002) found that per cent members had affiliation with 5 political party. Shrivastava (2003) reported that maximum (82.52%) village panchayat leaders were affiliated to political party. Pachouri (2007) found that maximum (82.20%) women panchayat leaders were affiliated to political party. Tiwari (2007) concluded that majority (51.31%) of village panchayat were not affiliated to any political party. leaders Sharma (2008) concluded that majority (77.14%) of village panchayat leaders were affiliated to political party. 12. Time allocation of Panchayat: Bhargava and Raphae Joe C. (1992) revealed that attend is very poor in gram shabha meeting. hence quantitative participation of people is almost negligible.a few womaen member of these revenue village have expressed that they do not have any business with such meetings. Choudhary (1998) reported that majority (62.20%) of the women panchayat leaders spent their maximum time in participation in monthly meetings and making development plans. Shrivastava (2003) reported that majority (82.52%) of village panchayat leaders allocated time for contact with development agencies. Pachuri (2007) reported that women panchayat leaders were spending their maximum time (14.51%) in monthly meeting and making development plans. Tiwari (2007) concluded that village panchayat leaders devoted per cent of their time in work for betterment of blind, handicapped, old, dependents and people below poverty line. Sharma (2008) concluded that village panchayat leaders devoted 8.47 per cent of their time in participation in monthly meeting and making development plans. 13. Trainings attended:

23 Choudhary (1998) concluded that training is essential in role performance of women panchayat leader in a better way. Gurjar (2002) reported that the majority (70.17%) of panchayat obtained training and per cent member had no training. members Shrivastava (2003) concluded that most of the village panchayat leaders (81.55%) were untrained and hence training must be imparted to age panchayat leaders for better role performance. Pachouri (2007) concluded that majority (64.45%) of women panchayat leader were untrained. Tiwari (2007) concluded that majority (79.13%) of village panchayat leaders were trained for carrying out village development activities. Sharma (2008) concluded that majority (56.19%) of village panchayat leaders were untrained. 14. Attitude towards village development: Choudhary (1998) reported that per cent women panchayat leaders had low attitude towards agriculture development and per cent of them had medium attitude. He also concluded that attitude towards agricultural development does not play an important role in performance of women panchayat leaders. Shrivastava (2003) reported that most of the respondents had favorable attitude towards rural development through panchayati raj and also inferred that attitude play an important role in job performance of village panchayat leaders. Tiwari (2007) reported that per cent of the respondents had less favorable attitude towards rural development and per cent had more favorable attitude towards rural development. (B) Role performance of village panchayat leaders:

24 Choudhary (1998) concluded that out of total women panchayat leaders, per cent belonged to low category, followed by per cent medium and per cent high role performance. Kalakannavar and Badiger (2000) concluded that majority (37%) of ram panchayat women members had medium role performance level, followed by 34 per cent had low and 29 per cent had high role performance. Soni (2001) concluded that majority of panchayat leaders had low role performance. Saini and Singh (2002) reported that out of the 49 functions of Gram panchayats (as envisaged in th e Panchayati Raj Act), only 7 were actually performed. Shrivastava (2003) concluded that majority of village panchayat easers had medium job performance. Pachori (2007) concluded that majority (50.00%) of women panchayat leaders had medium role performance, followed by per cent belonged to high role performance and lowest, per cent in high role performance and lowest percentage (16.67%) belonged to low role performance. Tiwari (2007) found that out of total village panchayat leaders, highest percentage (46.09%) belonged to medium role performance. Sharma (2008) found that highest percentage (43.81%) of the village panchayat leaders had medium role performance. (C) Association of dependent variable with independent variables: 1. Age : Choudhary (1998) inferred that age does not play an important role in performing various roles of women panchayat leaders. Soni (2001) concluded that age of panchayat leaders was s significantly associated with role performance. Gurjar (2002) inferred that age had not played a vital role in role performance of the respondents.

25 Shrivastava (2003) concluded that age was significantly associated with job performance of village panchayat leaders. Pachouri (2007) found that age was not associated with role performance of women panchayat leaders. Tiwari (2007) inferred that there was association between age of age panchayat leaders and their role performance. Sharma (2008) found that age was not associated with role performance of village panchayat leaders. 2. Educational qualification : Choudhary (1998) concluded that education is one of the major contributing factors in role performance. Gurjar (2002) concluded that education and role performance of respondents was significantly associated with each other. Shrivastava (2 003) concluded that education and job performance were significantly associated. Pachouri (2007) found that education had an effect on extent of role performance of women panchayat leaders in connection to village panchayat activities. Tiwari (2007) found that there was significant association between education level of village panchayat leaders and their role performance. Sharma (2008) found that there was significant association between educational qualification of village panchayat leaders and their role performance. 3. Family type: Choudhary (1998) inferred that family type did not play an important role in role performance of women panchayat leaders. Singh (2001) found that family type had significant association with educational performance. Shrivastava (2003) concluded that family type had significant association with job performance.

26 Pachouri (2007) concluded that family type of women panchayat leaders and their role performance were not associated. Tiwari (2007) concluded that there wa s significant association between family type and role performance of village panchayat leaders. Sharma (2008) concluded that family type of village panchayat leaders was not associated with role performance. 4. Family size: Choudhary (1998) concluded that family size did not play an important role in role performance of women panchayat leaders. Singh (2001) found that family size had significant association with educational performance. Shrivastava (2003) found that family size had no significant associat ion with job performance of village panchayat leaders. Pachouri (2007) found that family size of women panchayat leaders do not play an important role in their role performance. Tiwari (2007) concluded that family size had no significant association with role performance of village panchayat leaders. Sharma (2008) concluded that the family size of its not associated with the role performance of village panchayat leaders. 5. Occupation: Choudhary (1998) found that occupation had no important contribution in role performance of women panchayat leaders. Singh (2001) showed that parents occupation had significant association with educational performance. Pachouri (2007) inferred that occupation does not exhibit any important role in role performance of women panchayat leaders. Tiwari (2007) inferred that there is significant association between occupation of village panchayat leaders and their role performance.

27 Sharma (2008) found that there is no association between occupation of village panchayat leaders and their role performance. 6. Social participation: Choudhary (1998) concluded that social participation plays an important role in role performance of women panchayat leaders. Gurjar (20 02) concluded that social participation and role performance of respondents were significantly associated. Pachouri (2007) concluded that the social participation play an important in role performance of women panchayat leaders for village development. role Sharma (2008) concluded that the social participation and role performance of respondents was significantly associated. 7. Size of land holding: Choudhary (1998) concluded that size of land holding played an important role in performing the role of women panchayat leaders. Gurjar (2002) concluded that size of land holding was not significantly associated with role performance. Shrivastava (2003) reported that size of land holding was not significantly associated with job performance of village panchayat leaders. Jadhav et al. (2004) found that there was significant association between size of land holding and role performance of Sarpanch. Pachouri (2007) concluded that size of land holding and role performance of women panchayat leaders was not associated. Tiwari (2007) concluded that there was significant association between size of land holding of village panchayat leaders and their role performance. Sharma (2008) concluded that no association between role performance and size of land holdings of village panchayat leaders. 8. Annual income :

28 Choudhary (1998) inferred that annual income did not play an important role in performing roles of women panchayat leaders. Gurjar (2002) concluded that annual income and role performance of panchayat leaders was not associated with each other. Shrivastava (2003) observed that annual income had not significantly associated with job performance of village panchayat leaders. Pachouri (2007) found that annual income does not play any important role in governing the role performance of women panchayat Tiwari (2007) concluded that there is significant association between annual income of village panchayat leaders and their role performance. Sharma (2008) conclude that there is association between annual income of village panchayat leaders and their role performance. 9. Material possession : Khare et al. (1998). They were concluded a study on role perception of village panchayat leaders in Agriculture Development and found that maximum respondents had bullock and improved plough as the main source of farm power and implements. 10. Contact with development agency: Choudhary (1998) concluded that there was significant association between contact with development agencies and role performance of women panchayat leaders. Pachouri (2007) found that contact with development agencies played an important role in role performance of women panchayat leaders. Sharma (2008) found that contact with cont act development agencies and role performances of village panchayat leaders are associated. 11. Political affiliation: Choudhary (1998) concluded that political affiliation does not play an important role in role performance of women panchayat leaders. Gurjar (2002) reported that political affiliation and role performance of panchayat leaders were significantly associated.

29 Shrives (2001) reported that political affiliation was significantly associated with role performance of elected representatives of panchayats. Shrivastava (2003) observed that political affiliation plays a major role in role performance of village panchayat leaders. Pachouri (2007) concluded that political affiliation had significant association with role performance of women panchayat leaders in rural development. Tiwari (2007) concluded that there is significant association between political affiliation of village panchayat leaders and their role performance. Sharma (2008) concluded that political affiliation had association role performance of village panchayat leaders. 12. Time allocation of panchayat: Shrivastava (2003) concluded that there was significant association with performance and time allocation of village panchayat leaders. 13. Trainings attended: Choudhary (1998) conclu ded that training played an important role in role performance of women panchayat leaders. Singh (1999) concluded that in -service training has bearing on job performance. Gurjar (2002) inferred that training had significant association with role performance of panchayat leaders. Shrivastava (2003) inferred that training played an important role in job performance of village panchayat leaders. Pachouri (2007) inferred that receiving training played an important role in governing the role performance of women panchayat leaders in development of rural area. Tiwari (2007) inferred that there was significant association between traning received by village panchayat leaders and their role performance.

30 MATERIAL AND METHODS This chapter deals with the methods and procedures employed for the collection and analysis of data. This chapter has been divided into the following sub heads for the sake of convenience. 1) Selection of the problem and research design. 2) Locale of the study. 3) Sampling techniques used. a) Selection of the block. b) Selection of the gram panchayats, c) Selection of the village panchayat leaders. 4) Variables and their measurement. 5) Operationlization of variables. 6) Instrument and method of data collection. 7) Statistical analysis of data. 8) Hypotheses of the study. 1. Selection of problem and research design: The gram panchayats have been given more importance as a instrument for rural development to play more dynamic role for bringing about rural reconstruction. Rural development to a considerable extent, therefore, depends on the' efficiency and proficiency of panchayat leaders. This suggests a strong need of an objective appraisal of their performance. It would also provide a feed back to the government and the policy makers to have corrective measures for achieving the desired goal. It is for this very reason that the present study has been undertaken to assess the role performance of village panchayat leaders namely the Sarpanch, upsarpanch and Panch. The design of research is the most important and crucial aspect of research methodology. It is the entire process of planning to carry out the research. To seek the

31 answers to the questions, ex-post-facto research design was used in the investigation because it is a sort of fact finding operation with adequate interpretation and it clearly states the characteristics of the particular situation of group or individuals. In this design, the variables are assumed to be known. Hence the hypotheses are also formulated implicit and explicit at the level of statistical regularities description (Mulay and Sabarathanam 1980). 2. Locale of the study : The study was carried out in Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh. The district is situated South west region of Satpura range of mountains. It is spread from to degree longitude and to degree east at and elevation of 1164 meter above mean sea level. This district has total population of 18, 49,283 out of which per cent are male and per cent are female. The district has 1975 villages, 808 gram panchayat and 11 janpad panchayat. The total geographical area of the district is 6, 21, 812 hectares. Out of which 4,77175 hectares came under net sown area. The net Irrigated area is 1, 39, 563 hectares of the total net sown area.the present study was conducted in Bichhua block of Chhindwara district. 3. Sampling techniques used : Simple random sampling method was used to draw the sample. The Panchayati raj bodies are functioning in all the 50 districts of Madhya Pradesh. (a) Selection of the block : Chhindwara district comprises of 11 block i.e. Chhindwara, Mohkhed, Parasia, Tamia, Sausar, Pandhurna, Bichhua, Amarwara, Harrai and Chaourai, out of which Bichhua block has been selected purposively for the study, as it as minimum number (51) of panchayats. Village panchayat leader of Bichhua block is having less sociopolitical awareness as compared to those of other block which ensure their active participation and relatively better implementation of the development programmers. S. No. Name of block No. of Panchayats

32 1 Junnardeo 95 2 Parasia 91 3 Chourai 91 4 Mohkhed 79 5 Chhindwara 74 6 Pandhurna 72 7 Amarwara 71 8 Harrai 67 9 Sausar Tamia Bichhua 51 Total 803 (b) Selection of Gram Panchayats : Bichhua Janpad panchayat comprises of 51 panchayats, out of which 11 gram panchayats has been selected randomly. Each gram panchayat has on an average 10to12members.

33

34 (c) Selection of village panchayat leaders as a respondents : Seventy per cent village panchayat leaders including Sarpanch, Upsarpanch and Panch have been included as the respondents from each gram panchayat. All the 120 respondents have been interviewed to study the role of these statutory persons selected in the panchayat for rural development under democratic decentralization of power. Name of the selected village panchayat and number of village panchayat leaders S. No. Name of village Panchayats Total No. of Panchayat members 70% of Total No. of No. of No. of Up- Panchayat Sarpanch Sarpanch members No. of Panch Total No. of Respondents selected 1 Jhamta Goni Loharbatri Ulahawadi Sankarwan Nisan Bamla Tumdagri Samrgoh Thuewani Bichhua Total Note:-Each selected gram panchayat has an average members.

35 4. Variables and their measurement: S.No. Variables Measurement Independent variables : 1. Age Actual chronological age 2. Education qualification Self scoring 3. Family type Self scoring 4. Family size Self scoring 5. Occupation Self scoring 6. Social participation Self scoring 7. Sizes of land holding Self scoring 8. Annual income Self scoring 9. Material possession Self scoring 10. Contact with development agencies Self scoring 11. Political affiliation Self scoring 12. Time allocation for panchayat matters Self scoring 13. Number of training received Self scoring 14. Attitude towards village development Self scoring II. Dependent variable : 1. Extent of role performance Self scoring 5. Operationalisation of variables : A number of terms, concepts and variables have been used in this study with specific meaning which ought to be operationalised. An operational definition assigns meaning to a variable by specifying re activities or operations necessary to measure it. It is a sort of manual of instruction to the investigator.

36 In short, "it defines or gives meaning to a variable by spelling out what the investigator must do to measure it." (Kerlinger 1973) Independent and dependent variable : An independent variable is the presume cause of the dependent variable the presumed effect" (Kerlinger 1973). The variable that is predicted is called the dependent variable. The variables from which predictions are made are known as independent variables. The dependent variable is the conditions which the researcher tries to explain (Sumati Muley). An independent variable is that factor which is measured, manipulated or selected by the experimenter to determine the observed phenomenon. A dependant variable is that factor which is observed and measured to determine the effect of independent variable i.e. that factor which appears, disappears or varies as the experimenter introduces, varies or removes the independent variables. The variables have been selected on the basis of the previous studies and discussions were also made with the teaching staff of the department and consultation with the members of the advisory committee. "The selected variables have already been mentioned under the previous heading. The variables operationalised are as follows:- 1. Age: It refers to the total number of years completed by an individual respondent from birth to the time of study. The respondents were categorized into three groups, as follows :- Category Young age Middle age Old age Age 18 to 35 years 36 to 50 years 51 years and above For the purpose of statistical analysis actual age was used.

37 2. Educational qualification : It is the formal education of the respondents at the time of study. As all the respondents were educated, following categories have been made: 1. Illiterate- Those who had no formal education 2. Up to Primary - Those who had formal education up to class V 3. Up to middle - Those who had formal education up to class VIII 4. Up to higher secondary - Those who had formal education up to class XII 5. Graduate and above - Those who had formal education up to graduations and above. S. No. Category Scores 1. Illiterate 0 2. Primary 1 3. Middle 2 4. Higher secondary & above 3 3. Family type : It connotes to the type of family system of the individual respondent at the time of the study i.e. joint family or nuclear (single) family score were assigned to make following categories. S. No. Category Scores 1. Nuclear family 1 2. Joint family 2 4. Family size: It refers to the total number of individuals living with the respondents' family at the time of interview (including children and adults). It was categorized as follows: - Category Number of members Scores

38 5. Occupation: Small family Up to 5 members 1 Medium family 6 to 9 members 2 Large family 10 to 13 members 3 For the purpose of study, the occupation is the primary source of income which contributes most towards the uptake of the family of the respondents. Scores assigned were as follows : S. No. Category Scores 1. Agriculture 2 2. Agriculture + Allied sector 1 6. Social participation : For the purpose of the study, social participation was defined as the voluntary sharing in person to group, and group to group relationship beyond the immediate household and it was categorized as follows:- S.No Category Scores 1. No membership 0 2. Membership in one organization 1 3. Membership in more than one organization 2 7. Size of land holding : It refers to the total area of land in acres owned by the respondent at the time of research. Actual figures of land holding were used for the purpose of statistical analysis and the categorization was done as follows S. No. Category Size of holding

39 1. Marginal 1 ha. 2. Small 1.0 to 2 ha. 3. Large above 2 ha. 8. Annual income: It is the approximate total annual income (in rupees) earned by a respondent from all source in one calendar year. The respondents were categorized into four income groups based on their annual income as follows :- S. No. Category Annual income 1. Below poverty line Up to Rs Low income group Rs to 50000/- 3. Middle income group Rs to /- 4. High income group Rs to /- 9. Material position : It refers to the possession of farm and house material articles possessed by the respondents. This relates to the economic status. A list of item was made and the respondents were asked to mention the house hold assets they possessed, for example - cycle, chair, TV, mobile, fan etc. The respondents were categorized into three groups on the basis of score obtained by each individual. S.No. Category Scores 1. Low (Up to 3 scores ) 1 2. Medium (4 to 6 scores ) 2 3. High (Above 6 scores) Contact with development agencies :

40 The extent of contact of the village panchayat leaders with different development agencies were recorded as daily, weekly and monthly contact. The scores assigned were as follows :- S.No. Category Scores 1. Daily contact 3 2. Weekly contact 2 3. Monthly contact Political affiliation : It refers to whether the members (village panchayat leaders) contested the elections as a nominee of any political party. The score assigned were as follows:- S.No. Category Scores 1. Not affiliated to any political party 0 2. Affiliated to a political Time allocation of Panchayat affairs : The allocation of panchayat matters here refers to the involvement age of panchayat leaders in various panchayat activities. This was measured by 15 activities and the interest or level of participation to each activity. This was worked out by time devoted in each activity was worked out for each individual and over all mean time involvement was determined for each village panchayat leaders for each item as well as for all respondents. 13. Training attended : In reference to this study training connotes post election training of elected representatives given by the state government, central government voluntary organizations, rural development institutes etc. about the functioning of the panchayats, projects and programmes to be implemented and their powers, functions and responsibilities. The scores were assigned and categories made are as follows.

41 S.No. Category Score 1. Training received 1 2. No training received Attitude towards village development: Attitude is the degree of favourableness or less favourableness of an individual towards rural development through Panchayti Raj. The degree of attitude towards rural development through Panchayti Raj was measured oy an index developed for the study. It consisted of eleven statements on which the respondents were asked to express their views as strongly agree 3), agree (2), disagree (1). On the basis of the total score of the respondents they were classified into favorable and less favorable attitude towards rural development through Panchayti Raj, as follows :- Attitude category = Maximum scores - Minimum score Number of categories S. No. Category Score 1. Less favourable attitude (up to 10) 0 2. More favourable attitude (above 10) Role performance : Khosla et al. (1964) defined role performance as the actual behaviour of an incumbent in as position. In a simple term, role performance is what the actors do at position they occupy. The role of village panchayat leaders is defined as the duties and power assigned to them by legislature according to the owner of the designation possessed by

42 them i.e. designation of sarpanch, upsarpanch and panch. The extent of role performance was measured by giving one score of each item of role assigned to sarpanch, upsarpanch and panch. In this study 19 items were finally included in the interview schedule. The respondents were asked to react one each item. Responses of each item of an individual respondent were summed up for calculation. The minimum and maximum score was ranges from 24 to 54. The respondents were then categorized into three categories on the basis of their role performance and score of 1, 2 & 3 were assigned respectively, as follows :- Role performance category = Maximum scores -Minimum score Number of categories S. No. Category Total scores 1. Low role performance 24 to Medium role performance 35 to High role performance 45 to 54 Instrument and methods of data collection : An interview schedule as developed for data collection on the basis of the objectives of the study and the variables considered. The interview schedule was tested for it reliability and validity in the adjoining block and necessary alteration and corrections were made. The data was collected by personal interview method. For this, the researcher collected the list of village panchayat of Jabalpur block from the Janpad panchayat office and got an idea about the location of the village panchayats selected for the study from the officials of Janpad panchayat. Several visits were then made to the selected village panchayats for the purpose of collecting the data. Definition of terms/concepts :

43 Village panchayat leaders : The meaning of the terms of the purpose of the study are explained by breaking it into three components words-vice. "Village" means a village specified by the Government by public notification to be a village for the purpose of this part and includes a group of villages so specified. "Panchayat" means an institution (by whatever name called) of self -government constituted under Article 243-B for the rural areas. "Leaders" connotes to sarpanch (Chairperson), upsarpanch and panch (Ward members) of the village panchayat who are directly elected by by all eligible votes in its jurisdiction. Statistical analysis of the data : The presentation analysis and interpretation of data has been described in the following chapter. The collected data were analyzed manually and also with the help of computer. The statistical method viz frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, chi-square test, coefficient of association etc. were used. Percentage: The terms percent means for every hundred. A fraction whose denomination is 100 is called percentage and the numerator of the fraction is called the rate for calculating percentage, frequency was multiplied by 100 and divided by the number of total respondents. Where, Percentage (%) = x100 n = Obtained frequency of respondents N = Total number of respondents Arithmetic mean : n N

44 Arithmetic mean is a set of observation their sum divided by the number of observations e.g. the arithmetic mean x of an observation X 1,X 2 Xn 1 X = n Xi Where i = 1,2... n X = Mean xi = Sum of observation N = Number of observation Chi-square test: To know the association between dependent and independent variables, chi square test was applied. The degree of association between variables was assessed with the -e D of chisquare test. The formula of chi-square is given below. ( o X2 = e) e 2 with df (r-1) (c-2) Where= o = Observed frequency of village panchayat leaders e = Expected frequency of village panchayat leaders = Summation taken overall village panchayat leaders C = Number of columns r = Number of rows df = Degree of freedom Yates correction:

45 We know that the chi-square distribution is a continuous distribution. It has been proved that if any the cell frequency is less than 5, the continuity of % 2 distribution curve is not maintained. So to remove the discrepancy, Yates suggested a correction by application of which the «alue of chi-square can directly be calculated by the formula. X 2 ( a h( ad c)( b 2 h bc ) 2 d )( a b)( c d )

46 Here lad = bc means that we consider only the absolute value of the difference X2 = value of 0.05 level of probability df = 2 value Coefficient of association : To find out the degree of association, coefficient of association was calculated as proposed by Karl's person C 2 x ( N x 2 ) Where N = Total number of observations C = Coefficient of association. Hypotheses of the study:

47 RESULTS This chapter presents the analysed data along with its interpretation and discussion. It has been organized into the following parts as per the objectives. [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] Profile of village panchayat leaders. Role performance of village panchayat leaders. Association between the profile of village panchayat leaders and their role performance. Problems faced by village panchayat leaders in performing role for rural development. Suggestion given by the panchayat leaders to improve the role performance. [A] Profile of village panchayat leaders : 1. Age. Table 1 : Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their age S. No Age Frequency Percentage 1 Young age Middle age Old age Total Table shows that out of 120 village panchayat leaders, per cent were of young age category, per cent belonged to middle age category and per cent were found in old age category. Therefore, it can be concluded that majority (73.84%) of the respondents were belonged to young and middle age categories. 37

48 2. Educational qualification : Table 2: Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their education qualification S. No. Educational qualification Frequency Percentage 1 Illiterate Primary Middle Intermediate & above Total Table 2 indicated that of 120 village panchayat leaders, 9.16 per cent were illiterate, per cent were having education up to primary, per cent were having up to middle and per cent of the respondents had education up to intermediate and above. It can, therefore, be concluded that the majority (77.50%) of the village panchayat leaders were having education up to primary and middle school level. 3. Family type: Table 3 illustrates that out of 120 village panchayat leaders, per cent belonged to nuclear family and per cent belonged to joint family. Table 3 : Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their family type S. No. Family type Frequency Percentage 1. Nuclear family Joint family Total The inference can be drawn that majority (63.34%) of the respondents represent nuclear family system. 38

49 4. Family size : Table 4 : Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their family size S. No. Family size Frequency Percentage 1. Small Medium High Total Table 4 depict that out of total 120 village panchayat leaders, Majority (62.50%) of the respondents were of small family size, followed by per cent had medium family size and 10 per cent large size family. Therefore, it can be inferred from the table that majority (62.50%) of village panchayat leaders had small family size. 5. Occupation : Table 5 : Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their occupation S. No. Occupation Frequency Percentage 1. Agriculture solely Agriculture and Allied sector Total Table 5 showed that out of 120 village panchayat leaders, per cent had agriculture as their main occupation, and per cent were having agriculture and subsidiary allied sector. Therefore, it can be concluded that majority of the village panchayat leaders were engaged in agriculture and allied activity. 39

50 6. Social participation: Table 6. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their social participation S. No. Social Participation Frequency Percentage 1. No Membership any orgazation 2. Members in one organization 3. Membership in more then one organization Total Table 6 shows that, of the total 21.66% per cent village panchayat leaders were not having membership in any organization and 25 per cent were found to be member in one organization. There were per cent of the village panchayat leaders who were having membership in more than one organization. It can, therefore, be concluded that the majority (53.34%) of the village panchayat leaders were having membership in more than one organization. 7. Size of land holding: Table 7: Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their size of land holding S. No. Size of land holding Frequency Percentage 1. Marginal Small Large Total

51 Table 7 show that out of 120 village panchayat leaders, per cent had marginal land holding followed by per cent had small land holding and only per cent had large land holding. Therefore, it can be inferred that the majority (82.50%) percentage of village panchayat leaders had marginal and small size of land holding. 8. Annual income: Table 8 : Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their annual income S. No. Annual income Frequency Percentage 1. Below poverty line Low Medium High Total Table 8 depict that majority (41.66%) of village penchayat leaders were in low annual income group ( Rs to 50000/) followed by per cent fell into the category of middle income group (Rs to /- ) and per cent respondents belonged to high income group (Rs to /-). There were only per cent respondents who were having income up to 24000/- and they were under below poverty line. Hence, it can be concluded that the majority (41.66%) of village panchayat leaders were in low annual income group (Rs to 50000/-). 41

52 Table 9: Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their material possession S. No. Material possession Frequency Percentage 1 Low Medium High Total Material possession: Table 9 shows that out of 120 village panchayat leaders, per cent had low material possession followed by per cent had medium material possession and per cent respondents had high material possession. Therefore, it can be, inferred that majority (81.66%) of the village panchayat leaders had low to medium material possession 10. Contact with development agencies : Table 10: Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their contact with development agencies S. No. Contact with development agencies Frequency Percentage 1. Low Medium High Total

53 Table 10 indicate that out of 120 village panchayat leaders, per cent had low contact, followed by per cent had medium contact and only per cent respondents had high contact with development agencies. It is clear from the above table that majority (88.34%) of the village panchayat leaders had low to medium contact with development agencies. 11. Political affiliation : Table 11: Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to political affiliation S. No. Political affiliation Frequency Percentage 1. Affiliated Not affiliated Total Table 11 revealed that per cent of the total village panchayat leaders were affiliated to a political party while per cent were not affiliated to any political party. Hence, it can be concluded that majority (69.16%) of the village panchayat leaders were affiliated to political party. 12. Training received: Table 12 : Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to training received S. No. No. of training received Frequency Percentage 1. Training received No training received Total Table 12 revealed that per cent village panchayat leaders had received training,, while per cent had not received any training. Therefore, it can be, inferred that majority (57.50%) of village panchayat leaders were trained in performing various task of the panchyat. 43

54 13. Time allocation for panchayat matters: Table13:Distribution of mean percentage of time allocation for different panchayat matters by village panchayat leaders S. No. Items Mean score Rank 1. Supervision of construction work under panchyat 2 More emphasis to provide child and adult education 3. Inspection of development work conducted by government 4. Participation in monthly meeting and making development plan 5. Distribution of seeds, water, fertilizer, and pesticides and it's management 7.11 VI 7.09 VII 7.47 V 8.49 I 7.76 II 6. Solving problem and dispute of rural people 6.71 XII 7. Maintenance of law and proper environment 5.95 XV 8. To participate activity in Mahila mandal 6.30 XIV 9. In making availability of primary health facilities, family welfare, vaccination and drinking water facility 10. In encourage animal husbandry, agro and social forestry 6.38 XIII 6.73 XI 11. In connecting the Janpad and Zila panchyat 6.84 X 12. In attending training 7.45 IV 13. Work for betterment of blind, handicapped old, dependent and people who are living in below poverty line 14. In collecting problem of their area and solving them 15. In informing and motivating to participate in different programmes organized by government 6.88 IX 7.62 III 7.00 VIII 44

55 Overall mean Table 12 shows the time allocation of village panchayat leaders is shown in Table 13. It is clear from the table that the village panchayat leaders devoted 8.49 per cent of their time in participation of monthly meeting and making development plans, 7.76 per cent in distribution of seeds, water, fertilizer and pesticides and it's management, 7.62 per cent in collecting problem of their areas and solving them, 7.42 per cent in attending training, 7.47 per cent in inspection of development work conducted by government, 7.11 per cent in supervision of construction work under panchayat, 7.09 per cent in more emphasis to provide child and adult education, 7.00 per cent in informing and motivating to participate in different programmes organized by government, 6.88 per cent in work for betterment of blind, handicapped, old, dependents and people who are living in below poverty line, 6.84 per cent in connecting the Janpad and Zila Panchayat, 6.71 per cent in encouraging animal husbandry, agro and social forestry, 6.43 in solving problem and disputes of rural people per cent in making availability of primary health facilities, family welfare, vaccinatioon and drinking water facility, 6.30 per cent in participate activity in Mahila Mandla, 6.95 per cent in maintenance of law and proper environment. It can be inferred that village panchayat leaders spending most of their time in attending in monthly meeting and making development plans. Table14. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to attitude towards village development S. Attitude towards village Frequency Percentage No. development 1 Less favourable attitude More favourable attitude Total

56 14. Attitude towards village development: Table 14 shows that higher percentage (47.50%) of the village panchayat leaders had more favorable attitude towards rural development, while per cent of them had less favorable attitude towards rural development through panchayati raj system. Hence, it can be concluded that majority (52.50%) of village panchayat leaders had less favorable attitude towards rural developments. "Table 15. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to mean score of their role performance in rural development S.No. Item Mean score Rank 1. Formation of programs, schemes and it's implementation and evaluation for development of panchayat 1.88 XI 2. Co-ordination and contact with Janpad panchayat 1.24 XIX 3. Co-ordination and contact with Zilla Panchayat 1.81 XVI 4. Dissemination of knowledge to local people about sponsored programs and ensuring their participation 5. Encourage people to be literate and underline the importance of education 6. Imposition of tax to increase revenue to panchayat 7. Encourage farmers to increase production by adopting improved agriculture technology 8. Ensure timely availability of agricultural inputs like seeds, fertilizers, irrigation water and pesticides 9. Participate in programs of primary health facility, family planning, immunization etc IX 2.17 VI 1.35 XVIII 2.47 IV 2.00 X 2.13 VII 46

57 10. Organize sports and competitions for development of youth 11. Work for betterment of blind, handicapped, old, dependents and people below poverty line 12. Construction of public handpumps, wells, school buildings, roads, bridges, ponds, drainage etc. their maintenance 13. Maintance of equality and brotherhood and law and order amongst various communities 14. Vigilance about misappropriation and misuse in the area and inform higher authorities 15. Awareness about local problems and steps for their solution 16. Do you organize animal husbandry, poultry, training programmes for women 17. The gram sabha meeting is regularly organized by gram panchayat 1.76 XVII 1.96 XII 2.25 V 2.68 III 1.94 XIII 2.10 VIII 2.95 I 0.95 XIX 18.Have you motivated women for agriculture work 1.91 XV 19. Have you started the government accepted rural development programmes in your area 2.80 II Table 15 indicated the distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their mean score with respect to role performance made by them for rural development. There were 19 items for various activities to be performed by the leaders. The respondents had performed these roles on the basis of priority. The obtained scores were ranked accordingly on the basis of role performed by them. Out of 19 roles.the first role, leaders have performed was, the gram sabha meeting which was organized regularly by the gram panchayat. The higest mean score found in this item was 2.96 and placed ranked 1 st. The village panchayat leaders had started and implemented the government rural development programmes in their areas and this statement ranked 2 nd ' and the mean score was The respondents encouraged 47

58 farmers to increase production by adopting improved agriculture technology and obtained mean score was 2.68 and ranked 3 rd For maintaining equality, brotherhood, law and order among various community ranked 4 th and mean score obtained was For construction of public handpumps, wells, school buildings, roads, bridges, ponds, drainage etc. their maintenance mean score was 2.25 and respondents had ranked 5 th. 5 th. Accordingly other items were ranked by the village panchayat leaders respectively. Table 16. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to mean score of their activities of rural development S. No. Item Mean score Rank 1. Education 2.19 IV 2. Agriculture work 2.28 III 3. Health 2.12 V 4. Social welfare activities 2.09 VI 5. Women development 1.42 IX 6. Meeting 2.54 I 7. Co-ordination and contact 2.08 VII 8. Rural development programmes 2.40 II 9. Panchayat development 1.71 VIII Table 16 depicted the major activities of rural development and village panchayat leaders have given rank on priority wise accordingly, "The various roles were merged on the basis of education, agricultural work, health, social welfare activities, women development, meeting, coordination and contact, rural development programmes, ' panchayat development. It was found that the highest mean score was 2.54 in neeting and given 1 st rank followed by rural development programme, agricultural work, education, health, social welfare activities, Doordination and contact, panchayat development, women development respectively. 48

59 [B] Role performance of village panchayat leaders : Table 17 : Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their role performance S. No. Role performance Frequency Percentage 1. Low Medium High Total Table 17 show that out of 120 village panchayat leaders, per cent of the respondents performed medium role, followed by per cent high role performance, and 20 per cent performed low role in village development. Therefore, it can be concluded that majority (52.50%) of the respondents had performed medium role in the development of village. 49

60 [C] Association between the profile of village panchayat leaders and their role performance : Table 18 : Association of role performance with age of village panchayat leaders. S. No Age Role Performance Low Medium High Total 1. Young age 07(15.55) 23 (51.11) 15 (33.34) 45(100.00) 2. Middle age 12(26.08) 22 (47.83) 12 (26.09) 46(100.00) 3. Old age 5(17.25) 18(62.06) 6(20.69) 29(100.00) Total =3.20, Non-significant, 5% level, d.f. =4, Table value is 9.49 of association, 'C = 0.16 Coefficient Table 18 reveal that the association of role performance with age of village panchayat leaders. Out of 45 young respondents, per cent belonged to low role performance category, per cent belonged to medium role performance and per cent belonged to high role performance. As for as middle age is concerned, out of 46 respondents, per cent of the respondents middle role in rural development, while per cent each had low to high role performance. In case of old age, out of 29 respondents, per cent respondents had performed medium role, per cent had high role and per cent had low role performance. In order to test the association between age and role performance of village panchayat leaders, chi square 2 test was applied. The calculated chi-square value was less than tabulated value at 5% level of probability with 4 degree of freedom and hence non-significant. Coefficient of association was calculated and found as value Therefore, it is inferred that age was not associated with role performance of village panchayat leaders. Formatted: Justified 50

61 Table 19: Association of role performance with education qualification of village panchayat leaders. S. No. Education Role Performance Low Medium High Total 1. Illiterate 01 (9.09) 06 (54.55) 04 (36.36) 11 (100.00) 2. Primary 16 (29.63) 18 (33.33) 20(37.04) 54 (100.00) 3. Middle 05 (12.82) 29(74.35) 05(12.83) 39 (100.00) 4. Intermediate & above 02 (12.50) 10 (62.50) 4(25.00) 16 (100.00) Total Table 19 present the association of role performance with education of village panchayat leaders. Out of 11 village panchayat leaders who were illiterate 9.09 per cent respondent was found in low role performance, per cent and 36.36per cent had medium and high role performance respectively. Out of 54 village panchayat who had education up to primary level, per cent had high role performance, per cent had medium role performance, and per cent had low role performance. Out of 39 village panchayat leaders who were educated up to middle per cent had medium role performance had high and per cent had low role performance. The data further showed that out of 16 village panchayat leaders educated up to intermediate and above, per cent had medium role performance, per cent had low role performance and per cent had high role performances. To find out association between the role performance of village panchayat leaders and their education, chi square ( 2 ) test was applied. Formatted: Font Style50 Formatted: Font Style50, Lowered by 5 pt 51

62 The data were merged column wise to satisfy the criteria of chi square ( 2 ) where the cell frequency was less than 5. The merged data is Formatted: Font Style50, Lowered by 5 pt presented below:-. S. No. Education Role Performance Low Medium High Total Formatted Table 1 Illiterate + Primary Middle + Intermediate & above Total =13.81, Significant at 1% level d.f=2, Table value is 9.21 Coefficient of association, 'C =0.32 The calculated chi-square ( 2 ) value was found to be higher than Formatted: Font Style50, Lowered by 5 pt Formatted: Justified Formatted: Font Style50, Lowered by 5 pt tabulated value at 5% probability level with 2 degree of freedom and found to be significant. Coefficient by association was calculated and found value 0.32 which showed association between these two variables. Therefore, it can be inferred that there was significant association between education qualification of village panchayat leaders and their role performance. Table 20: Association of role performance with family type of village panchayat leaders S. No. Family type Role Performance Low Medium High Total 1. Nuclear 16(21.05) 38(50.00) 22(28.95) 75 Formatted Table Formatted: Centered Formatted: Centered Formatted: Centered 2. Joint 08(18.18) 25(56.82) 11(25.00) 44 Total

63 2 =0.51,Non-significant, 5% level, d.f=2, Table value is 5.99 Coefficient of Formatted: Font Style50, Lowered by 5 pt association 'C =0.06 Table 18 presents the association of role performance with the family type of village panchayat leaders. It was observed that out of 75 village panchayat leaders belonged to nuclear family, per cent had medium, followed by per cent had high and per cent had low role performance. Similarly, out of 44 respondents who had joint family, per cent had medium, per cent and per cent had high and low role performance, respectively. The calculated chi-square ( 2 ) value was less than the tabulated Formatted: Font Style50, Lowered by 5 pt value at 5% level of probability with 2 degree of freedom and found nonsignificant and co-efficient of association value found Therefore, it can, be concluded that the family type of village panchayat leaders was not associated with role performance. Table 21: Association of role performance with size of familyfamily type of village panchayat leaders S. No. Size of Family Role Performance Low Medium High Total 1. Small 17 (22.66) 41 (54.67) 17 (22.67) Medium 05 (15.15) 18 (54.55) 10 (30.30) High 02 (16.66) 04 (33.34) 06 (50.00) 12 Total Formatted: Space Before: 4 pt, After: 4 pt Formatted: Space Before: 4 pt, After: 4 pt Formatted: Style7, Centered, Space Before: 4 pt, After: 4 pt Formatted: Space Before: 4 pt, After: 4 pt Formatted: Space Before: 4 pt, After: 4 pt Formatted: Space Before: 4 pt, After: 4 pt Formatted: Space Before: 4 pt, After: 4 pt Table 21 show the association of role performance with family size of village panchayat leaders. It has been revealed that out of 75 respondents belonged to small size of family, per cent had medium role performance, percent had high and percent had low role performance. Out of 33 respondents belong to medium size of family, percent had medium role performance, per cent and per cent had high and low role performance, respectively. Out of 12 respondents belonged 53

64 to large size of family per cent had high, per cent had medium and per cent had low role performance. To find out the association of family size with the role performance of village panchayat leaders, chi-square test was applied. In order to satisfy the criteria of chi-square ( 2 ) distribution the data was merged column wise Formatted: Font Style50, Superscript, Lowered by 5 pt wherever the cell frequency were less than 5, the merged data are presented below:- S. No. Size of Family Role Performance Low Medium High Total 1. Small Medium + High Formatted: Centered Formatted: Centered Total =2.58, Non-significant, 5% level, d.f=2, Table value is 5.99 Formatted: Font Style50, Superscript, Lowered by 5 pt Coefficient of association 'C =0.14 The calculated chi-square value was less than tabulated value at 5% level of probability with 2 degree of freedom and thus found to be nonsignificant. Coefficient of association value was found to be 0.14 which showed that size of family is not associated with the role performance of village panchayat leaders. Therefore, it can be inferred that the family size of village panchayat leaders dose not play any important dose in their role performances. Table 22 : Association of role performance with occupation of village panchayat leaders S.No. Occupation Role Performance Low Medium High Total 1. Agriculture solely 11(38.46) 28(50.91) 16 (29.09) Agriculture and allied sector 13(40.14) 35(8.72) 17 (51.25) 65 54

65 Total =0.95, Non-significant, 5% level, d.f = 2, Table value is 5.99 Coefficient of association, 'C'= 0.08 Table 22 show the association of role performance with occupation of village panchayat leaders. It has been observed that out of 55 respondents with agriculture as their occupation, per cent belonged to medium role performance and per cent belonged to low role performance. Out of 65 respondents with agriculture and allied sector, 8.72 per cent had medium per cent had high and per cent had low role performance. Formatted: Line spacing: single Formatted: Font Style50, Superscript, Lowered by 5 pt To find out the association between role performances with occupation of village panchayat leaders, chi-square test was applied. The calculated chisqure ( 2 ) value was less than tabulated value at 5% level of probability Formatted: Font Style50, Lowered by 5 pt with 2 degree of freedom, and thus found to be nonsignificant. Coefficient of association was calculated and found to be value Which showed no association between two variable. Therefore, it can be inferred that occupation does not exhibit any important role in performing village panchayat activities by the leader. Table 23: Association of role performance with social participation of village panchayat leaders S. No. Social Participation 1 MNo membership any organization 2. Membership one organization 3. Membership in more than one organization Role Performance Low Medium High Total 10(38.46) 11(42.30) 05(19.24) 26 05(16.66) 07(23.34) 18(60.00) 30 09(14.06) 45(70.31) 10(15.63) 64 Total

66 2 =30.42, significant, 1% level, d.f=2, Table value is 9.21 Coefficient of association 'C =0.44 Formatted: Font Style50, Superscript, Lowered by 5 pt Table 23 reveals the association of role performance of village panchayat leaders with their social participation. The data in table 21 indicate that out of 64 village panchayat leadersleaders, who had membership in more than one organization, per cent had medium, per cent had high and per cent had low role performance. Out of 26 village panchayat leaders who were no membership in any organization, per cent had medium, per cent had low and per cent had high role performance. Out of 30 respondents who were member in more than are organization, per cent had high, per cent had medium and per cent had low role performance. To find out the association of Social Participation with the role performance of village panchayat leaders chi-square ( 2 ) test was applied. The calculated chi-square (( 2 ) value was found to be larger than tabulated value at 5% probability level at 2 degree of freedom and found to be significant. Coefficient by association was calculated and found value 0.44 which showed fair association between these two variables. Therefore, it can be inferred that there was significant association between social participation of village panchayat leaders and their role performance. Table 24 : Association of role performance with size of land holding of village panchayat leaders S.No. Size of land holding Role Performance Low Medium High Total 1. Marginal 08(19.04) 15(35.72) 19(45.24) Small 08(14.04) 38(66.67) 11(19.29) 57 56

67 3. Large 08(36.10) 08(38.10) 05(23.80) 21 Total =12.70, significant, 5% level, d.f=4, Table value is 9.49 Coefficient of association 'C =0.30 Table 24 shows the association of role performance of village panchayat leaders with size of land holding. It has been revealed that out of 42 respondents with marginal land holding, per cent had high, per cent had medium and per cent had low role performance. Out of 57 respondents with small land holding, per cent had medium per cent had high and per cent had low role performance. Out of 21 respondents with large land holding, per cent had medium role performance and per cent had low and had high role performance. To find out the association of with Size of land holding of the role performance of village panchayat leaders chi-square ( 2 ) test was applied. The calculated chi-square ( 2 ) value was found to be larger than tabulated value at 5% probability level at 4 degree of freedom and found to be significant. Coefficient by association was calculated and found value 0.30 which showed fair association between these two variables. Therefore, it can be inferred that there was significant association between land holding and the role performance of village panchayat leaders. Table 25 : Association of role performance of with annual income of village panchayat leaders S. No. Annual income Role Performance Low Medium High Total 1. Below poverty line 07(21.87) 13(40.63) 12(37.50) 32 57

68 2. Low 08(16.00) 27(54.00) 15(30.00) Medium 08(36.36) 08(36.36) 06(27.28) High 01(6.25) 15(93.75) 0 16 Total Table 25 shows association of role performance with annual income of village panchayat leaders. It is evident that out of 50 respondents of low income group, 54 per cent had medium, 30 per cent had high and 16 per cent had low role performance. Similarly, out of 32 respondents of below poverty line, per cent had medium per cent had high and per cent had low role performance. Out of 22 respondents of medium income group, per cent had medium, per cent had low and per cent had high role performance. Also out of 2 respondents with high annual income, 6.25 per cent had high and medium role performance. In order to ascertain the association between role performance and annual income of village panchayat leaders, chi-square ( 2 ) test was applied. The data were suitable merged column-wise to fulfill criteria of chisquare distribution. The merged data are presented below :- S. No. Role Performance Annual Income Low Medium High Total 1. BPL Low Medium +high Total =5.23, nonsignificant, 5% level, d.f=4, Table value is 9.49 Coefficient of association, 'C'=0.20 Formatted: Space Before: 2 pt, After: 2 pt Formatted Table Formatted: Space Before: 2 pt, After: 2 pt Formatted: Space Before: 2 pt, After: 2 pt Formatted: Space Before: 2 pt, After: 2 pt Formatted: Space Before: 2 pt, After: 2 pt Formatted: Indent: First line: 0", Line spacing: single The calculated chi-squre ( 2 ) value was less than tabulated value at 5% level of probability with 4 degree of freedom, and thus found to be nonsignificant. Coefficient of association was calculated and found to be value which showed no association between two variable. 58

69 Therefore, it can be inferred that annual income does not exhibit any important role in performance of village panchayat leaders. Table 26 : Association of role performance with material possession of village panchayat leaders S. No. Material Role Performance possession Low Medium High Total 1 Low 08(13.56) 35(59.32) 16(27.12) 59 2 Medium 07(17.94) 22(56.42) 10(25.64) 39 3 High 09(40.90) 06(27.28) 07(31.82) 22 Total =9.62, significant, 5% level, d.f=4, Table value is 9.49 Coefficient Formatted: Line spacing: single Formatted Table Formatted: Line spacing: single Formatted: Line spacing: single Formatted: Line spacing: single Formatted: Line spacing: single Formatted: Font Style50, Superscript of association, 'C'=0.27 Table 26 shows the association of role performance with material possession of village panchayat leaders. It has been revealed that out of 59 respondents had low material possession, per cent had medium, per cent had high and per cent had low role performance out of 39 respondents medium material possession, per cent had medium, per cent had high and per cent had low role performance. Out of 22 respondents had high material possession per cent had low, per cent high role performance and per cent had medium role performance. To find out the association of Material possession with the role performance of village panchayat leaders chi-square test was applied. The calculated chi-square ( 2 ) value was found to be larger than tabulated value at 5% probability level at 4 degree of freedom and found to be significant. Coefficient by association was calculated and found value 0.27 which showed fair association between these two variables. Therefore, it can be inferred that there was significant association between material possession and their role performance of village panchayat leaders. 59

70 Table 27: Association of role performance and contact with development agencies of village panchayat leaders S. No. Contact with development agencies Role Performance Low Medium High Total 1. Low 10(4.49) 44(63.76) 17(24.63) Medium 11(29.74) 12( (32.43) High 03(21.42) 07(50.00) 04(28.58) 14 Total Table 27 reveales the association of role performance of village pancthayat leaders and their contact with development agencies it revealed that out of 69 respondents in the low contact with development agencies, per cent had medium, per cent had high and 4.49 per cent had low role performance. Out of 37 village panchayat leaders of the medium contact with development agencies, per cent had high, per cent had medium and per cent had low role performance. Out of 14 respondents having high contact with development agencies, per cent had medium per cent had high and per cent had low role performance. Formatted: Space Before: 3 pt, After: 3 pt Formatted: Space Before: 3 pt, After: 3 pt, Line spacing: single Formatted: Space Before: 3 pt, After: 3 pt Formatted: Centered, Space Before: 3 pt, After: 3 pt Formatted: Space Before: 3 pt, After: 3 pt Formatted: Centered, Space Before: 3 pt, After: 3 pt Formatted: Space Before: 3 pt, After: 3 pt Formatted: Centered, Space Before: 3 pt, After: 3 pt Formatted: Space Before: 3 pt, After: 3 pt Formatted: Space Before: 3 pt, After: 3 pt To find out the association of Material possession with the role performance of village panchayat leaders, chi-square ( 2 ) test was applied. Formatted: Font Style50, Superscript In order to satisfy the criteria of chi-square ( 2 ) distribution, the data was merged column-wise wherever the cell frequency was less than 5. The merged data are presented below:- S. No. Contact with development agencies Role Performance Low Medium High Total 1. Low Medium + High Total Formatted: Space Before: 2 pt, After: 2 pt, Line spacing: single Formatted: Space Before: 2 pt, After: 2 pt Formatted: Space Before: 2 pt, After: 2 pt Formatted: Space Before: 2 pt, After: 2 pt Formatted: Space Before: 2 pt, After: 2 pt Formatted: Space Before: 2 pt, After: 2 pt 60

71 2 = 6.81, significant, 5% level, d.f.=2 Table value is 5.99 Coefficient of Formatted: Justified, Right: 0.02" association 'C =0.23 The calculated chi-square ( ( 2 ) value was greater than the tabulated value at 5% level of probability with 2 degree of freedom and was found to be significant. Coefficient of association was calculated and found as value 0.23 Therefore, it can, be concluded that contact with development agencies is associated with the role performance of village panchayat leaders. Table 28 : Association of role performance with political affiliation of village panchayat leaders S. No. Political affiliated Role Performance 1. Affiliated 16 (19.28) 2. Not affiliated 08 (21.62) Low Medium High Total 40 (48.19) 23 (62.16) 27 (32.54) 06 (16.22) Total =3.49, non-significant, 5% level, d.f = 2, Table value is 5.99 Coefficient Formatted: Space Before: 2 pt, After: 2 pt Formatted: Space Before: 2 pt, After: 2 pt Formatted: Space Before: 2 pt, After: 2 pt Formatted: Space Before: 2 pt, After: 2 pt Formatted: Justified, Indent: First line: 0" of association, 'C =0.16. Table 28 showed the association between role performance of village panchayat leaders with political affiliation. It clearly showed that out of 83 respondents who were affiliated with political parties, per cent had medium, per cent had high and per cent had low role performance. Out of 37 respondents were not affiliated to any political party, 61

72 62.16 per cent had medium, per cent had low and per cent had high role performance. To find out the association between role performance with political affiliation of village panchayat leaders, chi-square ( 2 ) test was applied. The calculated chi-squre ( 2 ) value was less than tabulated value at Field Code Changed 5% level of probability with 4 degree of freedom, and thus found to be nonsignificant. Coefficient of association was calculated and found to be value which showed no association between two variable. Therefore, it can be inferred that political affiliation does not exhibit any important role in performance of village panchayat leaders. Table 29 : Association of role performance with number of training received by village panchayat leaders S. No. Number of training received Role Performance Low Medium High Total Formatted: Centered, Line spacing: 1.5 lines Formatted: Line spacing: 1.5 lines 1. Training received 10(14.49) 44(63.77) 15(21.74) No training received 14(27.45) 19(37.26) 18(35.29) 51 Total Formatted: Centered, Line spacing: 1.5 lines Formatted: Line spacing: 1.5 lines Formatted: Centered, Line spacing: 1.5 lines Formatted: Line spacing: 1.5 lines Formatted: Line spacing: 1.5 lines 2 =8.34, significant, 5% level, d.f. = 2, Table value is 5.99 Coefficient of association, 'C =0.25 Table 29 shows that association of role performance with training received by village panchayat leaders. Out of 69 trained village panchayat leaders, per cent had medium, per cent had high and per cent had low role performance. Out of 51 respondents were untrained, per cent had medium per cent had high and per cent low role performance. 62

73 The data were subjected to chi-square( 2 ) test to find out the association between role performance of village panchayat leaders with training received. The calculated chi-square ( 2 ) value was found to be greater than the tabulated value at 5% level of probability with 2 degree of freedom hence considered significant, and coefficient of association was calculated and found to be value Therefore, it can be inferred that training played an important role in governing the role performance of village panchayat leaders in development of rural areas. Table 30: Association of role performance of village panchayat leaders with their attitude towards village development Attitude towards village Role Performance S. development No. Low Medium High Total 1. More favorable attitude 18(28.57) 34(53.96) 11(17.46) 63 Formatted: Don't adjust space between Latin and Asian text, Don't adjust space between Asian text and numbers Formatted: Don't keep with next, Don't adjust space between Latin and Asian text, Don't adjust space between Asian text and numbers 2. Less favorable attitude 06(10.53) 29(50.88) 22(38.59) 57 Total =9.78, significant,1% level, d.f. = 2, Table value is 9.21 Coefficient Formatted: Font Style50, Superscript of association, 'C =0.27. Table 30 reveals the association of role performance of village panchayat leaders with their attitude towards village development. It has been found that out of 63 village panchayat leaders having more favorable attitude, per cent had medium, per cent had low and per cent had high role performance. Similarly, out of 57 respondents from less favorable Formatted: Indent: First line: 0.5" 63

74 attitude, per cent had medium, per cent had high and per cent had low role performance. The data were subjected to chi-square test to find out the association between role performance of village panchayat leaders with attitude towards village development. The calculated chi-square ( 2 ) value was found to be greater than the tabulated value at 5% level of probability with 2 degree of freedom hence considered significant, and coefficient of association was calculated and found to be value Thus, it can, be concluded that attitude towards village development played an important role in role performance of village panchayat leaders. 64

75 [D] Problems faced by village panchayat leaders in role under rural devlopment performing Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", Hanging: 0.38" Table 31: Problems faced by village panchayat leaders in performing role under rural development: S. Problems / constraints No. Administrative constraints : 1. Bureaucratic apathy, non co-operation and interference Frequency % Rank I 2. meeting are not timely convened XIXI 3. favoritism in identification of XX beneficiaries schemes/programs 4. lack of need based programs XIII Communicational constraints : 5. prior information of meeting is not given XVII 6. Panchayat members are not completely VII taken into confidence for construction works 7. Some programs remain limited to paper work XVIII 8. No support from Janpad and Zilla panchayat XIV Legal/procedural constraints 9. Dissolution of meeting for want of quorum XXI 10. no knowledge of rules an regulation and Panchayati Raj Act 11. less power to village panchayat and not well distributed 12. procedure of recall/removal of Sarpanch is very complicated and cumbersome Financial/economic constraints 13. lack of funds, grants from outside agencies and inadequate local generation VIII XI XV II 14. Construction works are not prioritized as per V local needs 15. Groupism is encouraged by Sarpanches IV 16. Lack of co-ordination amongst members VI 17. Less trainings are organized at local level X there by ruling out maximum participation 18. Political interference XII Socio-personal constraints 19. Many members were uneducated and ignorant about their responsibilities XVI 20. Lack of awareness on the part of members IX about development program 21. Sarpanches were autocratic in functioning III the activities 22. No response XXII 65

76 Table 31 shows the problems encountered by the village panchayat leaders in carrying out their day to day activities. As far as per cent village panchayat leaders reported bureaucratic apathy, non-cooperation and interference by government officials as one of the major constraints. Similarly, lack of funds in the form of grants or aids, autocratic functioning of the sarpanches, groupism encouraged by sarpanches and non -prioritization of construction works were reported as obstacles by per cent, per cent, per cent, per cent, respectively. The other problems faced by the village panchayat leaders as reported by them were lack of coordination amongst members (60.83%), panchayat members are not taken into confidence for panchayat works (60.00%), no knowledge of rules and regulation and panchayati raj act (58.33%), lack of awareness about developmental programmes (56.66%), lesser trainings organized at local level (55.83%), less power to panchayats (53.33%), political interference (50.00%), per cent village panchayat leader found lack of need based programs, as one of the problem along with lack of support from Janpad and Zilla Panchayat (45.83%), complicated procedure for recall/removal of sarpanch (43.33%), prior informa tion of meeting was not given many members are uneducated and ignorant about their responsibilities (41.66%) and dissolution of meetings for want of quorum (31.16%). The problems which received less age weight were meeting are not timely concerned (39.16%), some programs remain limited to paper work and favoritism in identification of beneficiaries schemes// programmes (34.16%), 30 (25.00%) village panchayat leaders did not response to the query about obstacles/constraints in role performance. 66

77 [E] Suggestions given by the panchayat leaders to improve the role Table 32 : Suggestions given by the panchayat leaders to improve the role performance S. No. Suggestions Frequency Percentage Rank Administrative suggestions: 1 Panchayat inspector must guide II and co-operate with panchayat leaders 2 Panchayat secretary must be cooperative III with panchayat leaders 3 Officers must frequently inspect the IV work done by panchayat 4 Panch must be active and should I co-operate with Sarpanch Technical suggestions : 1 Panchayat leaders must have I technical know-how of agriculture 2 Panchayat leaders must have II knowledge about rural needs and problems Social suggestions : 1 Casteism should not influence the II work of panchayat 2 There should be no groupism in III panchayat 3 More number of members from IV same family should not be in panchayat 4 Villagers' cooperation is essential I Economic suggestions : 1 Panchayat must get sufficient I finances 2 Timely availability of money II should be made by government 3 Timely payment of tax is essential III Table 32 showed the suggestions of village panchayat leaders to improve their role performance for smooth working of the panchayats. Formatted: Line spacing: single Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, After: 0 pt Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1.3 li The administrative suggestions were that the panch should become more active and should co-operate with sarpanch (59.16%); panchayat inspector must guide and cooperate with panchayat leaders (58.33%) panchayat secretary must be co-operative with panchayat leaders (56.66%)and officers must frequently inspect the work done by panchayat (54.16%). 67

78 The technical suggestions given by the village panchayat leaders were panchayat leaders must have technical knowhow of agriculture (60.83%) and panchayat leaders must have knowledge about rural needs and problems (56.66%) The social suggestions given by the village panchayat leaders were villagers' co-operation is essential (69.16%), there should be no groupism in panchayats (61.66%); casteism should not influence the work of panchayat (62.50%), more member of member from some family should not be in panchayat (51.66%). The economical suggestions given by the village panchayat leaders were panchayat should get sufficient finances (66.66%), timely availability of money should be made by government (64.16%), timely payment of tax is essential (57.50%). The political suggestions given by the village panchayat leaders were that there should be no political pressure what so ever (72.45%); political leaders must co-operate with panchayat (65.63%); cooperation between different political parties is must (60.06%); political leaders should not interfere the proceeding of panchayat (58.50%). The personal suggestions given by the village panchayat leaders were that fragment training should be provided to panchayat leaders (82.08%), panchayat leaders must give time for panchayat works (75.04%) officers must cooperate and guide (71.47%); panchayat must get proper facilities (64.32%); executive works must be proper (59.78%) 68

79 DISCUSSION The main findings of the study have been discussed in this chapter to draw valid generalization the discussion has been presented under the following sub heads. (A) Profile of village panchayat leaders. (B) Role performance of village panchayat leaders in relation to rural development. (C) Association between the profile of village panchayat leaders and their role performance. (D) Problem faced by village panchayat leaders in performing various roles for rural development. (E) To suggest ways and means for improving the role performance of village panchayat leaders. (A) Profile of village panchayat leaders: The finding of the study inferred that higher percentage (38.34 %) of village panchayat leaders belonged to middle age group (36 to 50 years). This finding is in accordance with the result obtained by Gurger (2002) and Tiwari (2007). Regarding educational qualification of village panchayat leaders, majority (77.50%) of village panchayat leaders were found to be educated up to primary and middle class. This finding is in accordance with the results obtained by Choudhary (1998), Tomar et al. (2007), Pachouri (2007), and Sharma (2008). The finding also indicated that majority (63.34 %) of the village panchayat leaders belonged to nuclear family. The finding is supported by Choudhary (1998), Shrivastava (2003) and Tomar et al (2007). Regarding family size, it was found that majority (62.50 %) of village panchayat leaders belonged to small family size. This finding is in line with the finding of Pachouri (2007) and Sharma (2008). 68

80 In case of occupation, maximum percentage (54.16 %) of the village panchayat leaders were engaged agriculture and allied enterprizes as their main occupation for their livelihood. This finding is in conformity to the findings of Choudhary (1998), Shrivastava (2003), Tomar et al. (2007), Pachouri (2007), Tiwari (2007) and Sharma (2008). Regarding social participation, it was found that majority (5 3.34%) of the village panchayat leaders were member of more than one organization. This finding gets support with the finding of Choudhary (1998) and Gurger (2002). As far as size of land holding is concerned, it was found that per cent of the respondents were having small land holding i.e. 2.6 to 5.0 acres. This finding is supported by Jhamthani (2001), Gurger (2002), Pachori (2007) and Tiwari (2007). With regard to annual income of village panchayat leaders is concerned, quite a higher percentage (53.34%) were having low income (Rs to 50000/-) and per cent of the respondents represent to the below poverty line. This findings is supported by Choudhary (1998), Shrivastava (2003), Paghori (2007) and Sharma (2008). Regarding contact with development agencies, majority (57.50 %) of the respondents had poor contact with other development agencies related to panchayat activities. This finding is supported by Choudhary (1998). As regards to political affiliation, it was found that majority (69.16%) of the respondents were affiliated to a political party. This finding is supported by Choudhary (1998), Gurjar (2002), Shrivastava (2003), Shivakumar and Maduresh (2006), Pachouri (2007) and Sharma (2008). In case of training received by panchayat leaders, it was found that majority (57.50%) of the respondents were trained. This finding is supported by Gurjar (2002) and Tiwari (2007). In case of time allocation to panchayat matters, cent per cent of the village panchayat leaders (100.00%) spent their average time in participation in monthly meeting and making development plans. This finding is supported by Sharma (2008). 69

81 In case of attitude towards village development through panchayati raj, majority (47.50 %) of the respondents had more a favorable attitude. This finding is supported by Choudhary (1998). (B) Role performance of village panchayat leaders : With regard to roles performance of village panchayat leaders, it was noted that majority (80%) of them performed medium to high role in carrying out all the development activities related to panchayat for the rural development in their panchayat areas. This finding is supported by Shrivastava (2003), Pachori (2007), Tiwari (2007) and Sharma (2008). (C) Association of dependent variable with independent variables : The age of village panchayat leaders did not show any significant association with their role performance. This leads to the non -rejection of hypothesis (Ho-1). The present findings obtain support with the work of Choudhary (1998), Gurjar (2002), Pachouri (2007) and Sharma (2008). Education of respondents was found significantly associated with the role performance of village panchayat leaders. Thus the hypothesis (Ho-2) was rejected. This clearly showed that education play very important role for village panchayat leaders to understand modern concept for performing various role of panchayat quickly and effectively. The work of Choudhary (1998), Gurjar (2002), Shrivastava (2003), Pachouri (2007), Tiwari (2007) and Sharma (2008) also support this finding. Family type of the respondents had no relationship with the role performance. Thus the hypothesis (Ho -3) was not rejected. This finding is supported to work of Choudhary (2008), Pachouri (2007) and Sharma (2008). Family size of the respondents was not associated with the role performance. Thus the hypothesis (Ho -4) was not rejected. This finding is supported by the findings of Choudhary (1998), Shrivastava (2003), Pac houri (2007), Tiwari (2007) and Sharma (2008). Occupation of the respondents had no association with the role performance. This finding is supported by the findings of Choudhary (1998), Pachouri (2007) and Sharma (2008). 70

82 Role performance of respondents was observed to be associated significantly with the social participation. It was due to the exposure and awareness of the respondents about the village development. The farmers want that their village should have all funds and facilities. Thus the hypothesis (Ho-6) was rejected. This view is supported by Choudhary (1998), Gurjar (2002), Pachouri (2007) and Sharma (2008). Size of land holding of respondents was found significantly associated with the role performance. Thus the hypothesis (Ho -7) was rejected. This finds support to the work Choudhary (1998) and Tiwari (2007). The annual income of respondents was not associated with role performance. Hence, the hypothesis (Ho -8) was rejected. This finding is supported by the findings of Choudhary (1998) and Tiwari (2007). Material possession of respondents was significantly associated with the role performance of village panchayat leaders. (Ho-9) was rejected. This finding is supported by the findings of Choudhary (1998) and Tiwari (2007). Role performance of respondents was significantly associated with their contact with development agencies. Thus, the hypothesis (Ho -10) was rejected. This finding is supported by Choudhary (1998), Pachouri (2007) and Sharma (2008). Political affiliation of respondents was not associated with the role performance village panchayat leader. Thus, the hypothesis (Ho -11) was accepted. Training received by the respondents was significantly associated with their role performance. Thus, the hypothesis (Ho -12) was rejected. This finding is similar to the findings of Choudhary (1998), Gurjar (2002), Shrivastav (2003), Pachouri (2007), Tiwari (2007) and Sharma (2008). Attitude towards village development of respondents was significantly associated with the role performance. Thus, the hypothesis (Ho -13) was rejected. This finding finds support with the work of Choudhary (1998) and Pachouri (2007). 71

83 (D) Problems faced by village panchayat leaders : The major problems reported by the village panchayat leaders in performing their role were arranged in descending order of their importance. As stated by the respondents, leaders were bureaucratic apathy, non cooperation and interference, lack of funds, grants, aids form outside agencies and inadequate local generation, autocratic behaviour of sarpanchs, encouragement of groupism by sarpanch and construction works are not as per priorities as per local needs. These findings are supported by the work of Soni (2001), Gurjar (2002), Shrivastava (2003) and Tiwari (2007) and Sharma (2008). (E) Suggestions given by village panchayat leaders : The village panchayat leaders were asked to often suggestions in connection to bring improvement in the roles performed by them in various activities of panchayat. Following suggestions have been reported by the respondents and priority-wise they are mentioned below : 1. Panchayat secretary should be more co-operative with panchayat leaders. 2. Panchayat leaders must have knowledge about rural needs and problems. 3. Panchayat leaders must obtain villagers' cooperation for fulfilling the needs of villages. 4. Panchayat should be allocated sufficient funds for development works 5. Adequate for providing training should be made to panchayat leaders. 72

84 SUMMARRY, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK The main purpose of this chapter is to summarize the results and conclusions on the basis of the analysis and also indicate suggestions for further work. Summary : India is an agricultural country where majority of people live in villages and depend on agricultural occupation. The administration of the country is democratic, where institution of Panchayati Raj holds a place of right in the Indian constitution. It was realized long back that the people who constitute the basic foundation of the democratic system should not be kept apart from administration for their support and enthusiasms for the development programmes. The phenomenon of leadership in panchayati raj institution has been studied more extensively than the leadership at the state level or the national level. Leadership of the panchayati raj institution has been recognized to be the most crucial variable determining the quality and level of the replication of the tasks and functions vested in them by the status of the government. The Performance of individuals in an organization has become an important variable, as the productivity of an organization depends to a great extent on the role performance of its members. A number of researchers have in the past documented the usefulness of assessing role performance and have also recommended that further research be conducted to investigate specific contextual factor or dimensions that influence role performance. With the above points of reference in view, the research problem entitled "A study on role performance of village Panchayat leaders in Bichhua block of Chhindwara district, Madhya Pradesh" was formulated 73

85 The following specific objectives were formulated for the present investigation :- 1. To study the profile of the selected village panchayat leaders. 2. To assess the role performance of village panchayat leaders in relation to rural development. 3. To know the association between the profile of village panchayat leaders and their role performance. 4. To determine the problem faced by village panchayat leaders in performing various role for rural development. 5. To suggest ways and means for improving the role performance of village panchayat leaders. Research Methodology: 1. Sampling techniques used : Simple random sampling method was used to draw the sample. The penchayati raj bodies are functioning in all the 50 districts of Madhya Pradesh. The present study has been conducted in the Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh for research investigation Bichhua block was selected purposively for the study, as this block has minimum number of village panchayat leaders in comparison to other blocks. Bichhua block comprises of 51 gram panchayats, out of which 10 gram panchayat were selected randomly. Each gram panchayat has an average 10 to 12 members. Seventy per cent village panchayat leaders have been selected from each gram panchayat and all the respondents were considered for the present investigation. Thus, the total number of respondents were 120 for the present research investigation. 2. Variable used in the study : The independent variables used were age, education qualification, family type, family size, occupation, social participation, size of land holdings, annual income, contact with development agency, political affiliation, time allocation to panchayat affairs, training attended and attitude towards village development, while the dependent variable was role performance of village panchayat leaders. 74

86 3. Instrument and method of data collection : The data were collected with the help of structural interview schedule and each respondent was interviewed personally. 4. Statistical analysis of data : Various statistical parameters viz. frequency, percentage, chi-square test, standard deviation, coefficient of variance and coefficient of association were applied for knowing the association between independent and dependent variables. 5. Conclusion : A. Profile of village panchayat leaders : Most of the village panchayat leaders belonged to middle age group, educated up to primary and middle level. Majority of respondents belonged to nuclear family and small family size. Most of them had agriculture as the main occupation. Regarding social participation, it was found that higher percentage of village panchayat leaders were members in one organization. Majority (41.66%) of respondents had small size of land holding with an annual income between Rs to 50000/-. Majority (57.50 %) of the respondents had low contact with the development agencies. Majority (69.16 %) of them were affiliated to political party. Most of the village panchayat leaders spend their time by participating in monthly meeting and making development plans. Majority of the respondents were trained in panchayat matters. Majorty of the village panchayat leaders had more favorable attitude towards rural development through panchayati raj. 75

87 B. Role performance of village panchayat leaders : The highest percentage (52.50 %) of village panchayat leaders had medium role performance, followed by high and low role performance. C. Association of profile of village panchayat leaders and their role perfoamance : Significant association between education, social participation, size of land holdings, material possession, contact with development agencies, training received and attitude towards village development, while age, family type, family size, occupation, annual income, political affiliation, had no association with role performance of village panchayat leaders in rural development. D. Problems faced by the village panchayat leaders : The major constraints problems reported by the village panchayat leaders in performing their roles emerged in descending order of their importance. As stated by the village panchayat 76 leaders, leaders were bureaucratic, empathy, non-cooperation and interference, lack of fund, grants, aids from outside agencies and inadequate local generation, autocratic behavior of sarpanches; encouragement of groupism by Sarpanches; construction works were not attended to on priorities as per local needs. E. Suggestions given by village panchayat leaders : The village panchayat leaders were oftened suggestions in connection to bring improvement in the roles performed by them in various activities of panchayat. Following suggestions have been obtained and priority-wise they are mentioned below : 1. Panchayat secretary must be cooperative with panchayat leaders. 2. Panchayat leaders must have knowledge about rural needs and problems. 3. Panchayat leaders must obtained villagers cooperation for fulfilling the needs of villagers. 4. Panchayat must be allotted sufficient funds for development works. 5. There should not be any political pressure. 6. Arrangement for providing trainings should be provided to panchayat leaders.

88 Suggestions for further work : 1. As the study was localized to a single block, hence valid generalization cannot be drawn. Therefore, similar studies may be conducted at several locations to draw comparison and generalization from the study. 2. The studies on the same lines should be conducted across states and at the national level and with large samples. 3. As the study was academic in nature, the independent and dependent variables were limited in the present study. Further studies may be conducted with more and different independent and dependent variables. 4. The present study is based on recall data. Thus the future studies may be done by experimental research or participant observation to base the study on more authentic and accurate data. 77

89 old age 25% young age 36% middle age 39% Fig. 1 : Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their age

90 Intermediate 13% Middle 33% Illiterate 9% Primary 45% Fig. 2: Distribution of village pancha yat leaders according to their education qualification Joint family 37% Nuclear family 63% Fig.3: Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their famil y type

91 High 10% Medium 28% Small 62% Fig.4 : Di stributi on of village panchayat leaders according to their famil y size Agriculture and Allied sector 54% Agriculture solely 46% Fig. 5 : Distribution of village pancha yat leaders according to their occupation

92 Low 22% High 53% Medium 25% Fig. 6. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to their social participation Large 18% Marginal 35% Small 47% Fig. 7: Distribution of village pancha yat leaders according to t heir size of land hold i ng

93 High 13% Below poverty line 27% Medium 18% Low 42% Fig.8: Distribution of village pancha yat leaders according to their annual income

94 High 18% Low 49% Medium 34% Fig.9: Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to t heir material possession High 12% Medium 31% Low 57% Fig.10: Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to theircontact w ith development agencies

95 Not affiliated 31% Affiliated 69% Fig. 11: Distribution of village panchayat leaders accordi ng to political affiliation No training received 43% Training received 57% Fig.12: Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to training received

96 More favourable attitude 48% Less favourable attitude 52% Fig. 14. Distribution of village panchayat leaders according to attitude tow ards village development

97 High 28% Low 20% Medium 52% Fig. 15 : Distribution of village pancha yat leaders according to their role performance

98 young age 40 Middle age 30 Old age Low Medium High Fig.16 : Association of role performance w ith age of village pancha yat leaders

99 Low 40 Medium 30 High Illiterate Fig.17: Primary Association of Middle role Intermediate & above performance w ith qualification of village pancha yat leaders. education

100 Low Medium 30 High Nuclear Joint Fig. 18: Association of role performance w ith famil y type of village pancha yat leaders

101 Low 30 Medium High Small Medium High Fig. 19: Association of r ole performance w ith size of family of village pancha yat leaders

102 Low Medium 30 High Agriculture solely Agriculture and allied sector Fig. 20 : Association of role performance w ith occupation of village pancha yat leaders

103 Low 40 Medium 30 High Low Medium High Fig 21: Association of role performance w ith social pa rticipation of village pancha yat leaders

104 Low 40 Medium 30 High Marginal Small Large Fig. 22 : Association of role performance w ith sizes of land holding of village pancha yat leaders

105 Low 50 Medium 40 High Below poverty line Low Medium High Table 23 : Association of role performance of w ith annual income of village pancha yat leaders

106 Low 30 Medium High Low Medium High Fig. 24 : Association of role performance w ith material possession of village pancha yat leaders

107 Low 40 Medium High 30 Total Low Fig.25: Association of Medium High role performance w ith contact development agencies of village panchayat leaders w ith

108 Low 40 Medium 30 High Affiliated Not affiliated Fig. 26 : Association of role performance w ith political affiliation of village pancha yat leaders

109 Low 40 Medium 30 High Training received Fig. 27 : No training received Association of role performance w ith number of training received by village pancha yat leaders

110 Low Medium 30 High More favorable attitude Fig. 28: Less favorable attitude Association of role performance of village pancha yat leaders w ith their attitude tow ards village development