Macroergonomics in shipyards L.Bednarski & D. Zawada Technical University of Szczecin Al. Piastow 41. Abstract

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1 Macroergonomics in shipyards L.Bednarski & D. Zawada Technical University of Szczecin Al. Piastow 41 Abstract This paper is concerned with the idea of ergonomics, problems of micro- and macroergonomics. its dynamic evolution and social usefulness. The paper also examines the function of the national shipping industry and the need for TQM ( Total Quality Management) and QWL (Quality of Work Life). 1. Introduction Ergonomics is a science dealing with the adjustment of the technological objects, their surroundings and the human being environment to the process used to psycho-physical and anatomical abilities of a man. All of these aims of ergonomics guarantee the efficient and secure work (def. by PN-83/N ). In Poland the term "ergonomics" was introduced by prof. Wojciech Jastrz^bowski in He wrote about it in newspaper under the title "Nature and technics": cite "The science about the work is called ergonomy, which comes from Greek (ergon - work, nomos - principle)." The fact that hilt of a sword and helves tools were adjusted to the hand of the user has been known for hundreds of years, however ergonomics became important with the development of industry, as the method leading to the increase of work efficiency. Accelerated development of this science (technic - medicine -sociology) started during the Second World Wai as a result of progress in aircraft constructions. The applications of the term of ergonomy started in 1949 in Great Britain, where the Ergonomics Science's Society was established. The International Ergonomics Association was established in 1961 and in 1977 in Warsaw the Polish Ergonomics Society was established. It should be

2 206 Marine Technology II noted that ergonomics is a modem science. The development of the science is dynamic. 2. Historical background On the XVI Session of Shipbuilders it was affirmed Bednarski [1] " We engineers consider ergonomics as a science dealing with adjustment of machines, devices and tools to the physical and psychological abilities of a man. The second theory: it is science about the working man and his environment of work." Douglas Me Gregor, a leadingfigureof the trend " Human Relation" said " In contemporary industry (thefifties)potential of individual is made use partly. If we take notice, that " Lean Management" put a man on the centre of occurrence, we can say, that macroergonomic treats enterprise. H. W. Hendrick formulates the following problem: " Surroundings of the microergonomic, it is a system human -machine and macroergonomic it is a system human organization (enterprise). The term of macroergonomic was bora in the eighties. Hendrick [5] Two sequences of events occur; the ergonomic shopping of hilts, in most cases hilts of swords or knives, at the beginning of our century and proper adjustment of a shovel for granular substances, the experiment by F. W. Taylor. The development of system human -machine. The study of muscles and skeleton under encumbrance as well as simple reactions and movement coordination. Mid-century - studying the ultimate in perception and reacting - the aircraft industry. Ultimate efficiency for astronauts and saturated divers, metallurgists and sportsmen. The end of the century - investigations on possibilities of creative cooperation of man, the decade of brain study in the USA, new tools to investigate brain. The techniques of creative thinking, tats reading and efficient memorizing and learning become more and more popular. The dynamic development of macroergonomic points at social usefulness and the rules concerning the work. There are the principles to realize the concept of job design, Mitsuo Nagamachi [4]: 1. A good job stimulates human's brain activity and a good organization enhances the worker's self-development. 2. A complicated job enriches a worker's skill, motivation and satisfaction, and it strengthens the worker's brain activity. 3. Flexibility and discretion in the work method result in efficiency and productivity. 4. An opportunity of decision - making provides a worker with a psychological feeling of responsibility which leads to work motivation and satisfaction.

3 3. Macroergonomics -quality of work life Marine Technology II 207 This principles gives a possibility of create of thesis, that technical's development came before sociologist's development, Therefore the ergonomic has new tasks. Poor safety performance can eliminate any competitive advantage realized through automation, innovation or hard work. A.S. Imada takes notice to the problem. He said: Imada [2] 1. We have treated accident events as though they had a single cause; in variably called human error. Accidents, like most complex human activities, have multiple causes. These causes are rooted in physical psychological, social and organizational factors. While we have made great strides in improving the physical character of repetitive or strenuous work through ergonomics, we have been less successful at improving the psychological, social or organizational antecedents to injurious events. 2. This changing the psychological facets of work, our attempts have been limited to training or continually reminding people about the need for safety. We should find connection between satisfaction from work (QWL -Quality of Work Life) and rates of safety. 3. These multiple causes to accidents are interactive and are processes that change continuously. 4. The nature of human work in enterprises is changing due to automation, computerisation, and changing worker characteristics. Beyond the sheer volume of change, it is important to note that change will occur at a faster rate than in the past. Traditional ergonomic and safety method cannot change fast enough, because safety interventions are usually driven by an accident event rather than anticipating and preventing that event or condition. A. Participatory ergonomics. The participatory strategy is significant in a least to respects: First, it creates the requisite variety needed to solve problems with multiple causation. The complexity of the solution needs to be at least as diverse as the problem it is designed to be solved. Involving users in such a system increases the complexity of the solution. Second, it creates ownership and improves to solution. Without this psychological involvement the solution, no matter how good, cannot succeed. Successfully implementing participation must have a macroergonomic strategy. B. Job design. Macroergonomics' approaches confirms, that there are social, psychological and organizational causal of accidents and these aspects must be taking into account to designing jobs. These results suggests that well designed job stimulate brain activity and reduce fatigue by eliminating monotony and creating variety and challenge. This work also suggests that the complexity of the work

4 208 Marine TechnologyII can enhance motivation and satisfaction. The work suggests, that jobs that allow people to exercise discretion and responsibility create more productivity and efficiency (machine system needs) as well as satisfaction and motivation ( human system needs). It is important creating factors of self-organization that allow people to work in flexible participative problem solving modality. Without this macro level orientation job design remains another "engineered" short fix solution. It is important, preparing? C. Psychological interventions. Traditionally, organizations have tried to reduce accidents by restricting the workers' behaviour through the use of rules, guards, personal protective equipment or administrative control. Organizations traditionally intervene by introducing more information (cognitions) through training^ warnings, posters and accident statistics. Efforts to reduce stress, increase control over work, provide job satisfaction, feel a sense of contribution, improve supervisory relationships and participare in problem solving have proven to be effective in this regard. Emotional responses - which are controlled by more primitive areas of the brain - have a greater influence on accidents than higher order cognitive processes. Three macroergonomic approaches, Imada [2] hold out same hope for Polishes shipyards for keeping of competition on the world's market, in which automatization and computerization and hard work create difficult condition for a man in the process of his job. 4. Macroergonomics in shipbuilding industry The shipyards and their deliverers gets a certificates of the norm of ISO This standards helps to keep the shipyards in good condition (necessity TQM). The norm of ISO guarantee the growth and perfect of management, Kindlarski. [3] Improving of knowledge is a very important. Doerffer in his book "Organizacja produkcji w stoczni" said " The engineer should study for 1 year at the Technical University every 6 years, because he should improve his knowledge and absorbs new problem from technical knowledge (1000 hours of lessons). In the fact the period of educating should follows every 4 years, when we compare macroergonomic with microergonomic we can say, that the man knows much more about practice of his muscles then practice of his brain. The sportsman knows, how train his muscles and he has his trainer, but how to remember, how to read faster and how to think and learn we know much less. Question: Will shipbuilders feel of necessity of learning how many times will he want to do it -there are many questions and an answer must be formulated. The next problem is complicated too. Macrergonomic, Hendrick [4] has an influence on quality of life, which is understood as the process, which organization tries to make benefits from the creative energy of its workers, who were to make decisions, which could influence their life and relations in work. Here, we would like to show motivation theory of Maslow, which arranger the needs

5 Marine Technology II 209 according to functional incomes that in Poland are rather low (see table 1) and that give the feeling of security and certainly of being employed The feeling of security of employee depend on quality of order. Table 1 - GNP - Gross National Product, annual's salaries of industrial worker m thousands of S US and percentage of expenses to the food in family budget Country Japan Germany USA France Sweden Italy G. Britain Mexico Poland Hungary 2. GNP for a one inhabitant in thousands of US $ in Annual's salaries of industrial worker in thousands of US$ Percentage of expenses to the food in family budget in Summary The use of the following sentences in advertising stemmed from microergonomics: -friendly for users -friendly for driver -friendly for operator. Will macroergonomics make 'worker friendly' essential to the realization of system human-enterprise? References: 1. Bednarski L., Graczyk T. Makroergonomia w przemysle okr&owym, Materiafy XVII Sesji Naukowej Okrgtowcow Centrum Techniki Okr^towej Gdansk, Towarzystwo Okr^towcow Polskich,,Korab". Jurata Imada A.S. A^crocrgonom/c ^roac/,6yybr zmprovmg jq/g(y <,,%/ Aea/fA m flexible, self organizing system, The Ergonomics of Manual Work The Processing of the International Ergonomics Association World Conference on Ergonomics of Materials Handling and Information Proccessing at Work

6 210 Marine Technology II Warsaw, Poland, June 1993, Ed. by Taylor and Francis, London, Washington DC 3. Kindlarski E Zarzqdzanie przez jakosc w Japoni i USA. Sena Zarz^dzanie przez jakosc TQM. Ed. by. Bellona Warszawa Nagamachi M., Macroergonomics Job Design and Productivity. The Ergonomics of Mannual Work, The Proceedings of the International Ergonomics Association World Conference on Ergonomics of Materials Handling and Information Processing at Work, Warsaw, Poland, June 1993, Ed. by Taylor and Francis, London, Washington DC 5. Hendrick H. W. A Macroergonomic Perspective of Ergonomics. The Ergonomics of Manual Work, The Proceedings of the International Ergonomics Association World Conference on Ergonomics of Materials Handling and Information Processing at Work, Warsaw, Poland, June 1993, Ed by Taylor and Francis, London, Waschington DC

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