Topic 10 Production Methods. Higher Business Management
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1 Topic 10 Production Methods Higher Business Management 1
2 Learning Intentions / Success Criteria Learning Intentions Different methods of production. Success Criteria By end of the topic you will be able to describe and compare: production methods used by large organisations the costs and benefits of: - capital-intensive production - mechanised production - automated production - labour-intensive production reasons for production choices and the effect of that choice on efficiency. 2
3 Methods of Production When deciding which method of production, there are different factors to think about: The actual product being made. The quantity of the product that needs to be made. The way the business will make sure the product is of a high quality. The way stock is managed. The resources available (e.g. staff and machinery). The method of distribution. The technology available. There are three main methods of production: job, batch and flow. 3
4 Job Production Job production is when one product is made from start to finish before another one is made. The product is made to the customer s own requirements and this results in a unique or oneoff product being made. Products made by job production are usually made by hand by someone who is very skilled at what they are doing. Examples: wedding cakes, handmade chocolates, pieces of art, sandwich being made to order in a sandwich shop. 4
5 Advantages/Disadvantages of Job Production Advantages The customer gets exactly what they want and this can increase their satisfaction. High prices can often be charged because it is a unique/one-off product. Designs can be changed to suit each customer s own requirements even when production has begun. Employees experience making a range of products using different skills. Employees can be motivated by seeing the product being made from start to finish. Disadvantages Highly skilled employees are required to make each different product and this can be expensive (labour intensive). Specialist tools and equipment might be needed that can be expensive to buy. Can t always buy raw materials in bulk and might miss out on cost savings from bulk buying (economies of scale). Can take a long time to make a unique product and this might mean the employee loses motivation. 5
6 Batch Production Batch production is when one group of identical products are made at anyone time. All products in the batch move onto the next stage of production at the same time. Machinery and equipment can be cleaned and/or changed between batches to produce a different product. Batch production is often used when manufacturing a product that comes in different varieties, styles or sizes. Examples: cakes, newspapers/magazines, bread. 6
7 Advantages/Disadvantages of Batch Production Advantages Batches can be changed to suit the requirements of the customer which results in higher customer satisfaction. Raw materials can be bought in bulk therefore saving money. Cost savings can be made, as standardised machinery is used. The need for highly skilled workers is reduced. Disadvantages Equipment and employees might not have anything to do between batches, which costs money. Any mistakes in one item can result in the whole batch being wasted, which costs money and wastes time. The cost of each item might be high if the batch size is small therefore the price charged to the customer might be higher. Employee motivation can be less than with job production, as they carry out the same, often repetitive, task. 7
8 Flow Production Flow production (sometimes known as line production) is when parts are added to the product as it moves along the production line. The final product will have been made by the time it reaches the end of the production line. As the product moves along the production line, machinery and workers have very specific tasks to do: one might screw something in and one might paint a very specific part before moving on to the next task (this is known as division of labour). Examples: cars/vans, computers and other electrical items. 8
9 Advantages/Disadvantages of Flow Production Advantages Large amounts of identical products are made. Raw materials can be bought in bulk, saving the business money. Production often uses lots of machinery (capital intensive) that, compared to humans, can work for longer and without breaks. Quality can be easily checked at different stages of production. Disadvantages The individual customer s requirements cannot be met because each product is identical. If a fault occurs during production this can cause the whole production line to stop. Large demand for products is needed because they are made in large quantities. Motivation can be low among employees due to the repetitive nature of the work they have to do. 9
10 Capital and Labour Intensive The quantity of capital (machinery, equipment and technology) or labour used in an organisation determines whether it is capital or labour intensive. Automation Mechanisation 10
11 Capital-intensive Production Products are made using technology (machines and equipment). The initial set-up of this type of production is very expensive. 11
12 Advantages/Disadvantages of Capital-intensive Production Advantages A large volume of identical products can be made in this way at a more economical cost. Machinery can work 24/7 so production can keep going 24/7. Machines can produce a consistent and standardised accuracy and quality of work. Disadvantages Individual requirements can t be met. Breakdowns can be very costly, and idle time can be an additional financial drain. Employees manning the machines can find their job monotonous and this can lead to lack of motivation. 12
13 Labour-intensive Production Products are made using labour (human effort). Often the business is smaller and produces smaller quantities of products. 13
14 Advantages/Disadvantages of Labour-intensive Production Advantages Employees can use their own skills and initiative, which gives them job satisfaction. It is cheaper for the organisation than buying expensive machinery. Products can be tailored to suit customer requirement. Disadvantages Wages are higher because specialised skills are required. It is costly to recruit and train employees. If a member of staff is absent, production might have to wait until they return. Accuracy and quality can vary because human beings and not machines are doing the work. 14
15 Automated Production Machinery has completely replaced the need for labour. 15
16 Advantages/Disadvantages of Automated Production Advantages Production time is quicker and can be repeated constantly with no errors. Accuracy is far greater because there is no human error. There is no requirement for workers to man the machinery, so this saves money. The work environment is safer as employees will not be in automated work areas while production takes place. Disadvantages There is no flexibility as the machinery can only do what it is programmed to do. More machinery to complete production means more pollution and, in some cases, environmentally unfriendly fumes. It causes unemployment to increase, which has an economic impact on a country. Machinery breakdown are expensive. 16
17 Mechanised Production Production requires a mix of both machinery and labour to operate it. 17
18 Advantages/Disadvantages of Mechanised Production Advantages Standardisation can be preprogrammed, allowing production to be consistent. Machinery improves the accuracy of work and completes difficult tasks for the worker. Using labour allows for production issues to be flagged up quickly. Labour can be trained in becoming expert at operating machinery. Disadvantages The initial set-up costs are high. Machinery could break down and idle time is a negative factor. Machinery needs to be updated and upgraded every so often, which can be expensive. Labour needs to be trained, which is an expense. They will probably also require training whenever machinery is upgraded. 18
19 Factors affecting Methods of Production Factor Quantity of goods required Skills of the workforce Cost of labour Finance available Technology available Description If large quantities are required, flow or batch production will be more suitable than job production. If the workforce is highly skilled, their expertise would be better suited to job production. Rising labour costs (perhaps due to a rising minimum wage) could mean that the business should move to capital-intensive production. Large amounts of finance are required to equip factories or hire the number of staff needed for large-scale flow production. If the business doesn t have the technology required for capitalintensive production, labour intensive is the only option. 19
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