DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS
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1 DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS Asta Raupelene, asta@eko.lzuu.lt - Lnas Stabngs, lnas@nfo.lzuu.lt Lthuanan Unversty of Agrculture The mplementaton of Accountng Informaton System (AIS) s an mportant nvestment project for most enterprses. Correctly choosng AIS can have postve nfluence on not only data processng, but also on the effcency of an enterprse s actvty. Below, we provde the results of a monographc study of AIS effectveness evaluaton models and ther possbltes for use. The complex evaluaton of AIS effectveness has be done from economc, techncal and socal aspects. The ndexes, reflectng attrbutes of AIS have dfferent mportance and can be expressed n quanttatve and qualtatve measures. We used the methods of mult-crtera analyss and newly created a mathematcal model, whch was used successfully n practce, to calculate a common ndex of AIS effectveness. Keywords: accountng nformaton system, model for evaluaton the effectveness, mult-crtera analyss.. Introducton Accountng nformaton plays an mportant role n the process of managng an enterprse s actvty. In the last ten years, there has been an ntensve process of mplementng Accountng Informaton Systems n Eastern and Central European enterprses. These systems were mplemented n large ndustral and small trade enterprses. Later, mplementaton of AIS started n other enterprses and state nsttutons. The mplementaton of AIS s qute an expensve nvestment project for most enterprses. The number of companes supplyng these systems s qute large more than 50 dfferent developers of AIS regularly partcpate n the most promnent exhbtons of nformaton technologes n Lthuana. The majorty of these are made up of local companes. However, n practce, the decson on whch AIS to actually mplement s, n most cases, based on advertsement or the suggestons of assocates. Flynn (992) has found that only 20 % nformaton systems were used successfully, whle other nstallaton effect was neutral or negatve. These arguments show an mportance for evaluatng the AIS effectveness. However, models presented n scentfc publcatons do not reflect any ntegrated evaluaton of AIS effectveness. The object of ths study was models and methods for evaluatng the effectveness of AIS. The purpose of ths study was to develop a complex model for evaluatng the effectveness of AIS from economc, techncal and socal aspects. The man tasks of ths study were: - to analyse the models for evaluaton AIS effectveness, presented n scentfc publcatons, and estmate the possbltes of ther use n practce; - to mprove the concept that mult-crtera analyss methods can be used for evaluatng AIS effectveness; - to provde an ntegrated mathematcal model for evaluatng AIS effectveness usng mult-crtera analyss methods. Research methods. The monographc, logcal analyss and comparson methods were used to research AIS effectveness evaluaton models and to determnate the crtera and ndexes of effectveness. The methods of logcal analyss and synthess were used: to defne the phases of AIS effectveness evaluaton process; to create ntegrated mathematcal model 339
2 for evaluaton AIS effectveness usng the methods of mult-crtera analyss; to select methods for evaluatng the ndexes scores and ts mportance. 2. Analyss of AIS effectveness evaluaton models Monographc studes show that the effectveness of AIS can be consderate dfferently. Accordng to Flynn (992), the effectveness of accountng nformaton systems can be receved provdng management nformaton to assst concerned decsons. By Corner (989) the effectveness of AIS can be evaluated as added value of benefts. Gelnas (990) consders the effectveness of AIS as a measure of success to meet the establshed goals. The success of AIS mplementaton can be defned as "proftably appled to area of major concern to the organzaton, s wdely used by one or more satsfed users, and mproves the qualty of ther performance" []. On the bass of made research authors come to concluson, AIS effectveness can be consdered as successful use of system, whch ensures user s needs. The effectveness of AIS can be evaluated usng one or several models. Usage of several models ncrease relablty of evaluaton. To chose a rght AIS effectveness evaluaton model, n dfferent stuaton, t s necessary ts classfcaton. We classfed models accordng to these crtera: - the purpose of evaluaton; - the aspects of evaluaton; - sutablty to use n varous phases of lfe cycle of AIS; - the measures of effectveness ndexes. Accordng to the purpose of evaluaton, models can be classfed nto one purpose, several purposes and models of complex evaluaton. The successes of AIS usage depends not only amount of the nvestments, but and rght choce of hardware, software, database and personal qualfcaton. All these components are closely connected among themselves and reflect common useful result, whch have to be evaluated from economc, techncal and socal aspects. Varous authors [; 5; 9; 4] provde dfferent opnons about a number of AIS lfe cycle phases, n whch t s advsable to evaluate the effectveness of these systems. On the bass of monographc research, authors of ths paper come to concluson that effectveness of AIS has to be evaluated n phases of choce, mplementaton and explotaton. Accordng to the measures of AIS effectveness, models can be classfed nto qualtatve and quanttatve. Quanttatve models can be used for evaluaton of AIS characterstcs, whch can be dentfed usng tme, money and other quanttatve measures, qualtatve models - for evaluaton characterstcs, whch can be dentfed usng scores of expert s evaluaton. Comparsons of models, whch can be used for AIS effectveness evaluaton, are presented n Table. 340
3 Models Beneft analyss Nagel K., 988 Value analyss Neumann A., 988 IS-Praxs Nagel K., 988 Pcot/Rechvald Pcot A., Rechvald R., 987 Sassone/ Schwartz Sassone P.G., 987 FAOR Schafer G., Wolfram G., 986 A comparson of AIS effectveness evaluaton models Purpose of usage To evaluate a beneft of AIS accordng to ts categores and probablty To evaluate a value of AIS To evaluate a beneft, ganed due to hgher qualty of processng of accountng nformaton To evaluate the expense and beneft of: local work please; separate AIS subsystem; AIS complex and all enterprse To evaluate the AIS effectveness as a beneft, obtaned due to structural changes and ncrease work effcency To evaluate an effect of AIS for analyss: potental of nformaton processng technology, ncrease of work effcency and beneft from nformaton processng technology mplementaton Aspects of evaluaton AIS lfe cycle phases Table Measures of ndexes Economc In all phases Quanttatve Techncaleconomc Techncaleconomc Techncaleconomc Socaleconomc Techncaleconomc In phases of Qualtatve choce and explotaton In phases of Qualtatve choce and mplementat on In all phases level quanttatve; 2,3,4 levels qualtatve In all phases Quanttatve In all phases Quanttatve and qualtatve In most cases n scentfc publcatons are dscussed economcal models [; 9; 2; 4]. However, n practce mplementaton of these models s complcated. Among analysed models there was no one to allow comparson of exstng stuaton wth ntal requrements. On the bass of made analyss authors of ths paper come to concluson, that: - complex evaluaton of AIS effectveness t s necessary to make from economc, techncal and socal aspects takng nto account all components of these systems, all requrements and factors, nfluencng effectveness of these systems; - most of models, presented n scentfc publcatons, allow evaluaton of AIS effectveness from techncal-economc or socal-economc aspects, but there are no one model whch allow a complex evaluaton of all components of AIS from economc, techncal and socal aspects n all phases of lfe cycle of these systems; - there s no presented the unversal methodc for mxng the scores of qualtatve and quanttatve ndexes n the provded models (Table). 2. Creaton of model for complex evaluaton of AIS effectveness To make a complex evaluaton of AIS effectveness, t s necessary to develop a new model. To reach ths purpose, t was formulated features, whch model has to meet: openness, structures and entty. The openness can be understood as possblty to ncrease number of crtera and ts structure wthout model changes. The structures can be understood as possblty of clear determnaton of the phases of evaluaton process. The entty can be understood as usage of all possbltes of ths model. Summarzng the studes results of scentfc publcatons [; 9; 4], process of AIS effectveness evaluaton s necessary to delver nto the 6 phases, presented n Fgure. 34
4 . De fnton of purpose of evaluaton 2. Defnton of object of evaluaton 3. Identfcaton of requrements and factors, nfluencng effectveness 4. Selectng of crtera and ndexes for evaluaton and creatng ts system 5. Evaluaton of scores of ndexes and ther mportance 6. Calculaton of common ndex Fgure. The phases of AIS effectveness evaluaton process For evaluaton the AIS effectveness usng ths mathematcal model, t s necessary to create a system of evaluaton crtera and ndexes. In the scentfc publcaton there s provded a wde lst of them [2; 3; 4; 6; 0]. To create ths system were used the AIS effectveness crtera and ndexes, provded n ISO/IEC926 and scentfc publcatons and made ts classfcaton from economc, techncal and socal aspects. These ndexes were expressed n quanttatve and qualtatve measures. For evaluaton the scores of economc and most techncal ndexes was be used mmedate observaton and calculaton methods. These ndexes dentfed usng quanttatve measures such as money, tme, btes and other. For evaluaton of scores of other ndexes have been used socologcal, expert evaluaton and comparson methods and qualtatve measures. For evaluaton the mportance of ndexes have be used expert evaluaton method. To evaluate the objectveness of experts opnons, have to be calculated the mean of coeffcent of concordance. Most dffcult s to calculate a common ndex of AIS effectveness, when crtera and ndexes are expressed n quanttatve and qualtatve measures. To solve these problems t was made the analyss of methods, whch can be used for evaluatng other objects Monographc studes shows that mult-crtera analyss methods allow: - to calculate the common ndex of AIS effectveness mxng scores of dfferent quanttatve and qualtatve ndexes; - to elmnate the subjectvty of experts; - to provde an analyss and the comparson of results of evaluaton. These features allow comng to concluson that mult-crtera analyss methods can be used for complex evaluaton of AIS effectveness. For calculaton a common ndex of AIS effectveness t was created an ntegrated mathematcal model, whch s presented follow.. The scores of ndexes xj and ts wegh rk are dentfed usng methods presented above, t s necessary to calculate average wegh of each ndex w usng formula to make lower subjectvty of experts: l rk k= w =, () l where: r k wegh of crtera evaluated by expert k ; l number of experts. 342
5 The common wegh W of each crteron can be calculated usng the formula [Zhang, 2000]: W where: n number of crtera. n = n w = w Therefore, W = for all crtera. =, To make a comparson of ths crtera, presented n quanttatve and qualtatve measures, t s necessary to make the aggregaton of each crtera. To make ths, t can be dentfed mnmal x mn and mal x means of each crtera: mn After ths t can be dentfed the crtera, ncreasng of whch, and the crtera, decreasng of whch, has postve nfluence on AIS effectveness. The aggregated means of crtera (X) can be calculated as dfference between the deal and dentfed mean: x x mn, when ncreasng of mean has postve nfluence; x x mn (3) X = x x mn, when decreasng of mean has postve nfluence. x x To calculate a common ndex of AIS effectveness t s recommended to use Lp E = Lp (W ) metrcs and made t usng formula [Van Huylenbroeck, 997]: where: p pseudo,parameter, whch act as a weght attached to the magntude of the devatons (p=, 3, 5). x x = = mn { xj} { x } p n E ( W X ) = = The calculated mean of a common ndex would be n the nterval 0=E= and most effectve can be recognzed AIS wth bggest common ndex. It s recommended result of AIS effectveness evaluaton to express n word form, for example, very good, good, satsfed and unsatsfed. Accordng to the mportance of system, ts specfc and the purpose of evaluaton have to be defned the ntervals of a common ndex for each words, used for evaluaton. As far as a created AIS effectveness evaluaton model can be used for evaluaton of all components of these systems from economc, techncal and socal aspects, t can be called as a complex AIS effectveness evaluaton model. j, p (4) (2) 343
6 CONCLUSIONS Analyss of theoretcal aspects of the enterprse s AIS effectveness evaluaton allowed formulaton the followng conclusons:. The effectveness of accountng nformaton system can be consdered as successful use of system, whch ensures user s needs. 2. The effectveness evaluaton models of accountng nformaton systems, provded n scentfc publcatons, have followng weaknesses: the most provded models allow the evaluaton of AIS effectveness only from techncal-economc or n socal-economc aspect; there s no presented unversal methodc for mxng of quanttatve and qualtatve ndexes; there s no ntegrated and for practcal usage adjusted AIS effectveness evaluaton model, whch allow AIS effectveness evaluaton from economc, techncal and socal aspects contemporaneously. 3. To calculate a common ndex of AIS effectveness can be used mult-crtera analyss methods. 4. The created a complex AIS effectveness evaluaton model, n comparson wth models provded n scentfc publcatons, has the followng advantages: has propertes of openness, structures and entty, can be used for evaluatng the AIS effectveness n all phases of lfe cycle of these systems; allows the evaluaton of the enterprse s AIS effectveness from economc, techncal and socal aspects; allows the evaluaton of AIS effectveness mxng ndexes, provded n varous quanttatve and qualtatve measures, such as money, tme, ponts, btes and other; allows the determnaton of nfluence from dfferent crtera and ndexes scores on common effectveness, and ndcate parts of AIS, whch requred be mproved. 5. The created complex AIS effectveness evaluaton model can be used for evaluaton of these systems n phases of choce and explotaton as well as for evaluaton of effectveness of other nformaton systems. REFERENCES Ahtuv N., Neumann S. Prncples of nformaton systems for management. 3rd ed. New York: Wm. C.Brown Publshers, 990. Booth P., Matolcsy Z., Weder B. Integraton Informaton Systems and Accountng Practce- The Australan Experence // The Thrd European Conference on Accountng Informaton Systems, March 27-28, 2000, Munch, Germany. Corner R. Systems Analyss for Proftable Busness Applcatons. Prentce Hall, 989. Flynn D. Informaton systems Requrements: Determnaton and Analyss. MCGRAW HILL Book Company, 992. Gelnas U., Oram A., Wrggns W. Accountng nformaton systems. PWS KENT Publshng Company: Boston, 990. Ives B., Olson M.H., Baroud J. The measurement of user nformaton satsfacton // Communcaton of the ACM, 983, Vol. 26, p ISO/IEC 926 Internatonal standard. Informaton technology - Software product evaluaton - Qualty characterstcs and gudelnes for ther use. 99, 3 p. Macke S., Kng A. Managng Uncertanty n Plan Evaluaton // The planner, 974, Vol.60 (9), p Nagel K. Nutzen der Informatonsverarbetung. Munchen, 988. Ncolaou A. A contngency model of perceved effectveness n accountng nformaton systems: Organzatonal coordnaton and control effects // Internatonal Journal of Accountng Informaton Systems, 2000, Vol., p
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