Competence development and relocation dangers in the automotive
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- Felicia Shields
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1 Berlin Workshop, November 2007 Competence development and relocation dangers in the automotive industry in Poland Boleslaw Domanski Robert Guzik Krzysztof Gwosdz Jagiellonian University, Poland
2 Agenda How has automotive industry in Poland changed in the last decade? How has Poland s position in the European division of labour changed? What are the competences of producers located in Poland? What are the underlying localized capabilities? To what extent the threat of relocation of automotive activities from Poland? Toyota engine plant in Jelcz
3 The role of automotive industry in Poland (2006) - 6.5% of manufacturing employment - 8.3% of foreign inward investment % of manufacturing production % of Polish exports VOLVO bus plant in Wrocław
4 Automotive exports and imports of Poland, Exports 20.5 bn USD in bn USD in bn USD in 1992
5 Balance of foreign trade in automotive products, 2006 (billion euro) Source: Eurostat
6 Polish automotive exports and imports by country in 2005
7 Structure of automotive exports of CE countries, 1996 & 2006 Source: Pavlinek, Domański, Guzik (forthcoming)
8 Gross value added per unit personnel cost in the automotive industry (NACE 34), 2004 (simple wage adjusted labour productivity) ITALY BELGIUM SWEDEN UNITED KINGDOM FRANCE SPAIN AUSTRIA NETHERLANDS CZECH REPUBLIC SLOVAKIA HUNGARY POLAND Source: Eurostat GERMANY
9 fgh Automotive suppliers: broad scope and differentiation 2,600 automotive producers, including more than 250 foreign plants 180 greenfield plants built by foreign investors since out of the top 100 global automotive suppliers are active in Poland 9 out of the top 10 global automotive suppliers: 39 factories and 4 R&D 19 automotive R&D centres new industrial park in Tychy, Upper Silesia
10 Toyota engine plant in Jelcz fgh Local competences of automotive suppliers: quality certificates (number of plants) Total Domestic
11 Toyota engine plant in Jelcz fgh Local competences of automotive suppliers: managers (percentage of 135 foreign-owned affiliates with a Polish chief executive) 67% 37% 27% 36% American German French Total
12 Competitiveness of plants fgh located in Poland in comparison to plants located in Western Europe 1 lagging behind Western Europe 3 similar to WE 5 better than in WE Non-production competences Product complexity Technology Productivity Quality Organization of production Labour motivation Adaptability Fast response
13 governance Firms - competences -strategies - activities dynamic localised capabilities Territory - economic structure - society and culture - institutions governance regional and local development 1 Dynamic localised capabilities are tangible and intangible assets embodied in people, firms and governance institutions, as well as in various relationships between them in a particular territory Localised capabilities include skills and attitudes of the workforce and entrepreneurs, the quality and reliability of suppliers and a broad range of local institutions, including public authorities
14 governance Firms - competences -strategies - activities dynamic localised capabilities Territory - economic structure - society and culture - institutions governance regional and local development 1 There are generic capabilities and industry-specific capabilities governance Localised capabilities are dynamic and relational They are continuously created, reproduced, enhanced or eroded by the relationships between the activity of firms and the attributes and development of the particular territory (country, region or town)
15 Polish automotive industry, 2005
16 Foreign greenfield investment in automotive industry as of December 2005
17 Source: Gwosdz, Micek (2008)
18 The threat of relocation of automotive activities from Poland WHEN? 5-10 years years WHAT? Which activities? Which firms? From where? WHY? Factors encouraging relocation Factors stimulating embeddedness Kirchhoff plant in Mielec
19 Factors and forces behind the threat of relocation of automotive activities from Poland + rising labour costs, which may especially affect labour-intensive cost-sensitive production + strategic decisions made abroad + limited non-production competences, technological dependence + the secondary role of indigenous producers Volkswagen engine plant in Polkowice
20 Factors and forces preventing relocation of automotive activities from Poland + combination of high quality, rising productivity and cost advantages + economies of scale + reliability and reputation (based on local capabilities) + gradual development of product mandate of foreign subsidiaries responsibility for design and manufacturing of certain components (trend towards joint location of R&D and manufacturing) + most companies can afford and are prepared to pay much higher wages + broad and diversified supplier networks + strong linkages with German and other West European producers, partly supported by advantages of proximity (short delivery time and low logistic costs) GM plant in Gliwice
21 Berlin Workshop, November 2007 Competence development and relocation dangers in the automotive industry in Poland Thank you for your attention Boleslaw Domanski Robert Guzik Krzysztof Gwosdz Jagiellonian University, Poland
22 Position of the company in a supply chain according to origin of capital high quality, productivity and competitive cost are not sufficient conditions for indigenous firms to become first-tier and major second-tier suppliers; they lack financial and human resources to provide design and high-volume 1
23 The future of automotive production in Poland Will the trend for locating non-production competences in Poland be continued? Can the advantages of high motivation and fast response be sustained? How long manufacturing of labour-intensive products can avoid delocalization from Poland? Can indigenous companies move up the value chain? Kirchhoff body parts plant in Gliwice
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